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AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Flashcards

6705014489	aqueous solution	a solution in which the water is the dissolving medium	0
6705014490	solution	homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	1
6705014491	solvent	substance present in the greatest quantity and the one the dissolves the other substances	2
6705014492	solute	the substances in a solution that are being dissolved (of the least quantity)	3
6705014493	dissociation	the separation into component ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves	4
6705014494	electrolyte	a substance whose aqueous solutions contain ions, commonly with ionic compounds	5
6705014495	nonelectrolyte	a substance that does not form ions in solution, commonly molecular compounds	6
6705014496	solvation	process that helps stabilize the ions in solution and prevents the cations and anions from recombining; this process is symbolized by aq in reactions and causes ions to become dispersely uniform throughout a solution	7
6705014497	strong electrolytes	solutes that exist in solution completely or nearly completely as separate ions; fully or almost fully dissociate; in chemical equations, represented by a full arrow	8
6705014498	weak electrolytes	solutes that exist in solution mostly in the form of molecules with only a small fraction in the form of ions; do not completely dissociate; in a chemical equation, represented by two half arrows	9
6705014499	chemical equilibrium	balance that produces a state in which the relative numbers of each type of ion or molecule in the reaction are constant over time	10
6705014500	precipitation reaction	reaction that results in the formation of an insoluble product	11
6705014501	precipitate	an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution	12
6705014502	solubility	amount of substance that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at the given temperature (at a given temperature)	13
6705014503	insoluble	A substance is described as ______ if they have a solubility less than 0.01 mol/L	14
6705014505	molecular equation	an equation that shows the complete chemical formulas of the reactants and products without indicating ionic behavior	15
6705014506	ionic equation	an equation written with all strong soluble electrolytes shown as ions	16
6705014507	spectator ions	ions that appear in identical forms among both the reactants and products of a complete ionic equation	17
6705014508	net ionic equation	an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change	18
6705014509	acid	substance that ionizes in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions, thereby increasing the concentration of H+(aq) ions; often called proton donors	19
6705014510	monoprotic acids	acids that yield one H+ per molecule of acid ex) HCl, HNO3	20
6705014511	diprotic acids	acids that yield two H+ per molecule of acid ex) H2SO4	21
6705014512	base	substance that accepts (reacts with) H+ ions and produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when they dissolve in water; there are common ____s that do not contain hydroxide, however, like NH4	22
6705014513	strong acids	acids that are strong electrolytes (completes ionized in solution)	23
6705014517	weak acids	acids that are weak electrolytes (partly ionize in solution)	24
6705014519	neutralization reaction	the reaction that occurs when a solution of an acid and a solution of a base are mixed	25
6705014520	salt	any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base and whose anion comes from an acid; ____ and water are the products of neutralization reactions	26
6705014521	oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction	reaction in which electrons are transferred between reactants	27
6705014522	oxidation	loss of electrons by a substance	28
6705014523	reduction	gain of electrons by a substance, and therefore increase in negative charge	29
6705014524	oxidation number	either the actual charge of a monatomic ion or the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a neutral molecule or charged species	30
6705014525	0	oxidation number of single elements	31
6705014529	molarity units	mol/L	32
6705014530	molarity	the concentration of a solution	33
6705014531	dilution	process in which solutions of lower concentrations can be obtained by adding water	34

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7086559065	matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space	0
7086559712	element	A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances	1
7086560211	main elements	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur (CHONPS)	2
7086561870	atom	Smallest particle of an element	3
7086562397	proton	positively charged particle	4
7086564159	neutron	A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom	5
7086564673	atomic mass	Number of protons and neutrons	6
7086566110	atomic number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom	7
7086566699	electron	A subatomic particle that has a negative charge	8
7086567398	compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	9
7086568336	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	10
7086568843	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	11
7086571734	hydrogen bond	an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom	12
7086573154	polar	Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.	13
7086574609	solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	14
7086575662	cohesion	Water molecules sticking to each other.	15
7086576038	adhesion	Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.	16
7086576553	surface tension	results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water	17
7086576970	acid	compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution	18
7086578077	base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	19
7086578729	water ph	7	20
7086579904	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	21
7086580229	carbohydrate formula	(CH2O)n simple sugars + their polymers	22
7086580663	nucleic acids	DNA and RNA	23
7086581333	lipids	Nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol	24
7086581847	protein	consist of amino acids and play a central role in biological processes	25
7086582988	saturated fats	Solid at room temperature	26
7086583411	unsaturated fats	liquid at room temperature	27
7086584354	monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	28

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Biochemistry Chapter 10 Flashcards

