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Biochemistry Flashcards

5025659041	arginine	arg basic polar	0
5025661786	lysine	lys basic polar	1
5025664201	aspartate	asp acidic polar	2
5025664237	glutimate	glu acidic polar	3
5025681616	glutamine	gln basic polar	4
5025681617	asparagine	asn nonpolar	5
5025684138	histidine	his basic polar	6
5025684139	serine	ser neutral hydroxy	7
5025686840	threonine	thr hydroxy	8
5025721226	tyrosine	tyr hydroxy	9
5025722761	cystisine	cys neutral sulfur	10
5025725104	methionine	met neutral sulfur	11
5049547210	Proline	pro non polar	12
5239336314	vitamin A	cis-retinal vision, growth, reproduction deficiency=loss of night vision	13
5239336688	vitamin K	phylloquinone transforms glutamate-> Y-carboxygluatmate deficiency= abnormal/lack of blood clotting	14
5239336942	Vitamin E	alpha-tocoferol lipid antioxidant?	15
5239336943	Vitamin D	cholecalcferol calcium and phosphate ion metabolism in bones deficiency= rickets (kids) osteomalacia (adults)	16
5239381975	B1		17

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8566813301	Hydrophilic	Water-loving.	0
8566813302	Hydrophobic	Water-fearing.	1
8566813305	Surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid	2
8566813309	Saturated fat	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with all single bonds between carbon atoms.	3
8566813310	Unsaturated fat	Long carbon-hydrogen chains with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.	4
8566813319	Covalent bond	sharing electrons between two atoms	5
8566830156	radioactive decay	nucleus breaks apart to become more stable and releases a lot of radiation	6
8566983848	ion	when an atom accepts or donates an electron, it becomes charges, making it an ___	7
8567148427	cation	ions with a positive	8
8567151116	anion	ions with a negative charge	9
8567158966	ionic bond	ions are held together by electrical attractions between opposite charges	10
8567198615	covalent bonds	2 atoms share valence electrons; 1 pair: single bond, 2 pairs: double bond, 3 pairs: triple bond	11
8567223810	polar molecules	results when electrons are unequal/unevenly shared (when one side is more positive/negative)	12
8567233092	Hydrogen bonds	weak bonds created between molecules due to the attraction of opposite partial charges	13
8567266936	ice is less dense than water	hydrogen bonds hold water molecules farther apart in ice	14
8567271495	cohesion	water molecules are attracted to each other	15
8567283347	adhesion	attraction of water to molecules of other substances	16
8567288402	capillary action	cohesion and adhesion result in upward movement of water against gravity	17
8567447173	homogeneous	solution in which solutes dissolve in solvents	18
8567451151	heterogeneous	suspension in which different components can be seen	19
8567462964	specific heat capacity	amount of heat needed to increase the temperature by 1C	20
8567471590	pH	tells the concentration of H+ ions in a solution (acidity)	21
8589777709	acids	pH below 7 (the more H+, the more acidic)	22
8589789046	bases	pH above 7 (the more OH-, the more basic	23
8589794772	buffers	weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases	24
8589807894	neutral	life processes occur in this pH	25
8589822296	organic molecules	carbs, lipids, and proteins	26
8589827165	organic compounds	contain carbon and hydrogen	27
8589831247	monomer	small units	28
8589839429	polymer	macromolecule	29
8589848308	organic macromolecules	Carohydrates(CHO), Lipids(CHO), Proteins(CHON), Nucleic Acids(CHONP)	30
8589854244	Carbohdrates	immediate source of energy for living things	31
8589871170	monosaccharide	simple sugar molecules	32
8589873632	disaccharide	two simple sugar molecules	33
8589876535	polysaccharide	more than 2 monosaccharides	34
8589878758	lipids	nonpolar molecules that are important parts of membranes and coverings and are good for storing energy	35
8589889105	proteins	made up of amino acids which are coded by DNA, they determine shape and growth and do EVERYTHING	36
8589896993	amino acid		37
8589902294	dipeptide	2 amino acids together	38
8589904271	polypeptide	more than 2 amino acids together(protein)	39
8589909199	nucleic acids	polymers that contain CHONP; responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information	40
8589934462	dehydration synthesis	two monomers are joined by removing a water molecule	41
8589936977	hydrolysis	a polymer is broken apart by adding a water molecule	42
8589944337	anabolic	endothermic	43
8589946504	catabolic	exothermic	44
8589948799	activation energy	the energy needed to start a reaction	45
8589951063	catalysts	enzymes that speed up the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy	46
