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AP World History: Ancient World Flashcards

First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.

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6033408304AgricultureThe deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.0
6033408305Agrarianpertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society1
6033408306Bands/ Clansextended family groups that generally lived together2
6033408307Barbarianwithout civilizing influences3
6033408308Bureaucracysystem of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)4
6033408309Civilizationa society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)5
6033408310City-Statesdifferent sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece)6
6033408311Classicalof or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times7
6033408312Domesticationprocess of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans8
6033408313Economysystem by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs9
6033408314Egalitariana person who believes in the equality of all people10
6033408315Emperorsupreme ruler of an empire11
6033408316Empiremany territories, countries, or peoples controlled by one government (also just any territory ruled by an emperor)12
6033408317Feudalisma political system and a social system where by a powerful lord would offer "protection" in return for "service"13
6033408318Foragingthe process of scavenging for food14
6033408319Hierarchya series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system15
6033408320HierarchicalOf, relating to, or arranged in a hierarchy16
6033408321Hunter-GathererA hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals17
6033408322Irrigationsupplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc.18
6033408323Monarchya government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power19
6033408324Monotheismbelief in a single God20
6033408325NeolithicThe New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)21
6033408326Nomadic(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently22
6033408327Pastoralrelating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)23
6033408328PaleolithicThe Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools24
6033408329Philosophythe rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics25
6033408330Polytheismbelief in multiple Gods26
6033408331River Valleythe fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them27
6033408332Sedentaryremaining in one place28
6033408333Settlementthe act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position29
6033408334Subsistencethe necessities of life, the resources of survival30
6033408335Surplusa quantity much larger than is needed31
6033408336Sustenancethe act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence32
6033408337Theocracygovernment run by religious leaders33
6033408338Traditionalconsisting of or derived from tradition; customary practices34
6033408339Urbanizationthe social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban35
6033408340Vassalslesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity36
6033408341Alexander the Greatking of Macedon, conqueror of Greece, Egypt, and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC)37
6033408342Analects of Confucius"something that is repeated" - a collection of Confucius' famous sayings38
6033408343Bronze Agea period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons39
6033408344Calendara system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year40
6033408345Code of Hammurabithe set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety41
6033408346CuneiformOne of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.42
6033408347Democracya political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them43
6033408348Eight Fold PathEight steps to end suffering and attain enlightenment according to Buddhist tradition.44
6033408349Four Noble Truthsas taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism45
6033408350Gothic MigrationsThe Migration period, also called the Barbarian Invasions or German: Völkerwanderung (wandering of the peoples), was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between the years 300 to 700 CE in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so-called 'barbarian frontier'. Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes.46
6033408351Great Walla fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC47
6033408352Han Dynastyimperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy48
6033408353HellenismThe ideals and principles that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world. Much of its influence such as philosophy, athletics, and architecture penetrated the Middle East.49
6033408354The HunsFierce warriors from Central Asia- First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms50
6033408355Indian Ocean Tradeconnected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.51
6033408356Iron Agethe period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons52
6033408357Jewish DiasporaA "scattering" of the Jewish people53
6033408358LegalismIn Chinese history, Legalism was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period- A philosophy of focusing on the text of written law to the exclusion of the intent of law, elevating strict adherence to law over justice, mercy and common sense54
6033408359Pax RomanaA period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.55
6033408360PyramidsHuge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top56
6033408361Roman RepublicThe period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.57
6033408362Roman Senatea council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders58
6033408363Shang CivilizationChina's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE59
6033408364Shi Huang Diharsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China)60
6033408365Siddhartha Gautamafounder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha61
6033408366Silk Road TradeThe most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.62
6033408367The Torahthe most sacred text of Judaism63
6033408368The Vedas of HinduismAryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.64
6033408369Zigguratsa temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories65
6033408370ChristianityMonotheistic religion born out of Judaism, preached by Jesus of Nazareth and later codified by his disciples. Persecuted by Romans early on; however, gained support under Constantine in the Rome.66
