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Biochemistry Flashcards

5436055058	Amino Acid	Building blocks of protein	0
5436055059	Amphipathic	Molecules are said to be this when it has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.	1
5436057373	Carbohydrate	"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"	2
5436057374	Carbon	A gas that is expelled from the body by the respiratory system. (C)	3
5436059366	Denaturation	In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix.	4
5436060971	Disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.	5
5436060972	Ester Bond	The bond formed when fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol molecules in condensation reactions.	6
5436063839	Fibrous Protein	A protein with a relatively long, thin structure, which is insoluble in water and metabolically inactive, often having a structural role within the organism.	7
5436063840	Globular Protein	Proteins that are water soluble	8
5436067806	Glycosidic Protein	A type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.	9
5436067807	Hydrogen Bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.	10
5436067808	Ion	A charged atom	11
5436070183	Lipid	A group of organic compounds composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen including a proportionately smaller amount of oxygen; are insoluble in water, serve as a source of stored energy, and are a component of cell membranes.	12
5436077393	Macromolecule	A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules	13
5436077394	Monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	14
5436080106	Monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	15
5436080107	Nitrogen	Most abundant gas in the atmosphere (N)	16
5436082736	Non-polar Molecule	A molecule lacking a positive or negative charge	17
5436089462	Nucleic Acid	A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information.	18
5436089463	Nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	19
5436089464	Organic Molecule	A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.	20
5436092556	Peptide Bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	21
5436092557	Phospholipid	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a non-polar, hydrophobic tail.	22
5436094550	Polar Molecule	A molecule that has electrically charged areas.	23
5436094551	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	24
5436096312	Protein	A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.	25
5436096313	Water	A liquid made of hydrogen and oxygen.	26

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5349235181	carbon	Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain this element	0
5349239563	carbon	fundamental element of things that make life	1
5349264906	covalent	strongest bonds	2
5349271394	intermolecular or covalent	bonds that occur between carbon atoms	3
5349336702	macro-molecule	large molecule	4
5349340304	monomers	repeating smaller molecules that make up larger molecules	5
5349348971	polymer	polymer molecule composed of repeated smaller molecules	6
5349352718	polymerization	process of monomers bonding together to become a polymer	7
5349359867	carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucelic acids	groups of large carbon-compounds found in living things, covered in class	8
5349362316	lipids	NOT POLYMERS	9
5349367868	glucose, starch, sucrose, lactose	examples of carbohydrates	10
5349371781	photosynthesis	what is glucose a product of	11
5349375862	table sugar	sucrose is	12
5349375863	milk sugar	lactose is	13
5349380347	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen	three elements that make up carbohydrates	14
5349384222	glucose	simple sugar (monomer)	15
5349386812	starch, glycogen, cellulose	complex sugars (polymers)	16
5349392064	starch, glycogen, cellulose	made up of glucose monomer	17
5349396725	glucose	what is this	18
5349469827	storage and structure	why are carbs important	19
5349471818	glycogen	animals store glucose as...	20
5349474114	starch	plants store glucose as...	21
5349476317	cell walls	plants use cellulose to build...	22
5349480912	cellulose	plant walls have structure because of...	23
5349485088	glycogen	what is this	24
5349489155	cellulose	what is this	25
5349492605	starch	what is this	26
5349498490	cellulose, starch, glycogen	glucose monomer makes up these	27
5349501254	cellulose	rigid, no branching stucture...found in plants	28
5349509651	store energy	function of glycogen and starch	29
5349513324	hydrogen and carbon	what 2 elements mainly compose liquids	30
5349515916	provide energy, make up cell membranes, are chemical messengers	why are lipids important?	31
5349522110	phospholipid	type of lipid found in cell membranes	32
5349524262	fat	type of lipid found in your diet	33
5349527097	steroid	type of lipid that serves as a chemical messenger	34
5349532951	glycerol	a fat consists of one ______ molecule linked to three fatty acid molecules	35
5349537251	fatty acid	a fat consists of one glycerol molecule liked to three _______ molecules	36
5349540923	saturated fat	solid fat	37
5349540924	unsaturated fat	liquid fat	38
5349545200	double bonding	what gives away if a fat is solid or liquid	39
5349547238	fat	what type of lipid is this?	40
5349554686	saturated	what type of fat is this?	41
5349564601	straight chains	fats with single bonds in their fatty acid chains form	42
5349567459	liquid	when molecules aren't tightly packed, the substance is usually a	43
5349575613	solid	when molecules are tightly packed, the substance is a	44
5349583318	phospholipid	when one of the three fatty acids in a fat is replaced with a phosphate group, you have a	45
5349592556	attracted	the part of a phospholipid that looks like a head is ________ to water	46
5349598506	unattracted	fatty acid chains on a phospholipid are __________ to water	47
5349607393	a phosphate group, two fatty acids, and glycerol	phospholipids are made up of	48
5349624636	phospholipid	what is this	49
5349628767	cell walls	what phospholipids make up	50
5349632480	one half likes water other half hates water	why do phospholipids make up cell walls	51
5349635901	four rings	steroids are destinctive because of	52
5349636464	steroid	what is this	53
5349643306	make up cell membranes, chemical messengers	purposes of steroids	54
5349649852	dna and rna	2 types of nucleic acids	55
5349653586	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphate	what elements make up nucleic acids	56
5349658131	polymer, monomer	nucleic acids are ________s made up of __________s	57
5349672146	nucleotides	monomers that make up nucleic acids are called	58
5349672147	nitrogen containing base/5 carbon sugar/phosphate group	three parts of a nucleotide	59
5349675499	3	all DNA/RNA monomer have how many parts	60
5349680267	carbohydrate or a fat	if there is a phosphate in a molecule, then it can't be a	61
5349681920	nucleic acid or phospholipid	if there is phosphate in a molecule then it can be	62
5349688478	DNA	what is this	63
5349550325	unsaturated	what type of fat is this?	64
5349693931	nucleotide for DNA	what is this	65
5349698636	nucleotide for RNA	what is this	66
5349708403	DNA has one less oxygen	difference in letters between DNA and RNA	67
5349715887	RNA	one stranded nucleic acid	68
5349719238	DNA	double stranded nucleic acid	69
5349722113	different sugars	the way DNA and RNA differ in their bases	70
5349725012	carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen	elements that make up protein	71
5349728788	amino acids	a protein is a polymer made up of monomers called	72
5349731416	polymer	is a protein a polymer or monomer	73
5349734287	monomer	is an amino acid a polymer or monomer	74
5349736186	amino acid	what is this	75
5349754150	protein	many amino acids joined together	76
5349756765	hydrogen bond	what is this	77
5349764119	peptide bond	name of covalent bond that links amino acids together	78
5349766910	enzymes, bones and muscles, transport things across cell membranes, base of immune system	four roles of protein in living things	79
5349774717	protein transporting things through cell walls	this shows	80
5349690636	RNA	what is this	81
5380852946	original bonds are being broken and new bonds are being formed	when an enzyme catalyzes a reaction...	82
5411984839	enzyme	a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction	83
5411986034	amino acid	what monomer makes up enzymes	84
5411989218	protein	what major macro molecule are enzymes made of	85
5411994786	lock and key	way that an enzyme fits with the substrate	86
5411999698	pH and temperature	change of these things will denature enzymes	87
5412001521	yes	Are all enzymes proteins?	88
5412001522	no	Are all proteins enzymes?	89
5412011927	7 or neutral	pH that enzymes prefer	90
5412013403	98 F or 37 C or body temperature	temperature that enzymes prefer	91
5412020082	enzyme-substrate complex	what an enzyme and substrate form while the enzyme is catalyzing a reaction	92
5412021699	enzyme-substrate complex	what is this? (the two things together)	93
5412028188	substrate	orange part in A	94
5412030169	product	orange part in F	95
5412036963	capillary action	the movement of a liquid through or along the surface of another material in spite of other forces, such as gravity	96
5412042906	heat capacity	the amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree (WATER has a high one)	97
5412048908	an atom	whats this	98
5412063845	isotope	an atom that has gained or lost a neutron	99
5412067197	an atom that has lost or gained an alectron	isotope	100
5412078153	compound	substance made of two or more elements in definite proportions	101
5412086604	polymer	is cellulose a monomer or a polymer	102
5412088095	plants	location of cellulose	103
5412093309	animals	where is glycogen found	104
5412095527	structures cell walls	function of cellulose	105
5412103187	glycerol and 3 fatty acids	2 things fat are made up of	106
5412106574	glycerol and 2 fatty acids and phosphate group	3 things phospholipids are made of	107
5412111927	inorganic, organic	types of chemical compounds	108
5412115042	carbon	organic compounds contain this element	109
5412122198	phosphate	inorganic compounds do not include	110
5412124261	carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids	organic compounds consist of	111
5412128655	genetic information	nucleic acids store	112
5412131583	monomers or polymers	carbs can be either of these	113
5412139118	surface tension	cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for	114
5412149846	polar	molecule has a partial positive charge in one part of the molecule and complementary negative charge in another part	115
5412155936	solvent	part of a solution that something else is put into	116
5412155937	solute	dissolved in the other part of a solution	117