8589958469	enzymes	proteins that act as biological catalysts	47

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7979244398	Biochemistry	Biological Macromolecules	0
7979247382	Most Common Elements in Life	1. Carbon (C) 2. Hydrogen (H) 3. Oxygen (O) 4. Nitrogen (N)	1
7979261448	2 groups of Carbon Molecules	1. Monomer 2. Polymer	2
7979276235	Biological Macromolecules	Carbohydrates: organic compounds there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms	3
7979288007	3 types of Carbohydrates	1. Monosaccharide: monomers of carbohydrates that six carbon, simple sugars ex: glucose, fructose, galactose 2. Disaccharide: twice carbon double sugars ex: dextrose, lactose 3. Polysaccharide: numerous monosaccharide linked together ex: cellulose, starch, glycogen	4
7979324153	Primary Funtions of Carbohydrates	A. Energy Source B. Energy Storage C. Structural Support: cell walls; connective tissue	5
7979334822	Lipids	organic compounds that are nonpolar (uncharged) -insoluble in water	6
7979343779	Primary Functions of Lipids	A. Storing Energy B. Part of the cell membrane (phospholipids) C. Insulation D. Protection	7
7979361858	Proteins	Macromolecules composed of amino acids	8
7979366258	Primary Functions of Proteins	A. Catalytic: speed up chemical reactions (enzymes;lactose) B. Regulatory: Hormones; gene expression C. Structural: connective tissue D. Contractile: muscles	9
7979393098	Nucleic Acids	Macromolecules that store genetic information	10
7979398041	2 types of Nucleic Acid	A. Deoxyribonucleic Acid B. Ribonucleic Acid	11
7979451815	Enzymes	Catalytic Proteins-speeds up the rate of chemical reactions -lowering activation energy: energy required for a reaction to occur -3D shape -highly specific -Binds Substrate: reactants in the reaction -DeNaturation: change the 3D shape -loss of function -No Reaction	12
7979490015	Lock & Key Model		13
7979502592	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid	14
7988645621	RNA	Ribonucleic Acid	15
7988676935	Active Site	Where it binds the enzyme and substrate	16
7988717021	Ends of suagrs	ose	17
7994844701	Monomer	Monomer: A subunit (building block) of a larger macromolecule	18
7994857642	Polymer	A large molecule of repeating monomers	19

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7356211423	what are the 4 classes of biochemisrty	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids	0
7356216325	examples of carbohydrates	sugar and starches	1
7356219131	example of lipids	fats, oils and waxes	2
7356223190	2 nucleic acids	RNA and ATP	3
7360309283	isomers	two molecules with the same atoms joined together in a different shape.	4
7360323772	structural isomers	isomers that have the same component atoms but arranged differently from each other. (different bonds)	5
7360347913	geometric or cis-trans isomers (to be near)(opposite)	the atoms in each isomer are all connected in the same order, but the shape of the molecule is different.(same bonds different place)	6
7360429611	Enantiomers isomers	mirror images of each other with asymmetrical usually only one is biologically active	7
7360581656	functional groups	chemical groups that affect molecular function by begin directly involved in reactions	8
7360588947	what are the 7 types of functional groups	Hydroxy, Carboxyl, Carbonyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, and Methyl	9
7360604552	Hydroxy draw	-OH or OH-	10
7360624096	Hydroxy name	Achohols usually end in ol	11
7360633320	Hydroxy function	is polar and can form H bonds with water molecules, helping to dissolve organic compounds such as sugar.	12
7360646927	Carboxyl name	carboxylic acids or organic acids	13
7360655192	Carboxyl draw		14
7360659812	Carboxyl function	has acidic properties in the covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar	15
7360679880	carbonyl name	Kentones if carbonyl group is within carbon skeleton or Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton	16
7360706401	carbonyl draw		17
7360721740	carbonyl function	found in 2 major sugar groups	18
7360742244	Amino name	amines	19
7360745141	amino draw		20
7360751946	amino function	acts as a base, can put up H+ from surrounding solution (water in living organisms)	21
7360769009	Sulfhydryl name	thiois	22
7360770429	Sulfhydryl draw	-SH	23
7360781861	Sulfhydryl function	2 Sulfhydryl groups can form covalent bods which is called cross-linking which help stabilize protein structure, and what causes hair to be curly or straight	24
7360799589	phosphate name	organic phosphates	25
7360803532	phosphate draw		26
7360806645	phosphate function	has potential of reacting with water which releases energy	27
7360820314	methyl name	methylated compounds	28
7360826092	methyl draw		29