6033408371Buddhismoriginally preached by Siddhartha and codified by his disciples into the sutras. Rejected Vedic rituals and the caste system. Spread throughout SE Asia and China and split into Mahayana(Buddha as a God, local gods tacked on as Bodhisativas) and Theravada(original, strict non-theistic version).67
6033408372AsokaThird ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.68
6033408373HinduismTerm for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.69
6033408374Trans Saharanroute across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading70
6033408375MonsoonsMajor winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.71
6033408376Sumerianspeople who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.72
6033408377Indo-EuropeansGroups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact.73
6033408378Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength.Patriarchal74
6033408379caste systema set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility75
6033408380Paleolithic(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture76
6033408381CarthageThis city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.77
6033408382HellenizationThe spread of Greek language and culture (Hellenism) throughout the Mediterranean, starting with t he conquests of Alexander the Great. Upon Alexander's death at the age of thirty-three (323 B.C.E.), his realm was divided among his leading generals. During their reigns and those of their successors, Hellenism (i.e., Greek culture) continued to flourish in major urban centers around the eastern Mediterranean (less so in rural areas). People traveling to different areas could communicate with people of other kingdoms through Greek. More than at any time in previous history, the eastern Mediterranean that emerged in Alexander's wake experienced a form of cultural unity and cosmopolitanism (a "cosmopolite" is a "citizen of the world," as opposed to a person who belongs to only one locality). The Roman Empire arose in the context of the Hellenistic world and took full advantage of its unity, promoting the use of Greek language, accepting aspects of Greek culture, and even taking over features of the Greek religion, to the point that the Greek and Roman gods came to be thought of as the same, only with different names. This complex unity achieved culturally through Hellenization and politically through the conquests of Rome is summed up by the term Greco-Roman world.78
6033408383DaoismChinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.79
6033408384Bureaucratgovernment official80
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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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6800400995abolitionist movementAn international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.0
6800400996CreolesNative-born elites in the Spanish colonies.1
6800400997Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenDocument drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.2
6800400998Declaration of the Rights of WomanShort work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.3
6800400999Estates-GeneralFrench representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.4
6800401000FreetownWest African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships.5
6800401001French RevolutionMassive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.6
6800401002gens de couleur libresLiterally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution.7
6800401003HaitiName that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.8
6800401004Haitian RevolutionThe only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).9
6800401005Hidalgo-Morelos RevolutionSocially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests10
6800401006Latin American RevolutionsSeries of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.11
6800401007Toussaint L'OuvertureFirst leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.12
6800401008Napoleon BonaparteFrench head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.13
6800401009NationA group of people who have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.14
6800401010NationalismThe focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.15
6800401011American RevolutionSuccessful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.16
6800401012Petit BlancsThe "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.17
6800401013Seneca Falls ConferenceThe first organized women's rights conference18
6800401014Elizabeth Cady StantonLeading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).19
6800401015the Reign of TerrorTerm used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.20
6800401016Third EstateIn prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.21
6800401017Tupac AmaruThe last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.22
6800401018BourgeoisieTerm that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."23
6800401019British Royal SocietyAssociation of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."24
6800401020Crimean WarMajor international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.25
6800401021Sigmund FreudAustrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today26
6800401022Labour PartyBritish working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.27
6800401023Karl MarxGerman expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.28
6800401024Middle class valuesBelief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."29
6800401025Robert OwensSocialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.30
6800401026Peter the GreatTsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.31
6800401027PopulismLate-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.32
6800401028ProletariatTerm that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.33
6800401029Steam engineMechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.34
6800401030Boxer RebellionRising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed35
6800401031DaimyoFeudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.36
6800401032Meiji RestorationThe overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor37
6800401033Matthew PerryU.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.38
6800401034Opium WarsTwo wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.39
6800401035Russo-Japanese WarEnding in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.40