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7870015534	Lipids	Organic molecules that are characterized by low solubility in water, that is, are relatively hydrophobic	0
7870020968	Storage of energy	-reduced compounds: lots of available energy -hydrophobic nature: good packing	1
7870023394	Insulation from environment	-low thermal conductivity -high heat capacity (can "absorb" heat) -Mechanical protection (can absorb shocks)	2
7870029159	Water repellant	Hydrophobic nature: keeps surface of the organism dry -prevents excessive wetting (birds) -prevents loss of water via evaporation	3
7870035285	Buoyancy control and acoustics in marine mammals	-increased density while diving deep helps sinking (just a hypothesis) -spermaceti organ may focus sound energy: sound stun gun?	4
7870041502	Membrane structure	main structure of cell membranes	5
7870043507	Cofactors for enzymes	-vitamin K: blood clot formation -coenzyme Q: ATP synthesis in mitochondria	6
7870047455	Signaling molecules	Paracrine hormones steroid hormones growth factors Vitamins A and D (hormone precursors)	7
7870050396	paracrine hormones	act locally	8
7870052225	steroid hormones	act body-wide	9
7870054358	Vitamins A and D	hormone precursors	10
7870056906	Pigments	color of tomatoes, carrots, pumpkins, some birds	11
7870058569	vitamin E	antioxidant pertaining of lipids	12
7870067374	Two major lipids	-Lipids that contain fatty acids -Lipids that do not contain fatty acids	13
7870069913	Complex lipids	contain fatty acids	14
7870071821	Two complex lipids	storage and membrane lipids	15
7870074463	Fatty acids	carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains containing between 4 to 36 carbons -Almost all natural fastty acids have an even number of carbons -most naturally fatty acids are unbranched	16
7870079904	Saturated	no double bonds between carbons in the chain	17
7870081432	Monounsaturated	one double bond between carbons in teh alkyl chain	18
7870082774	Polyunsaturated	More than one double in the alkyl chain	19
7870086387	Systematic name	IUPAC nomenclature	20
7870086388	common name	such as oleic acid	21
7870088461	Delta numbering	Describes location of the first carbon of the alkene in relationship to the carbonyl carbon	22
7870096221	Omega numbering	Describes location of the first carbon of the alkene in relationship to the terminal methyl	23
7870128133	Omega-3 fatty acids	-essential nutrients -Humans need them but cannot synthesize them -They include ALA, DHA, and EPA --DHA, EPA can be synthesized from ALA	24
7870134774	Solubility	decreases as the chain length increases	25
7870135898	Melting point	decreases as the chain length decreases -Decreases as the number of double bonds increases	26
7870141681	Conformation of fatty acids	-saturated chain adopt extended conformations -double bonds in natural unsaturated fatty acids are commonly in cis configuration, which kinks the chain	27
7870145815	cis conformation	Double bonds in fatty acids adopt ____ _________	28
7870153878	Orderly	Saturated fatty acids pack in an _____ way -extensive favorable interactions	29
7870156023	disordered	Unsaturated cis fatty acids pack less orderly due to the kink -less-extensive favorable interactions	30
7870163698	lower	Unsaturated cis fatty acids have a ______ melting point than saturated fatty acids	31
7870170010	Trans fatty acids	-form by partial dehydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids -done to increase shelf life or stability at high temps of oils used in cooking -have extended conformation -higher melting points	32
7870188614	cardiovascular disease	consuming trans fats increases risk of _____________ _______	33
7870196361	FA	fatty acids	34
7870196362	GL	glycerolipids	35
7870197576	GP	glycerophospholipids	36
7870199223	SP	sphingolipids	37
7870199224	ST	sterol lipids	38
7870200664	PR	prenol lipids	39
7870200665	SL	Saccharolipids	40
7870202849	PK	polyketides	41
7870207592	Triacylglycerols	(nonpolar) -majority of fatty acids in biological systems are found in this form -less dense than water	42
7870210347	fats	solid triacylglycerols	43
7870211865	oils	liquid triacylglycerols	44
7870213281	body fat	primary storage form of lipids using triacylglycerols	45
7870218735	esterification	Triacylglycerols are less soluble in water than fatty acids due to the ________ of the carboxylate group	46
7870249802	More	Fatty acids carry ____ energy per carbon than polysaccharides because they are produced	47
7870253081	Less	Fatty acids carry ____ water per gram because they are nonpoilar	48
7870254931	Glucose and glycogen	for short-term energy needs and quick delivery	49
7870256969	long-term	Fats are for ___ ____ energy needs, good storage, and slow delivery	50
7870259977	Waxes	esters of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain alcohols -insoluble and have high melting points	51
7870270314	Wax functions	-Storage of metabolic fuel in plankton -protection and pliability for hair and skin in vertebrates -waterproofing of feathers in birds -protection from evaporation in tropical plants and ivy -used by people in lotions, ointments, and polishes	52
7870282889	Beeswax	Mixture of a large number of lipids, including esters of triacontanol, and a long-chain alkane hentiacontane	53
7870289212	Membrane lipids	contain polar head groups and nonpolar tails (usually attached fatty acids)	54
7870290975	Membrane lipid diversification	-modifying a different backbone -changing the fatty acids -modifying the head groups	55
7870296997	Organisms and tissues	Different __________ ___ _______ have different membrane lipid head group compositions	56
7870304476	Glycerophospholipids	-primary constituents of cell membranes -two fatty acids form ester linkages witht eh first and second hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol-3-phosphate	57
7870313544	charged	phosphate group is ____ at physiological pH	58
7870316734	Structure of glycerophospholipds	Unsaturated fatty acids commonly found connected to C2 of glycerol-3-phosphate -the highly polar phosphate group may be further esterified by an alcohol; such substituent groups are called head groups	59
7870324114	glycerol-3-phosphate	Esterification forms glycerophospholipids	60
7870330604	phosphatidycholine	-choline as head group -major component of most eukaryotic cell membranes -many prokaryotes, including E. coli, cannot synthesize this lipid; their membranes do not contain it	61
7870340117	choline		62
7870362816	Plasmologen	-vinyl ether analog of phosphatiylethanolamine -common in vertebrate heart tissue -also found in protozoa and anaerobic bacteria -function not well understood	63
7870376211	Platelets-Activating Factor	-Aliphatic ether analog of phosphatidylcholine -Acetic acid has esterified position C2 -first signaling lipid to be identified -stimulates aggregation of blood platelets -plays role in mediation of inflammation	64
7870384648	Sphingolipids	-Backbone: long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine -Fatty acid joined to sphingosine via an amide linkage, rather than an ester linkage as usually seen in lipids -polar head group is connected to sphingosine by a glycosidic of phosphodiester linkage -The sugar-containing glycosphingolipids are found largely in the outer face of plasma membranes	65
7870406001	sphingosine	backbone of sphingolipids -long-chain amino alcohol	66
7870408093	amide linkage	fatty acid joined to sphingosine via:	67
7870410056	glycosidic or phosphodiester	Polar head group is connected to sphingosine by a ________ or ________ linkage	68
7870414638	Ceramide	sphingosine + amide-linked fatty acid	69
7870416325	kSphingomyelin	Ceramide + phosphocholine attached to the alcoihol	70
7870417918	myelin sheath	sphingomyelin is abundant in:	71
7870421686	Blood groups	determined in part by the type of sugars located on the head groups in glycosphingolipids	72
7870426055	glycosyltransferases	Structure of sugar determined by an expression of specific ________. This helps determine blood type	73
7870429643	O antigen	individuals with no active glycosyltransferase	74
7870431451	A blood group	Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers an N-acetylgalactosamine group	75
7870434239	B blood group	Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers a galactose group	76
7870489894	Lysosome	Structural and signaling lipids are degraded in the ________	77
7870507134	Phospholipases A-D	phospholipids are degraded by: -each one cleaves a specific bond	78
7870527290	Gangliosides	degraded via a series of enzymatic cleavages	79
7870751303	Lysosomal storage disorders	caused by the failure to correctly degrade gangliosides results in build-up of lipids in lysosomes, a dysfunction categorized as:	80
7870756318	Sterol	-Steroid nucleus: four fused rings -hydroxyl group (polar head) in the A-ring -Various nonpolar side chains -tetracycle structure is almost planar	81
7870797725	Cholesterol	-this and related sterols are present in membranes of most eukaryotic cells --modulate fluidity and permeability --thicken the plasma membrane --no sterols in most bacteria	82
7870801737	Mammals	obtain cholesterol from food or synthesize it de novo in the liver	83
7870811642	Cholesterol bound to proteins	-transported to tissues via blood vessels -cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins tends to deposit and clog arteries	84
7870823651	hormones	many are derivatives of sterols	85
7870826718	Steroids	-oxidized derivatives of sterols -have the sterol nucleus but lack the alkyl chain found in cholesterol -more polar than cholesterol	86
7870831017	gonads and adrenal glands	location of the synthesis from cholesterol	87
7870903386	carrier proteins	aid in the transport of steroid hormones in blood stream	88
7870906087	male and female sex hormones	many steroid hormones are what kind of hormones	89
7870909167	testosterone		90
7870909958	cortisol		91
7870910913	prednisone		92
7870915907	β-Estradiol		93
7870918268	Aldosterone		94
7870919649	Prednisolone		95
7870921362	Brassinolide		96
7870924801	Biologically active lipids	-present in much smaller amounts than storage or structural lipids -play vital roles as signaling molecules between nearby cells	97
7870928814	Lipid soluble vitamins	Vitamins A, D, E, and K	98
7870932938	Arachidonic acid derivatives	-act as signaling lilpids -enzymatic oxidation	99
7870936578	Prostaglandins	inflammation and fever	100
7870938108	thromboxanes	formation of blood clots	101
7870938110	leukotrienes	smooth muscle contraction in lungs	102
7870940345	Retinol	vitamin A, derived from beta carotene -involved in visual pigment -precursor for other hormones involved in signaling	103
7870947920	Vitamin E	an antioxidant	104
7870947922	Vitamin K	a blood clotting cofactor (phylloquinone)	105
7870950306	Warfarin	a blood anticoagulant	106
7870951718	Ubiquinone	a mitochondrial electron carrier (coenzyme Q)	107
7870953673	Plastoquinone	a chloroplast electron carrier	108
7870955619	Dolichol	a sugar carrier	109
7870959125	Polyketides	biologically active lipids with medicinal uses: -diverse family of compounds synthesized similarly to fatty acid biosynthesis --commonly secondary metabolites with specialized function	110