7360830537	methyl function	effects expression of genes and arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function	30
7360860983	3 characteristics about carbon	4 valence electrons, tetrahedron, and if c is double bounded to itself its plane	31
7360872127	what are the most carbon bound partners	Hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, and other carbons	32

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5464564815	Carbohydrate	-main source of energy -structural support in plants and some animals, instant energy, exoskeleton -composed of C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio -monomer= monosaccharides -double sugars= disaccharides -polymer= polysaccharides RINGS	0
5464780864	Lipids	-fats oils and waxes -do not dissolve in water -mostly C H and a few O -functions= energy storage, waterproofing, structure, hormones, cushions organs, insulation -LINEAR monomer= glycerol polymer=triglyceride = 3 fatty acids and a glycerol	1
5464827797	Nucleic Acid	-store and transmit genetic material -composed of p o n c h -two types- dna and rna	2
5470821201	Protein	-composed of c n h o (S) -monomer= amino acid -polymer= polypeptide/ protein -function= enzymes, structure, communication/ transportation, defense, movement	3
5464564812	Adhesion	-water molecule attracted to another substance - responsible for capillary action that allows trees to take up ground water from their roots	4
5464564813	Amino Acid	-monomer of proteins	5
5464564814	Amino Group	A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms	6
5464564816	Cohesion	-water molecule attracted to water molecule -responsible for surface tension that gives many organisms a habitat to live	7
5464631757	Capillary Action	A process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant.	8
5464631758	Dehydration Synthesis	A type of chemical reaction in which the molecules of substances bond together to form more complex substances- water is released -2 molecules covalently bond by removing a water molecule -one molecule loses a -oh and the other loses a -h	9
5471251111	Disaccharide	-2 rings, double sugar molecule -lactose, sucrose	10
5464696918	DNA	-Deoxyribonucleic acid -store and transmit genetic materials -double stranded -has thymine -one less oxygen than ribose	11
5464696919	Fatty Acid	-type of lipid -do not dissolve in water - mostly C H and a few O -saturated vs unsaturated	12
5464736061	Glycerol	-monomer of lipid -3 carbon -triglyceride= 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol	13
5464736062	Hydrogen Bond	-strongest of the intermolecular forces -when h atom bonds to a highly electronegative atom (like o and n) exists in the vicinity oof another highly electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons - big role in living organism s -h bonds to O N or F	14
5464753110	Hydrolysis	-the breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules -water is added to form the molecules and disrupt the bond linking the monomers together	15
5464780863	Indicators	Lugols- turns starch black Benedicts- turns monosaccharide (carbs) orange Biuret- turns protein lavender	16
5464780865	Macromolecules	- biomolecules are examples of macromolecules - giant molecules in living things that are made from 1000's of smaller molecules -all macromolecules are made by the process of polymerization= making large molecules from smaller molecules	17
5464812863	Monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	18
5464812864	Monosaccharide	-monomer of carbohydrates -glucose, fructose, galactose -different shape gives each of these sugars different tastes	19
5464827796	Nucleotide	-monomer of nuclei acids - made of nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugars, phosphate group	20
5470238412	Peptide Bond	-amino acids are held together by peptide bonds n-c-c	21
5470281414	Phosphate Group	-type of functional group -OPO3 -molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases	22
5470449744	Phospholipids	-building blocks of a cellular membrane -they have a polar head that is hydrophilic (water loving) and a non polar tail that is hydrophobic (water fearing)	23
5470641157	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	24
5470670328	Polymerization	-a chemical process that makes large molecule from smaller molecules -occurs through dehydration synthesis depolymerization= biomolecules broken down, occurs through hydrolisis	25
5470814188	Polysacchride	-polymer of carbs -examples= starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin	26
5470834567	RNA	-ribonucleic acid -has sugar ribose -single stranded -one more oxygen than dna -has uracil instead of thymine	27