6800401036SamuraiArmed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.41
6800401037Self-strengthening MovementChina's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.42
6800401038The Sick Man of EuropeWestern Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.43
6800401039Social DarwinismAn application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.44
6800401040Taiping UprisingMassive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.45
6800401041Tanzimat ReformsImportant reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."46
6800401042Tokugawa ShogunateRulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.47
6800401043Unequal treatiesSeries of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.48
6800401044Young OttomansGroup of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.49
6800401045Young TurksMovement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire50
6800401046ApartheidAfrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.51
6800401047Cash crop agricultureAgricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.52
6800401048Leopold IIhis rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.53
6800401049Cultivation SystemSystem of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.54
6800401050Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.55
6800401051Scramble for AfricaName used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.56
6800401052Guillotinedefined the reign of terror, its fast-falling blade extinguished life immediately, introduced as a more humane way of beheading (vs. an ax)57
6800401053Mass ProductionThe manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks.58
6800401054Steam Shipstechnological innovation allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian and African ports quickly and predictably59
6800401055mercantilismA set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country60
6800401056Capitalism(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.61
6800401057Simon BolivarThe most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.62
6800401058GaribaldiLeader of the Italian Nationalist Army. He was a bold and visionary leader. He united Southern Italy, also captured Sicily in the 1860's.63
6800401059MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy. He preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people. His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848.64
6800401060Count CavourItalian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.65
6800401061Pedro ISon and successor of Joao VI in Brazil, aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, became constitutional emperor of Brazil66
6800401062William WilberforceHe was a highly religious man and a member of the English Parliament who worked tirelessly for the abolition of slavery67
6800401063Janissarya soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks68
6800401064Muhammad AliAlbanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849).69
6800401065ExtraterritorialityForeign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.70
6800401066Canton SystemThe Canton System (1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).71
6800401067Empress Dowager CixiEmpress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.72
6800401068Palm OilA West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.73
6800401069Emmeline Pankhurst(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.74
6800401070Emily DavisonThrew herself under the Kings horse at the Derby to draw attention to the women's movement and was killed.75
6800401071Separate SpheresNineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics76
6800401072Universal Male SuffrageThe extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's77
6800401073Ems TelegramA telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.78
6800401074free trade imperialismEconomic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of a weaker state. In the late 19th cent, this characterized the relationships between Latin American republics and GB/US79
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Ap World History Flashcards

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29045646698000 BCEStart of agriculture0
29045646703000 BCEBronze age/ early civilizations1
29045646711300 BCEIron age2
29045646726th c BCELife of Buddha3
29045646735th c BCEGreek Golden Age/ philosophers4
2904564674323 BCEAlexander the Great5
2904564675221 BCEQin Unified China6
290456467632 CEStart of Christianity7
2904564677180 CEEnd of Pax Romana8
2904564678220 CEEnd of Han Dynasty9
2904564679333 CERoman capital moved to Constantinople10
29045646804th c CETrans Saharan trade routes11
2904564681476 CEFall of Rome12
2904564682527 CEJustinian rule over the Byzantine Empire13
2904564683622 CEFounding of Islam14
2904564684711 CEIslam takes over Spain15
2904564685732 CEBattle of Tours16
29045646861054 CEGreat Schism in Christian Church17
29045646871066 CENorman conquest of England18
29045646881071 CEBattle of Manzikert19
32992362671095 CE1st Crucade20
32992425511258 CEMongols sack Baghdad21
32992518931271-1295 CEMarco Polo's travels22
32992548041324 CEMansa Musa's pilgrimage23
32992618341325-1349 CETravels of Ibn Battuta24
37693099951347-1348 CEBubonic plague in Europe25
37693397311433 CERise of Ottomans26
37693430251453 CEOttomans capture Constantinople27
37693494571488 CEDias rounded Cape of Good Hope28
37693572371492 CEColumbus sailed the ocean blue29
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5035247509Molecules composed of thousands of atoms: the four main classes being carbohydrates, lipids, prteins, and nucleic acidsMacromolecules0
5035247510Chainlike molecules consisting of monomersPolymer1
5035247511Make up polymersMonomer2
5035247512Removing water to bond monomers together to create a polymerDehydration Synthesis3
5035247513Adding water to break polymers apart to create monomersHydrolysis4
5035247514A macromolecule made up of C, H and O, with a 2:1 ratio between the hydrogen and oxygen.Carbohydrates5
5035247515Simple sugars with 1 ring: Provides immediate energy, classified by the amount of carbons. Ex. glucose, fructose, galactoseMonosaccharides6
5035247516Double sugars with 2 rings, ex. sucroseDisaccharides7
5035247517Polymers, with many rings. Acts as an energy storage macromolecule, building materials for cells or whole organisms. ex, glycogen, starch and cellulosePolysaccharides8
5035247518glucose, fructose, galactoseExamples of monosaccharides9