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b12 Flashcards

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7579861602	Bactria	The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent.	0
7579861603	Barracks Emperors	Series of Roman generals who seized the throne between 235 and 284 C.E.	1
7579861604	Bubonic Plague	Epidemic that swept Eurasia, causing devastating population loss and disruption. Known as the Black Death in Europe after 1350 C.E.	2
7579861605	Buddhism	Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563--483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana.	3
7579861606	Byzantine	Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565).	4
7579861607	Christianity	Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.	5
7579861608	Confucianism	Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity.	6
7579861609	Edict of Milan	Emperor Constantine's 313 C.E. that Christianity was a legitimate religion	7
7579861610	Han Dynasty	Chinese dynasty that ruled an expanding empire with a large bureaucracy based upon Legalist and Confucian values. The empire taxed agriculture and trade and raised large armies to colonize Vietnam, Korea, and the Xiongnu territory.	8
7579861611	Hellenistic Era	Second phase in Greek history (328-146 B.C.E.), from the conquest of Greece by Philip of Macedon until Greece's fall to the Romans; this era was a more cosmopolitan age facilitated by the conquests of Alexander the Great.	9
7579861612	Hinduism	Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara.	10
7579861613	Karakorum	Capital of the Mongol empire.	11
7579861614	Manichaeism	Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements.	12
7579861615	Mesoptamia	Term meaning "between the rivers," in this case the Tigris and Euphrates; Sumer and Akkad are two of the earliest societies.	13
7579861616	Monotheism	Belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world.	14
7579861617	Nestorian	Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ.	15
7579861618	ptolemaic	Term used to signify both the Egyptian kingdom founded by Alexander the Great's general Ptolemy and the thought of the philosopher Ptolemy of Alexandria (second century C.E.), who used mathematical formulas in an attempt to prove Aristotle's geocentric theory of the universe.	16
7579861619	Sasanids	224-651 C.E.	17
7579861620	Silk Roads	Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east.	18
7579861621	Zen Buddhism	Japanese version of Chinese Chan Buddhism, with an emphasis on intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study.	19
7579861622	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion based on the teaching of the sixth-century-B.C.E. prophet Zarathustra; its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions.	20