5470836221	Saturated Fat	-fatty acids with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are saturated -straight long chain -animal fats, butter, lard - a lot of h -saturated fats are bad because they stack easily which clogs up blood vessels	28
5470836222	Surface Tension	-cause of cohesion= water attracted to water -more tension = more difficult to break surface -provides habitat for many animals	29
5470837652	Steroids	-type of lipid -carbon skeleton has four interconnected rings, different functional groups attached -derived from cholesterol - includes many hormones= sex hormones, gluocorticoids, mineralocorticoids	30
5470837653	Transfat	-trans fats occur when h atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond, creating symmetry -as a result, fatty acid is linear, so it behaves like saturated fat	31
5470838989	Unsaturated Fat	-fatty acids that contain one or more double bond between two carbon atoms are unsaturated -good for you, dont stack	32
5489247475	Hydroxyl Group	-OH	33
5489249584	Carbonyl Group		34
5489255340	Carboxyl Group		35

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5401023985	Carbohydrate Elements	Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (CHO)	0
5401103615	Ratio of Carbohydrates	Ratio: H:O-2:1	1
5401112630	Building Block of Carbohydrate	Building block: Sugar (Glucose)	2
5401126444	What is the bodies main source of ENERGY? (Function)	Carbohydrates(Glucose)	3
5401145409	Food Examples of Carbohydrates	-Pasta -Potatoes -Corn -Bread -Rice -Sweets	4
5401170846	Glucose (Make up)	C6H12O6	5
5401175546	Maltose (Make up)	C12H22O11	6
5401192841	Sugars are ____ shaped molecules that end in "___".	Sugars are RING shaped molecules that end in "OSE".	7
5401237537	Monosaccharide	1 ring shaped molecule	8
5401242649	Disaccharide	2 ring shaped molecules	9
5401250361	Polysaccharide	Multiple ring shaped molecules	10
5401262618	Iodine tests for ________.	Iodine tests for STARCHES.	11
5401276175	Benedict's Solution tests for ________ but also needs ______ to change color.	Benedict's Solution tests for GLUCOSE but also needs HEAT to change color.	12
5401299633	Lipid Elements	Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen	13
5401343002	Ratio of Lipids	Much Greater than 2:1 and not constant for one lipid to another	14
5401368046	Function of a Lipid	-Reserve energy -Insulation -Warmth -Cushion -Protects organs -Cell Membranes	15
5401395297	Examples of Lipids (Unsaturated Fats)	Liquid at room temperature Ex. olive oil and vegetable oil	16
5401402315	Examples of Lipids (Saturated Fats)	Solid at room temperature Ex. red meat and dairy products	17
5401416637	Examples of Lipids (Waxes)	Bees wax and Plant cuticles	18
5401423066	Examples of Lipids (Steroids)	Cholesterol	19
5401434763	Building Blocks of Lipids	Fatty acids and Glycerol	20
5401442086	Structure/Shape of a Lipid	"E" Shape	21
5401453443	Protein Elements	Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen	22
5401468808	Protein Building Blocks	Amino Acids (There are 20 different kinds of Amino Acids)	23
5401490307	Peptide Means _________.	Peptide Means PROTEIN.	24
5401502197	Proteins are polypeptides=	Many Amino Acids	25
5401507911	Amino acids are held together by _______ _______.	Amino acids are held together by PEPTIDE BONDS.	26
5401540369	Protein Function	Proteins are needed for growth and repair of tissue	27
5401551770	All enzymes are ________.	All enzymes are PROTEINS.	28
5401562244	Food examples of proteins:	-All meats -Eggs -Dairy -Beans -Nuts -Peanut butter	29
5401603501	Amino Acids are joined together to make______________.	Amino Acids are joined together to make RIBOSOMES.	30
5401614306	A Protein is a chain of amino acids. The chain of Amino Acids are __________.	A Protein is a chain of amino acids. The chain of Amino Acids are FOLDED.	31
5401620544	Amino Acids Structure		32
5401635880	Dehydration Synthesis	Dehydration means to remove H2O Synthesis means to put together	33
5401733063	Hydrolysis	takes apart	34
5401753795	ID this...............Amino Acid		35
5401764775	ID this...............Glucose		36
5401773559	ID this...............Lipid		37
5401777775	ID this...............Disacccharide		38
5401791109	ID this...............Glycerol		39
5401800330	ID this...............Fatty acid		40
5401823361	ID this...............Pollysaccharide		41
5401832275	What are the different groups of an amino acid?		42
5401841608	What is the difference between organic and inorganic?	Organic have carbon and hydrogen (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acid) and inorganic do not have carbon or hydrogen (Water, Salt and Minerals)	43

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5481923301	Polarity	Uneven distribution of charges	0