5035247519SucroseExamples of disacharrides10
5035247520Macromolecule that dislikes water (hydrophobic), examples fats, oils and waxesLipids11
5035247521Hydrocarbon chain found in LipidsGlycerol12
5035247522Part of a lipid attached to glycerolFatty Acid13
5035247523Fatty acids with single bonds. Solid at room temperature.Saturated fatty acids14
5035247524Fatty acids with double and single bonds. Liquid at room temperature.Unsaturated fatty acids15
5035247525A type of lipid used as signals in the cells. ex., cholesterolSteroid16
5035247526Built up of 20 types of amino acids, which can unravel or denature in response to changes in pH, salt concentration, and temperature because they disrupt the bonds between parts of the proteinProteins17
5035247527monomer for building proteins, bonded by peptide bondsAmino acid18
5035247528proteins that speed up the rate of reactions, but are not consumed by the reaction. Lowers the activation energy of a reaction, and makes it easier to perform these reactions.Enzymes19
5035247529A reactant that binds to an enzymeSubstrate20
5035247530A pocket/groove on the surface of a protein on the surface of the protein into which the substrate fits. The substrate is held to this area through weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or Van der Waals.Active Site21
5035247531amount of energy needed to get a reaction going, enzymes lower the activation energyActivation Energy22
5035247532An organic compound made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. Ex. DNA and RNANucleic Acids23
5035247533The building blocks of nucleic acidsNucleotide24
5035247534nucleic acid25
5035247535protein26
5035247536carbohydrate27
5035247537lipid28
5035247538What element can bond with up to 4 other elements?Carbon29
5035247539What 3 factors affect the rate of a reaction involving an enzyme?Temperature, pH and concentration of enzyme30
5035247540Role of lipidslong term energy storage31
5035247541What can be found in the nucleus of an atom?protons and neutrons32
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biochemistry Flashcards

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4149957763composed of amino acidsproteins0
4149966158nitrogenous basesnucleic acids1
4149969227cytosine, adenine, guanine, and thyminenucleic acids2
4149983575chains of glucosecarbohydrates3
4149988760carbon hydrogenlipids4
4149993660DNA RNAnucleic acids5
4150003200fat, oil, saturated fatlipids6
4150004747main source of energycarbohydrates7
4150013916store and transmit hereditary or genetic informationnucleic acids8
4150025272controls the rate of reactions and regulates cell processesproteins9
4150028622C,H,O,N,Pproteins10
4150032770nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygenproteins11
4150035992starch, grapefruit, cellulose, sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose, glycogencarbohydrates12
4150064574monosaccharidecarbohydrate13
4150064575structure of a lipid14
4150065650structure of nitrogenous bases15
4150065651structure of amino acid16
4150067676structure of glucose17
4150067677structure of nucleotide18
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AP literature list four Flashcards

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7384186693ParanoiaIrrational distrust; feeling of persecution0
7384186694MalevolenceMalice; hatred toward others; intention to harm1
7384186695TenuousInsubstantial; flimsy; weak2
7384186696AmbivalenceUncertainty in attitude; fluctuation3
7384186697DesiccateDry up; dehydrate; to drain vitality4
7384186698RepleteComplete; full; abundantly filled5
7384186699RecalcitrantResistant; defiant of authority6
7384186700CogentConvincing; valid; forcibly appealing to the mind7
7384186701AffluenceProfusion; overflowing of wealth, etc.; an abundance8
7384186702AstuteClever; shrewd; intellectually observant9
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AP Language Terms Flashcards

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5277140135connotationthe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. They may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes0
5277140136denotationthe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (ex. denotation of a knife would be a utensil used to be cut; the connotation of a knife might be fear, violence, anger, foreboding, etc.)1
5277140137dictionrelated to style, this refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to the correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to define an author's diction, for ex. formal or informal, ornate or plain, and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc.., creates an author's style.2
5277142300didacticFrom the Greek, this word literally means "teaching." These words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing. especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.3
5277142301euphemismAlso from the Greek for "good speech." these are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. They may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example.4
5277144265extended metaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.5
5277144266figurative languageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.6
5277146398figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.7
5277148894generic conventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.8
5277148895genreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However this is a flexible term; withing these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For ex., prose can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. On the exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres; autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.9
5375994179allegoryA device of using character and/or story elements to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. Examples include personifying abstract ideas like hope or freedom.10
5376016966alliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words. Ex. She sells sea shells by the sea shore.11
5376027900allusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as a book, event, place, or work of art. These can historical, literary, religious, or mythical.12
5376049419ambiguityThe multiple meanings, either international or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.13
5376055984analogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. Can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with something more similar.14