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biochemistry Flashcards

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5603702349	functions of salts	Na/K -nerve impulse transmission Ca -muscle function, blood clotting Fe -red blood cell formation I -thyroid hormones S -protein in muscle	0
5603740354	acid	proton donor, releases H+	1
5603751325	bases	proton acceptor releases OH- ions which bind to H+ and lowers concentration	2
5603797081	the higher the H+ ions and acidity, the _______ the pH	lower	3
5603804056	the lower the H+ and acidity, the ________ the pH	higher	4
5603810534	buffers	makes sure body's pH stays between 7.35-7.45	5
5603827487	types of buffers in body	urinary system-- gets rid of too many molecules (pee) respiratory system-- CO2 gets rid of H+ ions chemical system-- body uses free protein to regulate pH	6
5603871687	carbohydrates	sugars and starches used as an immediate source of energy	7
5603884911	monosaccharides	simple sugars: -glucose -fructose -galactose -deoxyribose -ribose	8
5603903398	disaccharides	glucose+fructose = sucrose (table sugar) glucose+glucose = maltose (malt sugar) galactose+glucose = lactose (sugar in milk)	9
5603945278	polysaccharides	glycogen- carbohydrates stored in animal tissue starch- carbs stored in plant tissue	10
5603998280	lipids	triglycerides phospholipids steroids	11
5604009850	triglycerides	hydrophobic 1 glycerol+ 3 fatty acids when solid: fats, long fatty acid chains, more saturated when liquid: oil, shorter fatty acid chain, unsaturated	12
5604047678	phospholipids	phosphorus group+glycerol+2 fatty acid chains pole head, non polar tail= amphipathic	13
5604070080	steroids	cholesterol is most known sterol hydrophobic	14
5604091908	cholesterol	comes from animal products and our liver needed for cell membrane structure making steroid hormones making bile salts too much cholesterol= arteriosclerosis	15
5604150679	eicosanoids	prostaglandins are responsible for pain transmission	16
5604194176	dipeptide	2 AA	17
5604196770	tripeptide	3 AA	18
5604199129	polypeptide	10+ AA	19
5604204491	protein has ____ AA	50+	20
5604213314	primary structure of AA	order of AA	21
5604217793	secondary structure of AA	alpha helix or beta sheet	22
5604225268	tertiary structure AA	folding	23
5604230951	quaternary structure	2 or more chains aggregate	24
5604253420	nucleic acids	largest molecule in body	25
5604260635	nucleotides	N base + pentose + phosphate group	26
5604349450	DNA nucleotides		27
5604365305	RNA nucleotides	AA + Ribose + Phosphate	28
5604394969	DNA	code of instructions for building every protein in body	29
5604479606	diffusion	molecules mov from high concentration to low concentration like a bag of tea in water	30
5604499241	osmosis	water (solvent) moves to a higher concentration of molecules	31
5604512862	osmolarity	total concentration of all solute particles in a solution	32
5604521770	hyposmotic	one solution has less solute on one side of membrane	33
5604532341	hyperosmotic	one solution has more solute on one side of membrane	34
5604547406	tonicity	isotonic hypotonic hypertonic	35
5604552753	osmotic pressure	greater force of molecule, greater the pressure	36