5481932986	State of Matter	Water- Liquid(rare) Gas- least dense that a liquid Solid - Densest	1
5481939641	Hydrogen Bonds (weak)	holds together water molecules to each other (2 or more) Form quickly and Break Quickly	2
5481945541	Covalent Bonds (stronger)	almost impossible to break	3
5481950334	Cohesion	same substance attraction H2O to H2O	4
5481954006	Surface Tension	Bugs walk over water	5
5481957799	Adhesion characteristics	different substance attractions stronger than cohesion Example- water up a tree	6
5481965313	Heat capacity/ Specific heat characteristics	Thermal Capacity ... energy in/out to change the temperature of substance. Related to numbers of hydrogen bonds. Small amount of hot coca takes awhile to heat up	7
5481972240	Lake Michigan	summer-water is cold- air conditioning Fall-lake water warm - heat	8
5481979192	Carbohydrate characteristics	Bread,grains,pasta,sugar,starch,fiber. Saccharides	9
5481986441	Simple Carbohydrate characteristics	Quick energy Milk refined sugar "pretty bad" "mono"	10
5481990387	Complex Carbohydrate characteristics	"Poly" "big" Fiber	11
5481993813	Carbohydrate Function	main source of energy makes up cell parts in both plants and animal cells	12
5481996804	Lipids characteristics	Fats Glycerol and Fatty Acid	13
5481999580	Saturated Lipid characteristics	single bond solid at room temperature "unhealthy in comparison" animal	14
5482002058	Unsaturated Lipid characteristics	double bond liquid at room temperature "healthier" plant	15
5482005152	Lipid function	store energy and provide the waterproof coat to your cells	16
5482008332	Protein	Amino acids need food to make nine of them	17
5482010601	Protein Characteristics	amino acids- biochemicals- most important	18
5482011369	Protein function	"building blocks"	19
5482016067	Organic Compound types ( Carbohydrate)	"mono", "poly", and "di" saccarides Mono to mono- di - dehydration synthesis "di+mono = mono+mono (hydrolysis) can be... sugar/starches Smaller carbohydrate=smaller "mono" saccaride Complex carbohydrate=bigger "poly" saccaride	20
5482018186	Organic Compound types (lipids)	examples- oils,wax,and butter	21
5482018187	Organic Compound types( protein)	humans-20 amino acids R chain changes but everything else stays the same	22
5482035191	Enzyme-substrate complex	Catalyst are protein based catalyst known as enzymes which bind to only one substrate. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction which begins with recants and combined to from a product or products	23
5482041498	Enzymes	Proteins- long chains of amino acids Needed to survive or food will not digest Work in either a neutral, acidic, or basic environment- only one contains an active site	24
5482048890	Factors that effect Enzymes (Temperature)	Can increase or decrease effectiveness's humans-98.6 degrees Fahrenheit	25
5482048891	Factors that effect Enzymes (PH level)	Thrive under certain conditions Acid- stomach Base- cleaners Neutral- water based	26
5482048892	Factors that effect Enzymes (Numbers)	the more enzymes you have the faster the reactions	27
5482049447	Factors that effect Enzymes (Regulatory molecules)	chemicals within a cell which can turn enzymes on or off	28
5482061751	PH level	0-7 = Stronger acid 7-14 = Stronger base 7 = Neutral	29
5482065350	Small intestine (PH level)	8 or 9 base related enzymes	30
5482066003	Buffers	found inside cells to stabilize the internal PH of a cell	31
5482067411	Water (PH level)	neutral or 7 polar molecule	32
5482069807	Stomach acid (PH level)	2 acid related enzymes	33
5482072613	Salivary Amylase	start to break down large poly-saccarides before it enters the mouth	34
5482076332	Lactase	breaks down diary di- sacarides to a mono-sacardies	35
5482079576	Cellulose	breaks down plant material humans lack this	36
5482081187	Amylase	breaks down carbohydrates	37
5482082084	Typsin	breaks down proteins	38
5482082595	Lipase	breaks down lipids	39
5482085108	Peptide	breaks down to amino acids	40
5482086508	Digestion Step One	ingestion	41
5482086509	Digestion Step Two	food is broken down into pieces absorbed by our small intestines	42
5482086908	Digestion Step Three	Absorption- small intestines absorb nutrients into blood. Large intestines absorb water	43
5482086909	Digestion Step Four	Elimination- passes through the large intestines where any material not digested becomes "rough agel"	44
5482097201	Digestion Process in body	Mouth Esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines-colon rectum anus	45
5482100161	Mechanical Digestion	mouth chews Esophagus and stomach muscles contract	46
5482101667	Chemical Digestion	enzymes break down food into smaller pieces	47