5376092869antecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.15
5376099994antithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; The direct opposite16
5376107399aphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. Summation of the author's point.17
5376122842apostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.18
5376147525atmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. This can also foreshadow events to come.19
5376161020caricatureVerbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for cosmic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.20
5376171082clauseGrammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. Independent or main express a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Dependent or subordinate cannot stand on their own and must be accompanied by an independent ________.21
5376203926colloquialismThe use of slang of informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, these give a work a conversational, familiar one. Can include local and regional dialects.22
5376223373conceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. Displays intellectual cleverness.23
5414264567homilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.24
5414265982hyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") They often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, these produces irony. The opposite of this term is understatement.25
5414272085imageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.26
5414274657inferenceTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms27
5414277263invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")28
5414282360ironyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: (1) verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational irony - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic irony - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.29
5414285930loose sentence30
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AP Literature Review Terms 1-20 Flashcards

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6202492533allegorystory or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning0
6202492534alliterationbeginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words1
6202492535allusionindirect of passing reference2
6202492537antagonista hostile person who is opposed to another character3
6202492538apostrophefigure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character4
6202492539approximate rhymewords in rhyming pattern that sound alike5
6202492540asidewhen a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage6
6202492541assonancerepetition of vowel sounds7
6202492542blank versepoetry written in meter without an ending rhyme8
6202492543cacophonyblend of unharmonious sounds9
6202492544caesurapause in the middle of a line10
6202492545catharsisthe release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse)11
6202492546flat characterstory character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic12
6202492547round charactercharacter who has complex personality: contradicted person13
6202492548dynamic characterchanges throughout the story, through major conflict14
6202492549static characterperson who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality15
6202492550characterizationprocess of revealing characters personality16
6202492551climaxpoint where conflict hits its highest point17
6202492552comedydrama that is amusing or funny18
6202492553conflictstruggle between opposing forces19
6202492554connotationsecondary meaning to a word20
6202492555consonancerepetition of same consonant in words close together21
6202492556couplettwo rhyming lines in a verse22
6202492557denotationthe literal meaning of a word23
6202492558denouementfinal outcome of the story24
6202492559deus ex machinaresolution of a plot by chance or coincidence25
6202492560didactic writingwriting with a primary purpose to teach or preach26
6202492561direct presentation of characterauthor telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story27
6202492562double rhymerhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)28
6202492563dramatic expositionprose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world29
6202492564end rhymerhymes occurring at the end of line30
6202492565end stopped lineline ending in regular punctuation31
6202492566English sonneta sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg32
6202492567epiphanywhen a character receives a spiritual insight into they life33
6202492568euphonysmooth choice and arrangement of sounds34
6202492569extended figureA figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.35
6202492570falling actionEvents after the climax, leading to the resolution36
6202492571feminine rhymelines rhymed by their final two syllables37
6202492572figurative languageLanguage that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.38
6202492573figure of speecha way of saying something other than the ordinary way39
6202492574footbasic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables40
6202492575formexternal pattern or shape of a poem41
6202492576free versePoetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme42
6202492577hamartiatragic flaw which causes a character's downfall43
6202492578imageryDescription that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)44
6202492579indirect presentation of characterthe personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says45
6202492580internal rhymeA word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line46
6202492581ironyA contrast between expectation and reality47
6202492582verbal ironyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant48
6202492583dramatic ironyIrony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.49
6202492584irony of situationrefers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended50
6202492585italian sonnetA sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd51
6202492586masculine rhymeA rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable52
6202492587melodramaa play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally53
6202492588metaphorA comparison without using like or as54
6202492589meterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry55
6202492590metonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it56
6202492591motivationA need or desire that energizes and directs behavior57
6202492592narratorPerson telling the story58
6202492593octave8 line stanza59