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8596335732	Carbon compounds	contain carbon, make up living things Can form 4 bonds Bonds can be with other elements or carbon Can be lots of shapes and sizes	0
8596335733	Functional groups	Special groups of atoms that usually participate in reactions Give different compounds different properties All functional groups important to life are polar	1
8596335734	Hydrophilic	Water loving	2
8596335735	Hydrophobic	Water hating	3
8596335736	Macromolecules	Gigantic molecules, thousands of atoms	4
8596335737	4 Types of Macromolecules	Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids	5
8596335738	Monomers	Individual building blocks of polymers	6
8596335739	Polymers	Chains of identical or similar molecules	7
8596335740	Carbohydrates	Main source of energy for cellular work	8
8596335741	Organic	Mostly carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)	9
8596335742	Inorganic	Other elements, little or no C	10
8596335743	Dehydration Synthesis	Added monomers lose H or OH Release water Bond at oxygen - forms a bridge Polymer formed Building polymers/monomers together	11
8596335744	Hydrolysis Reaction	Water added to break bonds in polymers Reverse of dehydration synthesis Breaking polymers apart	12
8596335745	4 Characteristics of Carbohydrates	Made up of rings (or ring looking structure) Made up of ration CH2O End in "ose" OH (hydroxyl group)	13
8596335746	Monosaccharide	monomer Simple sugar	14
8596335747	Disaccharide	2 monosaccharides bonded Double sugar	15
8596335748	Polysaccharide	3 or more monosaccharides bonded Complex carb	16
8596335749	Function of Carbs	Short term energy Storage: polysaccharides	17
8596335750	Glycogen	How animals store excess sugar Mostly stored in liver and muscle cells When your glucose levels are low, broken down	18
8596335751	Starch	How plants store extra sugar Humans and other animals can break down Examples: potatoes, plantains, rice	19
8596335752	Cellulose	Structural Make plants rigid Cell walls Can't be broken down by humans and animals Examples: corn, legumes, lettuce	20
8596335753	Lipids	Made mostly of C and H, some O and P Mostly nonpolar Hydrophobic Common lipids: fat, oils, waxes	21
8596335754	Main Function of Lipids	Energy storage (long term)	22
8596335755	Additional functions of lipids	Cushioning and insulation	23
8596335756	Monomers that make up lipids	Glycerol and fatty acids	24
8596335757	Saturated Fat	No double bonds in the fatty acid Solid at room temperature SATURATED with hydrogens	25
8596335758	Unsaturated Fat	Double bonds in the fatty acid Liquid at room temperature	26
8596335759	Trans Fat	Really bad for you - causing cancer, diabetes, obesity, other health concerns	27
8596335760	Phospholipids	Glycerol with only two fatty acids Major component of CELL MEMBRANES Form a double layer in water	28
8596335761	Waxes	Protective coat for fruits and animals	29
8596335762	Hormones	Steroids	30
8596335763	Proteins (Function)	Structure, storage, defense, transport, and speeding up reactions Found in hair, muscles, feathers Common foods: meat, eggs, nuts	31
8596335764	Proteins (Structure)	Monomers: amino acids Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and R group Only 20 different R genes Polymers: polypeptides STRUCTURE = FUNCTION	32
8596335765	Protein Synthesis	Link between the C and the N: peptide bond 2 amino acids joined = dipeptide bond	33
8596335766	Primary Protein Structure	Chain of amino acids	34
8596335767	Denaturation	Unravel/altar structure of a protein DESTROY	35
8596335768	Secondary Protein Structure	Folding/coiling pattern	36
8596335769	Tertiary Structure	Overall 3D shape	37
8596335770	Quaternary Structure	Multiple polypeptide chains twisted together	38
8596335771	Nucleic Acids Function	Store and transmit genetic information Heredity/genetics	39
8596335772	Nucleic Acid monomers	Nucleotides	40
8596335773	Two types of nucleic acids	DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid	41
8596335774	Nucleic Acid Structure	Made of C, H, O, N and P 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base	42

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Biochemistry Flashcards

CP Bio

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8409364868	Polar molecule	A molecule with possible charges on possible ends.	0
8409364869	Hydrophilic	Water-loving.	1
8409364870	Hydrophobic	Water-fearing.	2
8409364871	Hydrogen bond	Hydrogen ion is attracted to a negatively charged atom on a neighboring molecule.	3
8409364872	Cohesion	The attraction of water molecules to each other.	4
8409364873	Surface tension	Cohesive forces are strong enough to make water act as though there is a thin "skin" on its surface.	5
8409364874	Adhesion	The attraction between particles of different substances.	6
8409364875	Carbohydrates	Molecules that provide a source of quick energy or short-term stored energy.	7
8409364876	Lipids	Molecules that provide a source of long-term energy, insulation, and hormones.	8
8409364877	Saturated fatty acid	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with all single bonds between carbon atoms.	9
8409364878	Unsaturated fat	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.	10
8409364879	Glycerol and fatty acids	Make up lipids.	11
8409364880	Fats, oils, and waxes	Examples of lipids.	12
8409364881	Polysaccharide	Polymer of carbohydrates	13
8409364882	Monosaccharide	monomer of carbohydrates	14
8409364883	Lipid structure		15
8409364884	Monosaccharide structure		16
8409364885	Polysaccharide structure		17
8409364886	Phospholipid structure		18
8409364887	Covalent bond	sharing electrons between two atoms	19
8409364888	Low density as a solid	solid H2O (ice) is able to float on liquid H2O (water)	20
8409364889	High heat capacity/specific heat	water requires a lot of energy gain/loss in order to change temperature	21
8409364890	Examples of polysaccharides	cellulose, glycogen, starch	22
8409364891	Examples of monosaccharides	glucose, fructose, galactose	23
8409364892	Disaccharide	a carb made of two monosaccharides (ex: glucose + galactose = lactose)	24
8409364893	Disaccharide structure		25
8409364894	Dehydration synthesis	removing a water molecule to build polymers	26
8409364895	Hydrolysis	adding a water molecule to break down polymers	27
8409364896	Monomer	smallest unit of a macromolecule; building blocks	28
8409364897	Polymer	many small units bonded together; large molecule	29

