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Flashcards

12 B Flashcards

8406270780	How Often?	¿Cuántas veces?	0
8406270781	How long?	¿Cuánto tiempo?	1
8406274287	always	siempre	2
8406274288	often	muchas veces	3
8406277658	sometimes	a veces	4
8406277659	rarely	rara vez	5
8406277660	never	nunca	6
8406277661	all morning	toda la mañana	7
8406283631	all afternoon	toda la tarde	8
8406283632	all day	todo el día	9
8406283633	all night	toda la noche	10
8406287396	all the time	todo el tiempo	11

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I LIKE ENGLISH B1 LESSON 12 Flashcards

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5606601347	tip	συμβουλή	0
5606601348	effective	αποτελεσματικός	1
5606601349	skill	ικανότητα	2
5606601350	schedule	πρόγραμμα	3
5606601351	recreation	αναψυχή	4
5606601352	social	κοινωνικός	5
5606601353	gradual	σταδιακός	6
5606601354	gradually	σταδιακά	7
5606601355	waste	σπαταλώ	8
5606601356	valuable	πολύτιμος	9
5606601357	overdo	παρακάνω	10
5606601358	retain	συγκρατώ	11
5606601359	exhaust	εξαντλώ	12
5606601360	reward	ανταμείβω	13
5606601361	topic	θέμα	14
5606601362	put off	αναβάλλω	15
5606601363	task	εργασία	16
5606601364	determine	καθορίζω	17
5606601365	memory	μνήμη	18
5606601366	obvious	προφανής	19
5606601367	distraction	απόσπαση προσοχής	20
5606601368	major	σημαντικός	21
5606601369	look out for	έχω το νου μου	22
5606601370	put away	βάζω στην άκρη	23
5606601371	productive	παραγωγικός	24
5606601372	at once	αμέσως	25
5606601373	one at a time	ένας-έναςj	26
5606601374	bit by bit	λίγο-λίγο	27
5606601375	get rid of	ξεφορτώνομαι	28
5606602521	Effect	Αποτέλεσμα	29
5606602522	Society	Κοινωνία	30
5606603777	Value	Αξία	31
5606604242	Exhaustion	Εξάντληση	32
5606604243	Memorise	Απομνημονεύω	33
5606605978	Distract	Αποσπώ	34

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B3U12 The Journey Ahead Flashcards