6202492594onomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.60
6202492595hyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor61
6202492596oxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.62
6202492597paradoxA contradiction or dilemma63
6202492598paraphraseA restatement of a text or passage in your own words.64
6202492599personificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes65
6202492600plotSequence of events in a story66
6202492601point of viewThe perspective from which a story is told67
6202492602omniscient point of viewThe point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.68
6202492603third person limited point of viewnarrator tells the story from only one character's pov69
6202492604first person point of viewa character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself70
6202492605objective point of viewa narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.71
6202492606protagonistMain character72
6202492607quatrainA four line stanza73
6202492608rhythmA regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.74
6202492609rhyme schemeA regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem75
6202492610rising actionEvents leading up to the climax76
6202492611sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt77
6202492612satireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.78
6202492613scansionAnalysis of verse into metrical patterns79
6202492614sestet6 line stanza80
6202492615settingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.81
6202492616simileA comparison using "like" or "as"82
6202492617soliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage83
6202492618sonnet14 line poem84
6202492619stanzaA group of lines in a poem85
6202492620stream of consciousnessprivate thoughts of a character without commentary86
6202492621syllabic verseVerse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.87
6202492622symbolA thing that represents or stands for something else88
6202492623synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa89
6202492624synesthesiadescribing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")90
6202492625tercet3 line stanza91
6202492626terza rimaa verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.92
6202492627themeCentral idea of a work of literature93
6202492628toneAttitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character94
6202492629tragedyA serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character95
6202492630truncationUtilizing a melody with part of the end omitted.96
6202492631understandmentthe deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis97
6202492632verseA single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme98
6202492633vilanellea nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.99
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AP Literature Vocab #2 Flashcards

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7985817730erudite(adj.) scholarly, learned, bookish, pedantic0
8020440544recrudesceverb: to break out or happen again1
8020441048stupora state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility2
8020441049felicityhappiness; bliss3
8020441050intrepidvery brave, fearless, unshakable4
8020441051fidelityfaithfulness; loyalty5
8020441371inexplorableimpossible to stop or prevent6
8020441372imminencethe state or fact of being about to happen7
8020441706bestowalthe act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift8
8020441707abscondeddeparted suddenly9
8020442087improbablenot likely to be true or to occur or to have occurred10
8020442088bewilderingextremely confusing11
8020442089desolationa state of complete emptiness or destruction12
8020442090gallantlypolitely; in the manner of a gentleman13
8020442454audacityexcessive boldness, rashness, daring14
8020442455unscathedwholly unharmed, not injured15
8020442456fatalismthe belief that all events are determined in advance by fate and cannot be changed by human means16
8020442457indignantlyAngry at something unworthy, unjust, unfair17
8020442782languorlack of physical or mental energy18
8020442783factitiousartificial; produced artificially; sham; false;19
8020443149colossalextremely large20
8020443150deplorabledeeply regrettable; unfortunate.21
8020443708odiousdeserving hate or contempt22
8085805761sodden(adj.) soaked with liquid or moisture; expressionless, dull; spiritless, listless23
8085805762liturgiespublic rites; what people do in church24
8085805763euphemismswords or terms used to make something sound less unpleasant25
8085805764akinrelated to or alike26
8085807070infirmityphysical or mental weakness27
8085807071smugself-satisfied28
8085808602intuitiveinstinctive, untaught29
8085808603impassiveshowing no emotion30
8085808604metaphysical conceitsanalogy between one entity's spiritual qualities and an object in the physical world and sometimes controls the whole structure of the poem.31
8085809721oxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.32
8085809722self-parodypoking fun at one's self through a piece of literature33
8085811006tritecommonplace; overused, stale34
8085811007rabblea disorderly crowd, a mob35
8085811008analogoussimilar or alike in some way; equivalent to36
8085811009precedentan example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action37
8085812391implicitlyabsolutely; completely; totally38
8085812392plightA difficult or dangerous condition or situation39
8085812393astutenessthe quality or state of having or displaying shrewd discernment and sagacity.40
8085813342facilityaptitude, ease in doing something41
8085821484dismayedtroubled, distressed42
8085821485perilserious and immediate danger43
8085821486admonitiongentle warning; friendly reproof44
8085821487effacedeliminated or made indistinct by or as if by wearing away a surface45
8085821488torporextreme mental and physical sluggishness46
8085821489anguishagonizing physical or mental pain47
8085821490metricalof, relating to, or arranged in a rhythmic pattern of beats : of or relating poetic meter48
8085821491sardonicgrimly or scornfully mocking, bitterly sarcastic49
8085821492sinisterevil, ominous50
8085821493sepulchera tomb or burial chamber51
8085821494exultationthe utterance of sounds expressing great joy52
8086221566palimpsestparchment or piece of writing material used for second time after original writing has been erased53
8086221984insatiabilitythe condition of having unlimited wants and thus never being satisfied54
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