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AP World History Flashcards

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4435351219	Hyksos	1570-1075 BCE (brougut bronze to Egypt)	0
4435351220	Hindush	16th CE	1
4435351221	Bantu Migration	2000 BCE-1000 CE	2
4435351222	Hammurabi's Code	1750 BCE	3
4435351223	Olmec	1200-400 BCE	4
4435351224	Chavin	flourished 900-200 BCE	5
4435351225	Mesopotamian Civilizations (Tigris and Euphrates)	5000-3000 BCE	6
4435351226	Sargon the Great	conquered Sumer in 2331 BCE	7
4435351227	Akhenaten	1307-1350 BCE	8
4435351228	Old Kingdom of Egypt	3100-2600 BCE, unified various towns, built pyramids	9
4435351229	Intermediate Kingdom	2180-2010 BCE	10
4435351230	Middle Kingdom	2080-1640 BCE, recovery and political stability	11
4435351231	Second Intermediate	1640-1570 BCE, Hyksos invasion	12
4435351232	New Kingdom	1570-1075 BCE, creatiok of Egyptian empire, Akhenaten's religious policy	13
4435351233	Third Intermediate	1100-1653 BCE, political fragmentation	14
4435351234	Shang	16-11 BCE	15
4435351235	Warring States Period	6-3 BCE	16
4435351236	Zhou	11-6 BCE	17
4435351237	Aryan Invastion	1500 BCE, beginning of Vedic Age (1500-500 BCE)	18
4435351238	Mauryan Empire	4th-2nd BCE, founded by Chandragupta Maurya (4th c), grandson Ashoka took empire to greatest heights (4-3 c)	19
4435351239	Twelve Tables	1449 BCE	20
4435351240	Axial Age	700-200 BCE	21
4435351241	Phoenicians	1550-300 BCE, Phoenician alphabet	22
4435351242	Book of Documents and Book of Songs	Zhou Dynasty	23
4435351243	Cyrus the Great	6th BCE, freed the Jews	24
4435351244	Classic Period	600 BCE-600 CE	25
4435351245	Babylonian Captivity	598-537 BCE	26
4435351246	Tiglath-Pilesar	774-727 BCE	27
4435351247	Sargon II	721-705 BCE, conquered Syria, Palestine, and two Jewish kingdoms	28
4435351248	Buddhism	500s BCE	29
4435351249	Euclid	435-365 BCE	30
4435351250	Hippocrates	460-370 BCE	31
4435351251	Socrates	470 BCE	32
4435351252	Aristotle	384 BCE	33
4435351253	Greece	3500-146 BCE, Athens (political, commercial, cultural center), Sparta (agricultural and militaristic)	34
4435351254	Peloponnesian Wars	431-404 BCE	35
4435351255	Sassanid	224-651 CE	36
4435351256	Parthian	247-224 CE	37
4435351257	Gupta	4th-6th CE, after Ashoka's death, Mauryan Empire declined, revival under Chandra Gupta III (Chandra Gupta the Great), more decentralized and smaller than Mauryan, but did have Golden Age, decline due to invasion of White Huns	38
4435351258	Moche	100-700 CE	39
4435351259	Mayans	300 BCE-800s CE collapsed	40
4435351260	Teotihuacan	Mayan	41
4435351261	Toltecs	10th-12th CE	42
4435351262	Roman Golden Age	96-180 BCE, under Five Good Emperors	43
4435351263	Hellenistic Period	323-31 BCE (death of Alexander the Great to emergence of Rome)	44
4435351264	Age of Division	3-6 CE	45
4435351265	White Huns	attacked India in 455 CE	46
4435351266	Xiongnu	raided during Han	47
4435351267	Vandals	sacked Rome 455 CE	48
4436665953	Indian Ocean trade	600 CE	49
4436665954	Song	7-10 CE	50
4436665955	Yuan	13-14	51
4436665956	Ming	14-17	52
4436665957	Umayyad	632-750, increased conflict with Byzantine and Persian empires, capital moved to Damascus, Syria, tolerant (jitza), was Sunni	53
4436665958	Abbasid	750-1258, capital at Baghdad, Sunni, preserved Greek and Roman culture, 11th appointed Turkish governor	54
4436665959	Mongols	1162 (birth of genghis), 1206= Khan being great khan, Shamanism, animism, pagan polytheism	55
4436665960	The Great Schism	1504	56
4436665961	Vikings	9th c, invaded Charlemagne's empire	57
4436665962	Magyars	9th c, invaded Spain, Italy, settled in Hungary	58
4436665963	Incas	peak=1438-1532	59
4436665964	Zheng He	15th c	60
4436665965	Prince Henry (the Navigator)	15th c	61
4436665966	Catherine the Great	1762-1796	62
4436665967	Fred the Great	Prussian, 1740-1786	63
4436665968	Manchus	Kangxi (1661-1722), Qianlong (1736-95)	64
4436665969	Mughals	1526-1707	65
4436665970	Ottomans	13th-20th	66
4436665971	Industrial Revolution	1750s (spinning jenny in 65) (steam engine 1705)	67
4436665972	Meiji Restoration	19th-20th	68
4436665973	Suez Canal	1869	69
4436665974	Adam Smith	18th	70
4440368792	Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution	8000 BCE-3000 BCE	71
4440371666	Ur, Erech, Kish	3000 BCE, major city-states of first major civilization of Sumer	72
4440375110	Sumer	4500-1700 BCE	73
4440376104	Akkad(ians)	dominated Mesopotamia after Sumer, first code of laws, overrun by Babylon in 1700 BCE	74
4440379658	Babylon	overran Akkad, fell to invasions of Kassites and Hittites	75
4440381530	Hittites	dominated by 1500 BCE, overran Babylon, brought knowledge of iron --> dominated because of iron weaponry being advanced	76
4440383123	Assyrians	overran Hittites, defeated by Medes and Chaldeans	77
4440385064	Persian Empire	developed after second Babylon (under Nevuchadnezzar --> Chaldean King), peak in 500 BCE, conquered in 330 BCE by Alexander the Great, built Great Royal Road	78
4440388085	Height of Egyptian civilization	1400 BCE --> declined in 1100, parts conquered by Assyrian Empire and Persian Empire, and later by Greeks, then absorbed by Rome	79
4440394201	Indus River Valley Civilizations	2500-1500 BCE, Harappa, Mohenjo-daro	80
4440399400	Alexander the Great	4th c, 330 BCE conquered Persian Empire,	81
4440407000	Qin	3rd c BCE	82
4440407001	Han	3rd BCE-3rd CE	83
4440408698	Lydians	coined money	84
4440411822	Persian Wars	5th-4th BCE, Greek vs. Persia, ended in stalemate, Greece entered into Golden Age of Pericles	85
4440420688	Macedonians	4th BCE: Philip III (invaded Athens, conquered entire region), Alexander the Great (conquered Persian Empire)	86
4440422588	Rome	6th BCE-5th CE, patricians vs. plebeians, twelve tables of Rome --> civil laws to protect individual rights	87
4440427021	Punic Wars	3rd-2nd BCE, First was fought to gain control of Sicily, won by Rome, Second began with attack by Carthaginian general Hannibal, Third was started by Rome, invaded Carthage and destroyed it --> led for first triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar	88
4440430430	Julius Caesar	1st CE, after death led to second triumvirate of Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lipidus	89
4440434531	Augustus	Octavius --> Augustus, became emperor, signaled end of Roman Republic, established rule of law, Pax Romana,	90
4440438731	Diocletian	3rd CE, divided empire into two regions, civil war after retirement	91
4440442170	Constantine	306 CE, assumed control of empire in 322, built Constantinople, 340 became capital of united empire, after his death empire was divided into two pieces again (Byzantine and Western Rome)	92