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8502985808	arrest	After several weeks of searching, the police finally tracked down the drug dealer and a____________ted him.	0
8502985809	arrest	Several professional (職業的) baseball players were placed under a_________t for their involvement in game fixing.	1
8502985810	petty	Since our time is limited, we should pay more attention to the main points instead of the ______y details.	2
8502985811	jail	Joshua was put in j________l for drunk driving and killing three people in the traffic accident he caused.	3
8502985812	exhausted	After a hard day at work, Serena was e___________ted and wanted nothing more than a hot bath.	4
8502985814	accommodation	This pet hotel offers a________________n for pets while their owners are away.	5
8502985815	accommodates	The hotel which is located near the famous skiing slope a_____________s thousands of tourists every winter.	6
8502985816	suspicion	The rich lady always treated others with s__________n for fear that they might try to cheat her out of her fortune.	7
8502985818	suspects	The police made a photo of the s_________ts available to the public, in the hope that someone would recognize them.	8
8502985819	suspicious	The TV commercial claimed that the drink could help people lose weight easily, but I was really s____________s of its effectiveness.	9
8502985820	inquired	Not knowing which bus to take to go downtown, the foreign visitors i_________ed at the information desk for more information about it.	10
8502985821	inquiry	If you don't know how to use the product, you can make i_________s about it on the phone at any time.	11
8502985822	convict	Much to the relief of the local citizens, the escaped c_______t was quickly captured and sent back to prison.	12
8502985823	convicted	The man was c_______ted of murder in court and received a life sentence.	13
8502985824	humiliation	Maria quit her job. She could no longer stand the h____________n of being mocked by her coworkers.	14
8502985825	humiliated	The waiter stated that the actress h________ted him by splashing water onto his face and calling him names.	15
8502985826	exchanged	I bumped into a long-lost friend yesterday. We e________ged phone numbers and promised to have dinner together sometime soon.	16
8502985827	exchange	The spy offered to share important military secrets with the enemy in e_____________e for political protection.	17
8502985828	released	The patient was r__________ed from the hospital after the doctors were sure that he had fully recovered from his illness.	18
8502985829	release	Well-behaved prisoners have a chance of getting early r_________e from prison.	19
8502985830	shiver	Colin couldn't help s____________g with fear as he ran into a street gang on his way home.	20
8502985831	shiver	Upon learning that she had won first prize, Michelle felt a s__________r of excitement run through her body.	21
8502985832	pity	The kind-hearted woman always takes p______y on those in need and tries her best to help them.	22
8502985834	dined	The manager d______ed with the CEO of the company and discussed the new marketing strategy with her.	23
8502985836	precious	The diamond ring decorated with several p________s stones costs a fortune.	24
8502985837	shelter	After the severe earthquake, the victims were badly in need of food, clothing, and s______r.	25
8502985839	stunned	When Frank heard the bad news, he just stood in s________ned silence and didn't say or do anything.	26
8502985840	stunned	The report on the area's serious air pollution s_____ned the residents. They had never before realized that their health was in such great danger.	27
8502985841	possessions	Before you leave the movie theater, be sure that you have all of your p_______ns, such as your bag, cell phone, etc.	28
8502985843	possesses	The library p________es various kinds of books, such as children's books, novels, magazines, and so on.	29
8502985844	deserve	I believe that those who make the most of their time d__________e success, while those who put things off will eventually end up in failure.	30
8502985845	solemnly	"I promise to be true to you in sickness and in health," Chandler said s__________ly to Jennifer during their wedding ceremony.	31
8502985846	solemn	Amanda made a s________n promise to her family that she would balance her club activities and studies.	32
8502985848	roam	Because she had forgotten her keys at home, Matilda had to r_____m the streets until her parents arrived home.	33
8502985849	dreadful	The weather has been d_______l for weeks. We couldn't do anything outdoors owing to the rain and the freezing cold.	34
8502985850	brooding	Dan kept b_________g over the mistakes he had made, so he became even more frustrated and depressed.	35
8502985851	gloom	A feeling of g______m filled the room after the bad news was announced.	36
8502985853	gloomy	Haunted by g_______y thoughts, Leon sat alone, weeping bitterly.	37
8502985854	somehow	t seems like a sound plan, but s_______w I don't think it will really work.	38
8502985855	somehow	Don't give up so soon. We'll find a solution to the problem s________w.	39

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Deutsch Aktuell 2 Kapitel 12 Lektion B Flashcards

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4983223142	ablösen	to displace	0
4983223143	achten auf	to watch out for	1
4983223144	der Actionfilm,-(e)	action film	2
4983223145	allerdings	however	3
4983223146	die Altersgruppe,-(n)	age group	4
4983223147	sich anpassen	to fit	5
4983223148	die Ausnahme,-(n)	exception	6
4983223149	ausschalten	to turn off	7
4983223150	außergewöhnlich	unusual	8
4983223151	austauschen	to exchange	9
4983223152	begleiten	to accompany	10
4983223153	die Beruhigung	calming (down)	11
4983223154	beunruhigend	worrysome	12
4983223155	das Bilderbuch,¨-(er)	picture book	13
4983223156	die Comedy,-(s)	comedy	14
4983223157	dabei sein	to be part of	15
4983223158	danach	after that	16
4983223159	digital	digital	17
4983223160	der Dokumentarfilm,-(e)	documentary	18
4983223161	der Durchschnitt,-(e)	average	19
4983223162	einig sein	to be in agreement	20
4983223163	einloggen	to log in	21
4983223164	die Entspannung	relaxation	22
4983223165	ergeben (ergibt, ergab, ergeben)	to reveal	23
4983223166	das Ergebnis,-(se)	result	24
4983223167	erlauben	to allow	25
4983223168	erreichen	to reach	26
4983223170	die Gefahr,-(en)	danger	27
4983223171	das Gespräch,-(e)	conversation, talk	28
4983223172	die Hälfte,-(n)	half	29
4983223173	halten von (hält, hielt, gehalten)	to think of	30
4983223174	die Informationsquelle,-(n)	source of information	31
4983223175	die Internetseite,-(n)	Internet page, website	32
4983223176	jährig	year-old	33
4983223177	das Jugendbuch,¨-(er)	juvenile book	34
4983223178	die Klassik	classicism	35
4983223179	die Kultur,-(en)	culture	36
4983223180	die Kurznachricht,-(en)	short message, text message	37
4983223181	die Lernplattform,-(en)	learning (educational) platform	38
4983223182	der Lieblingssender,-	favorite station	39
4983223183	der Liebesfilm,-(e)	love story	40
4983223184	das Medienverhalten	media behavior	41
4983223185	das Medium,-(ien)	medium	42
4983223186	die Mehrheit,-(en)	majority	43
4983223187	der Musikgeschmack,¨-(e)	taste for music	44
4983223188	die Nachrichtensendung,-(en)	newscast	45
4983223189	das Netzwerk,-(e)	network, web	46
4983223190	der Ort,-(e)	place	47
4983223191	das Prozent,-(e)	percent	48
4983223192	das Radioprogramm,-(e)	radio program	49
4983223193	reagieren	to react	50
4983223194	regional	regional	51
4983223195	der Rock	rock (music)	52
4983223196	der Schulausflug,¨-(e)	school outing	53
4983223197	schwach	weak	54
4983223198	die Schwierigkeit,-(en	problem	55
4983223199	die Serie,-(n)	series	56
4983223200	die Situation,-(en)	situation	57
4983223201	die Soap,-(s)	soap opera	58
4983223202	die Stelle,-(n)	place	59
4983223203	an Ort und Stelle	on the spot	60
4983223204	an erster Stelle stehen	to be in first place	61
4983223205	die Studie,-(n)	study	62
4983223206	tabu	taboo	63
4983223207	das Telefongespräch,-(e)	telephone conversation	64
4983223208	der Thriller,-	thriller	65
4983223209	überall	everywhere	66
4983223210	umfangreich	extensive	67
4983223211	die Umfrage,-(n)	survey	68
4983223212	der Unterricht,-(e)	class, lesson	69
4983223213	unterstützen	to support	70
4983223214	verbieten (verbot, verboten)	to forbid	71
4983223215	verboten	forbidden	72
4983223216	die Verbindung,-(en)	connection	73
4983223217	verfolgen	to follow	74
4983223218	sich die Zeit vertreiben (vertrieb, vertrieben)	to pass time	75
4983223219	der Wetterbericht,-(e)	weather report	76
4983223220	zurückgeben (gibt zurück, gab zurück, zurückgegeben)	to return	77