4440444312	Sassanid Persia	took over in Iran in 224 CE	93
4440445499	Islam	600 CE	94
4440448919	Four Rightly Guided Caliphs	Abu Bakr (632), Umar, Uthman, Ali	95
4440450170	Byzantine Empire	330-1453 CE, Orthodox Christianity,	96
4440464664	Justinian	6th CE, Justinianic Code, codification of Roman law	97
4440465797	Franks	late 5th CE, King Clovis, Charles Martel stopped Muslim armies in 732, Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties	98
4440471752	Holy Roman Empire	Charlemagne crowned in 800 CE, became HRP with coronation of Otto the Great in 962, empire divided with Treaty of Verdun	99
4440475013	Hanseatic League	13th-15th CE	100
4440475526	Crusades	11th-14th CE	101
4440477118	Thomas Aquinas	13th CE, faith and reason not in conflict	102
4440481535	Magna Carta	1215, reinstated feudal rights of nobles, extended rule of law to other people in the country, laid foundation of Parliament, signed by King John of England	103
4440485434	Ivan the Terrible	15th, centralized power over entire Russian sphere	104
4443611335	Tatars	1242, Russians succumbed to Tatars, group of Mongols	105
4443611336	Tang tribute system	Korea, Vietnam, Tibet	106
4443611337	Yoritomo Minamoto	1192 became shogun	107
4443611338	Islam in North India	1206	108
4443611339	Delhi Sultanate	1206-1526, Mamluk is first	109
4443611340	Kublai Khan	ruled yuan, and kangxi	110
4443611341	Timur (Tamerlane)	Mongol ruler in India	111
4443611342	Kush	developed around same time as Egypt, conquered in 750 BCE, decline in 200 CE	112
4443611343	Axum	rose to greatness after Kush	113
4443611344	Ghana	800-1000 CE	114
4443611345	Mali	1200-1450, Sundiata, Mansa Musa (1300s)	115
4443611346	Tenochitlan	Aztecs, 1200s	116
4443611347	First Crusade	Pope Urban, 1096,	117
4443611348	Christianity	1300s had been in Europe for a century	118
4443611349	Black Death	1300s	119
4443611350	Martin Luther	1517, Pope Leo X ordered him to recant, he refused (Worms 1521)	120
4443611351	Calvinism	Came to France in 1530s, developed in Scotland, in France with growth of Huguenots	121
4443611352	Henry VIII	Church of England, renounced Rome bc wanted to divorce husband	122
4443611353	Catholic Reformation	16th, counter reformation against Protestants	123
4443611354	Council of Trent	16th, defined Catholic interpretation of religious doctrines	124
4443611355	Scientific Revolution	1550-1700	125
4443611356	Enlightenment	1650-1750	126
4444005373	Golden Horde	East Europe and Russia	127
4444005374	The Il-Khanate	conquered Muslim land in Middle East	128
4444005375	Khanate of Central asia	Tamerlane, attempts to conquer India, is repelled by Delhi sultanate	129
4444005376	Khanate of Great Khan	China	130
4444005377	Safavids politics	weakest of three Muslim land empires (Ottoman, Mughal), in Iran, Persian Dynasty, least religiously flexible, Ismael enforces Shi'ism, eliminates Sunni and Sufi, dated 1400-1750, declined due to decreased trade (Euro industrializing), Russia expands into south under Cath the great, lose land to Ottomans (triple threat, Russia, ottomans against Shi'ite, British imperialism), capital at Isfahan (carpets), Shah Abbas,	131
4444005378	Red Turbans (China)	Sui and tang	132
4444005379	Red Turbans (Persia)	qizlbash (redheads) Ismael	133
4444005380	capitulations	1600s	134
4444005381	Philippines	very Catholic, Spanish control 1600s to 1898 (Spanish American War), already rebelling, they use it to store silver for trade w China, McKinley promised U.S. would support independence movement, after Spain falls, offers them money to control Phil, 1902-06, fight for independence from U.S., partial colony (1910-1945) until Aquino became first president, nonviolent overthrow 1950s --> Marcos. US wanted for commercial ties, military base,	135
4444005382	Ming	collapsed due to silver inflation, barbarian invasion, eunuchs, collapsed 1644	136
4444005383	Spanish economy	wrecked by Hapsburg spending (declare bankruptcy)	137
4444005384	Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere	Japan after WWII 1946	138
4444565843	Montesquieu	17th-18th, government should contain checks and balances, Spirit Of The Laws	139
4444565844	Voltaire	17th-18th, religion crushes human spirit	140
4444565845	David Hume	18th, lack of empirical evidence casts doubt on religion	141
4444565846	Rousseau	18th, one finds freedom by sacrificing individual rights for common good	142
4444565847	Adam Smith	18th, capitalism, free market, Wealth of Nations	143
4444565848	Beccaria	18th, cruel and unusual punishment	144
4444565849	Kant	18th, knowledge exists beyond what is deduced	145
4444565850	Wollstonecraft	women should have political rights, voting, hold office	146
4444565851	Hobbes	16th, human nature is bad, advocated all powerful ruler (Leviathan)	147
4444565852	Locke	17th-18th, natural rights	148
4443278031	Non-alignment movement	1945-67 Egypt (Nasser), Hungary (Nagy), India (Nehru), Ghana (Nkrumah), Indonesia (Sukarno)	149
4445066274	Treaty of Tordesillas	line of demarcation, east of line belonged to Portugal, west of line belonged to Spain, in New World	150
4445089032	Asian colonization	19th CE	151
4445108349	Elizabethan Age	16th-17th	152
4445120924	Hundred Years' War	14th-15th, England driven from france, france began to unify and centralize authority,	153
4445130287	Glorious Revolution	James II driven from power by Parliament, bloodlessly, fled to France, replaced in 1688 by William and Mary, ensured that the future monarchs would be Anglican	154
4445141307	English Bill of Rights	1689	155
4445146649	Edict of Nantes	created environment of toleration, 1598, Henry IV	156
4445150622	Richeliu	17th CE, chief advisor to the Bourbons, strengthened political French crown	157
4445163650	Colbert	mercantilist, wanted to increase size of the French empire	158
4445166665	War of Spanish Succession	1701-1714,	159
4445182496	Louis XIV	territorial invasions were costly and ineffective (with Colbert), never summoned Estates-General, patronized arts, divine right	160
4445194683	Peace of Augsburg	1555, supposed to bring conflicts between Catholics and Prostestants	161
4445197787	Thirty Year's War	1618, Prostestant territories in Bohemia challenged authority of HRC emperor	162
4445209098	Fall of Byzantine	Turks conquered Constantinople 1453	163
4445213491	Peace of Westphalia	1648 independence of small German states affirmed, Prussia became strongest	164
4445224758	Time of Troubles	1604-1613, conflict over who should be emperor in Russia after Ivan IV died in 1584	165
4447921136	Heian	8th-12th	166
4447927778	Kamakura	12th-14th	167