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Vitamin B12 Flashcards

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8708244723	Cobalamin	vitamin B12; cobalt in structure - forms planar ring	0
8708264568	Vitamin B12	generic descriptor for corrinoid compounds exhibiting the biological activity of vit b12	1
8708273040	Corrinoid compound	compound containing cobalt-centered corrin ring	2
8708281177	Best corrinoid compound	methylcobalamin - because of role in MS	3
8708284684	Synthesis of vit b12	solely by bacteria; accumulates in animal tissues (liver)	4
8708291780	Dietary sources of B12	animal products; liver is highest bc storage	5
8708314838	Food fortified with B12	Almond milk - 1 cup, 50% DV Kashi cereal - 3/4 cup, 100% DV Tofu - 3 oz, 20% DV	6
8708349587	Differences between naturally occurring and synthetic B12	Natural - bound to protein, requires gastric acid for absorption; Synthetic - not bound to protein	7
8708367003	Binding/transport proteins of B12	R-protein; IF; transcobalamin 2 (main transport in plasma)	8
8708372246	R-protein	aka haptocorrin/transcobalamin 1; glycoproteins secreted by salivary glands; binds to B12 to protect from stomach acid	9
8708379935	Intrinsic factor (IF)	glycoproteins secreted by gastric parietal cells; binds to B12 in intestine; transports B12 to IF receptor	10
8708441454	Transcobalamin 2	main trasport protein for B12 in plasma	11
8708445513	B12 active absorption occurs in 3 places	stomach; duodenum; ileum; only vitamin absorbed this way	12
8708447555	Active absorption in the stomach	Food B12 - released from proteins by pepsin/HCL; Free B12 - binds to R, forming B12-R complex	13
8708458269	Active absorption in the duodenum	B12-R acted upon by pancreatic protease - releases free B12; Free B12 binds to IF	14
8708467230	Active absorption in the ileum	B12-IF binds to receptor (cubilin) on intestinal cell; internalized by endocytosis; released from IF-cubilin; free B12 binds to transcobalamin 2 in portal blood	15
8708479528	Cubilin	IF receptor	16
8708491458	B12 passive absorption	simple diffusion; occurs in small intestine; inefficient - 1%; used in therapy - 500 micrograms by mouth; also intranasally, sublingually	17
8708516268	Routes of B12 therapy	by mouth; intranasally; sublingual tablets; can have shot; dose >500 micrograms	18
8708523073	Atrophic gastritis	chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa with loss of parietal cell function; autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy parietal cells; loss of intrinsic factor and gastric acid; most common cause of pernicious anemia	19
8708686940	Transcobalamin 3	function unknown	20
8708694205	Cellular uptake of B12	enters through receptor-mediated endocytosis; endosome becomes acidified - B12 released; to methionine synthase in cytoplasm; to methylmalonyl CoA Mutase in mitochondrion	21
8708715187	B12 RDA	2.4 micrograms; because only a cofactor for 2 enzymes	22
8708729198	Number of enzymes for which B12 is a cofactor	2	23
8708747080	Storage of B12	2-4mg; 50% in liver; 70% stored as adenosylcobalamin; not actually stored - being used by enzymes	24
8708754659	Excretion of B12	Bile - 1.5 micrograms/day - 70% reabsorbed; pts with p anemia do not reabsorb (no IF)	25
8708764924	Function of B12 in humans	2 rxns: methyl group transfer reactions, mutases; remethylation of homocysteine and methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA exchange 1 H and some other groups btwn 2 adj carbon atoms	26
8708768491	Methionine synthase (MS)	uses methylcobalamin as an intermediate methyl carrier at one active site of MS enzyme; transfers methyl group from cobalamin to homocysteine at another active site; in cytoplasm	27
8708808358	Methymalonyl CoA Mutase (MCM)	in mitochondira; enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA; uses adenosylcobalamin in active site	28
8708820249	Testing method for B12 deficiency	methylmalonic acid in blood stream - high levels indicate build up	29
8708830338	Use of adenosylcobalamin	relatively weak Co-CH2 bond; easily broken to form free radical; FR abstracts a hydrogen from methylmalonyl CoA	30
8708858201	Methyl trap hypothesis	methyl is trapped in N-5 methyl form; MTHFR reaction is irreversible; homocysteine increases; 5-methyl-THF increases	31
8708872838	Implication of impaired DNA synthesis due to B12 deficiency	megaloblastic anemia	32
8708877948	Remethylation of homocysteine vs. Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA	Remethylation - methylcobalabin, cytoplasm; Methylmalonyl - adenosylcobalamin, mitochondria	33
8708886653	Implication of MMA (methylmalonic acid) accumulation	neurodegeneration	34
8708890188	Masking B12 deficiency	folic acid can correct megaloblastic anemia, but not other effects; B12 deficiency causes "secondary folate deficiency"	35
8708905577	B12 deficiency	megaloblastic anemia; degeneration of spinal cord; worsens without B12 therapy; hard to diagnose in early stages	36
8708911000	B12 status indicators	Serum B12 (<300 pg/mL mild - <148pmol/L severe); functional indicator - homocysteine; specific indicator - MMA; holotranscobalamin - newer method reflects serum levels; megaloblastic anemia - not specific, severe deficiency	37
8709222249	Pernicious anemia	caused by lack of functional IF in stomach; 2-3% of population >65 years (rare in younger pop); gastrectomy can cause; IM B12 injection monthly of 100-1000 micrograms cyanocobalamin; oral B12 supplement >1000 micrograms	38
8709233580	Treatments for pernicious anemia	IM B12 injection monthly of 100-1000 micrograms cyanocobalamin; oral B12 supplement >1000 micrograms	39
8709238192	Non - autoimmune gastritis	gastric atrophy - loss of stomach acid; can be caused by H. pylori; have IF so can absorb crystalline normally; may affect >30% of elderly	40
8709249041	B12 and nitrous oxide	oxidizes cobalt in B12; results in B12 deficiency/spinal cord degeneration; dentists, dental assistants, ppl who use it as drug (whip-its)	41
8709259517	Neurological abnormalities due to B12 deficiency	degeneration of peripheral nerves; impaired touch/pain sensation; ataxia; degeneration of spinal nerves; memory loss, altered mood, reaction to stress; abnormal reflexes and stamina	42
8709279270	Proposed mechanism for demyelination of nervous system	decreased synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine; disrupted odd chain fatty acid metabolism - accumulation of MMA and proprionic acid	43

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Vitamin B12 Flashcards

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8224799558	Vitamin B12	Cyanocobalamin	0
8224799559	Functions of B12	Function of nervous system, formation of red blood cells, metabolism of folate, energy	1
8224799560	Sources of B12	Animal products, can be synthesised in plants by bacteria, cereal	2
8224799561	Deficiency of B12	Pernicious anemia, nerve damage	3
8224799562	Excess B12	Few reports of any adverse effects	4

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1920s Nativism Flashcards

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6715605545	Nativism	being hostile to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias	0
6715607234	know-nothing party	anti-immigration party in 1850s	1
6715609161	chinese exclusion act	1882 act banning chinese immigration	2
6715612961	american protective association	1880s and 1890s group, anti catholic, members won't vote for catholics	3
6715615672	gentlements agreement	1907 agreement with t roosevelt, halted japanese immigration and brought racial tensions to ca	4
6715625878	kkk	in 1920s, members increase drastically, reaction to new immigrants, hates african americans, jews, catholics, immigrants	5
6715629185	birth of a nation	movie by griffin, first full legnth motion picture in american history, glorifies kkk	6
6715633709	emergency quota act of 1921	restricted the number of immigrants from a country to 3% total people from that country living in the us in 1910. if there were 100 italians in the us in 1910, only 3 can immigrate bc of this act	7
6715643028	immigration act of 1924	cut emergency quota act from 3-2%, used 1890 census instead, which had fewer immigrants, hurt immigration	8
6715658706	immigrants	liked by business owners,hard to unionize, cheap labor	9
6715664520	sacco+vanzetti	their personal beliefs of anarchists, draft dodgers, athiests, were used in unfair trails of murder and robbery, lots of people wanted fair treatment, shows nativism	10

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Early Modern 1450-1750 Flashcards