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World History Chapter 16 Flashcards

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4335507379	Catherine the Great	Had her husband murdered so that she could come to power in Russia Serfs became like slaves under her rule	0
4335514181	Peter the Great	Went to Europe and got a job to learn modern ways so that he could modernize Russia	1
4335521416	Frederick II (the Great)	Leader of Prussia	2
4336801008	Oliver Cromwell	leader of a new government "Commonwealth" after English Civil War	3
4336816663	Louis XIV	ruled as an absolute monarch used intendants to rule parts of his empire These men were responsible for collecting taxes, recruiting soldiers, and carrying out the king's policies.	4
4336878844	Philip II	inherited Spain and all of its possessions from his father, Charles V Ordered his Armada to attack England	5
4336885949	What country invaded Austrian lands after the death of Charles VI?	Prussia	6
4336890780	Stuart Restoration	When parliament asked Charles II to come back to England to rule after the death of Oliver Cromwell	7
4336895744	Pragmatic Sanction	A document that was signed by countries of Europe to make sure that Charles VI's daughter would be allowed to rule after he died	8
4336911332	Glorious Revolution	When parliament invited William and Mary to come to England to rule A limited monarchy would be set after this	9
4336916694	Thirty Years' War	Started as a religious war but ended as something else.	10
4336919452	Peace of Westphalia	Ended the Thirty Years' War	11
4336921416	English Bill of Rights	explained the rights of Parliament vs. the rights of the king	12
4336928766	What were the two sides of the English Civil War?	1) Cavaliers 2) Roundheads	13
4336937751	What did Charles V do when he realized that the empire was too difficult for one person to rule?	He divided his empire between his son and brother	14
4336942865	Henry IV	converted to Catholicism so that he could be king of France Created Edict of Nantes to protect rights of Huguenots	15
4336988930	What were some reasons why the Spanish Empire declined during and after the reign of Philip II?	1) The defeat of the Armada by England 2) Kicking Jews and Muslims out of Spain	16
4337019996	Cardinal Richelieu	regent (minister that administered a country if the ruler is too young or gone) strengthened power for future French kings to be absolute monarchs	17
4337132266	balance of power	the idea of preventing one country from becoming powerful enough to dominate the rest of Europe	18
4337138381	Stuart Dynasty	This dynasty began when Elizabeth I died without any children includes James I, Charles I, Charles II, and James II	19
4337141177	Divine Right	idea that the right to rule comes from God James I thought he had divine power to rule and so he had problems with Parliament	20
4337166531	Petition of Right	document that said the king could not raise taxes without permission from Parliament	21
4337442388	Maria Theresa	survived the War of Austrian Succession by gong to Hungary for help, who helped to maintain a balance of power	22
4337446867	Hohenzollerns	royal family of Prussia	23
4337452150	Stuarts	royal family of England	24
4337454573	Tudors	royal family of England	25