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6967457535	Early Modern Land Empires	Manchus Mughals Ottomans Russians	0
6967457536	Early Modern Maritime (ocean) Empires	Portuguese Spanish Dutch French British	1
6967457537	Renaissance	the revival of learning and culture	2
6967457538	Importance of the Renaissance	P- rise of nation-states, absolutism E- commercial revolution R- Protestant and Catholic Reformation S- growing middle class I- printing press, scientific revolution A- realism, perspective, humanism	3
6967457539	Italian Renaissance	A new era of thought and feeling, by which Europe and its institutions were changed from their forms in the Middle Ages. 15th Century Italy is where the era rose from, and eventhough it pertained to high culture, the changes in literature, the arts, education, and morals spread across a whole area, influenced by the Italians.	4
6967457540	Northern Renaissance	More concerned with theology and personal morality, Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance	5
6967457541	Humanism	a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements	6
6967457542	Protestant Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.	7
6967457543	Martin Luther	German theologian and leader of the Reformation. Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church (1521). Luther confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church.	8
6967457544	Calvinism	Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.	9
6967457545	Catholic Reformation	16th Century. Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, Roman Catholic authorities undertook an enormous reform effort within their own church. To some extent their efforts represented a reaction to Protestant success. Roman Catholic authorities sought to define points of doctrine so as to clarify the differences between the Roman and Protestant churches. They also attempted to persuade the Protestants to return to the Catholic church.	10
6967457546	Impact of the Reformation	1. Protestantism w/ many sects, e.g. Calvinists, spread throughout Europe 2. religious wars erupted, Catholics v. Protestants, as Catholic rulers tried to force rebellious nobles back into the Church 3. Christian split was officially accepted - Peace of Augsburg (1555) - noble could decide religion of his state 4. English Reformation (1534) - King Henry VIII broke from the Church, creating a "Protestant" Church of England 4. common people taking on establishments, printing press, power of ideas being spread, control masses=power	11
6967457547	Commerical Revolution	Increased availability of trade goods and new ways of doing business changed life in Europe beginning in the 15th century. Taken together, this expansion of trade and business is the commercial revolution.	12
6967457548	Causes of commercial revolution	New ocean trade routes brought great wealth that supported increased investment and a wide array of new economic ventures. Dramatic growth of population, thanks to introduction of new foods, caused a steady rise in the overall demand for goods and services. The price revolution (steady inflation of prices) was caused by increased gold and silver. New nation centered economic system went from towns and guilds with very little innovation to increased commercial activity increased innovation and valued nation over towns and guilds	13
6967457549	Scientific Revolution	A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs	14
6967457550	Copernicus	Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)	15
6967457551	Galileo	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars	16
6967457552	Isaac Newton	English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.	17
6967457553	Robert Boyle	An English physicist and chemist, this man discovered the nature of elements and compounds and the basis of modern chemistry.	18
6967457554	Absolutism	a form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.	19
6967457555	Louis XIV	The French King who built the palace at versailles, The longest standing King of France "Sun King",, One of the most powerful monarchs of Europe, ruling 72 years. He was famous for his quote,"I am the state." Moved capital to Versailles which became a symbol of power.	20
6967457556	limited monarchy	government led by a monarch whose powers were limited by a constitution, and who was required to consult Parliament	21
6967457557	parliamentary monarchy	A limited monarchy where the monarch is subject to the law and the consent of parliament	22
6967457558	Elizabeth I	Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII.	23
6967457559	mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	24
6967457560	nation-state	a sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having a distinctive national culture and historical experience	25
6967457561	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.	26
6967457562	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)	27
6967457563	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	28
6967457564	Dutch East India Company	Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies until the british came and took over	29
6967457565	British East India Company	Created when the British began economic interest in India in the 1600's. They set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. They considered India as the most valuable of all of their colonies	30
6967457566	Columbian Exchange	the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres during the age of exploration	31
6967457567	Impact of the Columbian Exchange	For Europeans: transfer of new products and ideas encouraged economic growth, population growth For Native Americans: new diseases decimated population	32
6967457568	Ivan the Terrible	Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.	33
6967457569	cossaks	They were Ukranian peasants who lived between the border of Poland and Russia. They gave military service in return for territorial privileges. Their support was crucial in the Russian expansion of the 16th and 17th centuries.	34
6967457570	Peter the Great	This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested in building grand cities like those in Western Europe	35
6967457571	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.	36
6967457572	Pugachev Rebellion	Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed	37
6967457573	encomienda	Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands AND people of a certain territory, in turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system.	38
6967457574	Bartolome de las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights.	39
6967457575	Hernando Cortez	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	40
6967457576	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)	41
6967457577	The discovery of ____ created great need for labor in Mexico and Peru.	silver	42
6967457578	Treaty of Tordesillas	Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	43
6967457579	Society of Castas	Social classes in the Spanish colonies based solely on race.	44
6967457580	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.	45
6967457581	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	46
6967457582	Mehmed (Mehmet) II	Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.	47
6967457583	Janissaries	Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.	48
6967457584	Ottoman decline	Factors: 1) Weak leaders after Suleyman. 2) Ottoman economy built on conquest and expansion; once this stopped, the economy couldn't adapt. 3) Bloated bureaucracy and corruption. 4) Reasons 2 and 3 led to increased taxation, feeding resentment. 5) Nationalist uprisings in Eastern Europe and Greece, fueled by number 4. 5) Complacency and lack of curiosity about outsiders. 6) Geographical position left Ottomans with little opportunity for overseas expansion "Sick Man of Europe" 1700's-1800's. Falls during WWI, gives rise to Turkey 8) Limited Military flexibility (janissaries) 9) failure to modernize and keep up with western culture and industrialization	49
6967457585	Safavid Empire	Shi'ite Muslim empire that ruled Persia from the 16th through 18th centuries. Its diverse culture drew from Persian, Ottoman and Arab traditions. A great site of cultural blending; conquest and ongoing cultural interaction fueled the empire's development.	50
6967457586	Abbas the Great	Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.	51
6967457587	Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Islamic Turks that invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for their vacillating efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims	52
6967457588	Babur	Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530.	53
6967457589	Akbar	The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.	54
6967457590	Shah Jahan	the fifth Mogul emperor of India. During his reign, from 1628 to 1658, the Mogul Empire reached its zenith in prosperity and luxury. He is remembered as the builder of the Taj Mahal.	55
6967457591	coercive labor system	an institution in which workers are compelled to work by force, intimidation, or authority, often against their will (ex. serfdom, slavery)	56
6967457592	The ____ were the first to bring slaves from West Africa to Europe.	Portuguese	57
6967457593	Why did African trade other Africans in to slavery?	They traded for guns from the Europeans	58
6967457594	Most West Africans went to ____ plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil.	sugar	59
6967457595	Women were taken mainly from _____ Africa and traded in the ______.	East Middle East	60
6967457596	Royal African Company	Chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.	61
6967457597	triangular trade	A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa	62
6967457598	Asante	African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)	63
6967457599	Dahomey	(ca. 1650- 1894) African kingdom in present day southern Benin, reaching its height of influence in the eighteenth century. Its leaders sought regional power by raiding for slaves in other kingdoms and then selling the, for firearms and other European goods	64
6967457600	Asian Sea Trading Network	Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival: an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks.	65
6967457601	Impact of Atlantic slave trade	• Africans made rich through guns and gold in exchange for slaves • Conflicts within Africa resulted and new political alliances formed encouraged African warfare destroyed African culture introduced new goods and ideas to Africa Africa is underdeveloped, as the new world becomes modern and developed brought wealth to merchants and traders and provided labor that profited and caused economies to grow	66
6967457602	Calicut	A city of southwest India on the Malabar Coast southwest of Bangalore. It was the site of Vasco da Gama's first landfall in India (1498) and was later occupied by Portuguese, British, French, and Danish trading colonies	67
6967457603	Batavia	Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.	68
6967457604	Ming China	China was in bad condition after Mongol invasions. Chinese attempted to hide evidence of foreign rule and taught many Confucian ideas. Government was highly centralized and maritime voyages were extremely prominent.	69
6967457605	Hongwu	first Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry.	70
6967457606	scholar-gentry	in China, a group of people who controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for the civil service	71
6967457607	Zheng He	Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration.	72
6967457608	Ming decline	1368-1644. Weak rulers took throne, corruption increased under their rule. Pirates. Defense efforts drained treasury; rulers raised taxes. High taxes, crop failures led to famine, hardship; rebellions broke out.	73
6967457609	Manchus	Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.	74
6967457610	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	The predecessor of Tokugawa; succeeded Nobunaga Oda and laid the foundations of the Tokugawa shogunate	75
6967457611	Tokugawa Ieyasu	Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan	76
6967457612	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas	77
6967457613	Reasons for European exploration	desire for wealth, to spread Christianity, desire for land, new sailing technology, God, gold, and glory	78
6967457614	Thirty Years' War	(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.	79
6967457615	Council of Trent	Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.	80
6967457616	Cardinal Richelieu	(1585-1642) French Cardinal and politician responsible for instituting absolutist practices in France.	81
6967457617	Kongo	Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade.	82
6967457618	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)	83
6967457619	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388	84
6967457620	bakufu	Military "tent" government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	85
6967457621	daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.	86
6967457622	Sikhism	A belief system which blends Hindu traditions with Islamic monotheistic traditions. Based in India and Pakistan.	87
6967457623	jizya	tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion	88
6967457624	Ishfahan	The Capital of Persia known for it urban and cultural development.	89
6967457625	Decline of the Islamic Empires	ethnic differences in the ever-expanding empire; internal conflict between Sunni and Shiites; mamluk (Turkish slaves) revolts; external foes: the Persians, Europeans, and Byzantines; Mongol invasion in 1258 destroying Baghdad	90
6967457626	QIng Dynasty	(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,	91