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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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4972230337	UDL	Universal Design for Learning increases access to the curriculum and instruction for all students	0
4972274520	E-books	electronic versions of textbooks	1
4972301828	Differentiated Instruction	providing an individualized array of instructional interventions	2
4972317382	4 general ways differentiated instruction can be accomplished.	1. Instructional activity 2. Instructional content 3. Instructional delivery 4. Instructional materials	3
4972345183	Instructional Activity	Different types of instructions provided to small groups of student who continue to struggle when high-quality instruction was not effective	4
4972364193	Instructional Content	Portion or chunks of the lesson's content is taught and mastered by initially focusing on a small amount of information	5
4972376874	Instructional Delivery	Flexible group practice, (same/mixed ability) allows pace of instruction differ	6
4972404032	Instructional Material	Different types of materials or adjustment to current materials are made.	7
4972421168	Accommodations	supports to compensate for disabilities	8
4972455138	Modifications	reducing the requirements	9
4972504469	AT	Assistive Technology Equipment (devices) or services to help compensate for an individual's disabilities	10
4972522007	low-tech devices	simple assistive technology devices (communication boards, homemade cushions, or a classroom railing)	11
4972530364	high-tech devices	complex devices that use computers or computer chips	12
4972575011	Array of services	Constellation of special education services, personnel, and educational placements	13
4973179480	Continuum of services	Describes each level of special education services as being more restrictive and coming in a lock-stepped sequence	14
4973212069	Pull-in programming	Special education or related services are delivered in the gen ed classroom	15
4973239964	Co-teaching	General and special education teachers team teaching	16
4973269723	Consulting teacher	Special education teachers serving as a resource to general education teachers	17
4973374757	Collaboration	Professionals working together to provide educational services	18
4973427718	Explicit instruction	directly instructing on the topic of concern	19
4973801718	Pull-out programs	Providing special services outside the general education classroom	20
4973837328	Non-categorical or cross-categorical special education	special education services delivered by students needs, not by their identified disability	21
4973864499	Related services	special education services from a wide range of disciplines and professions	22
4973912733	What are the three most common related services	1. speech therapy 2. physical therapy 3. assistive technology	23
4974177007	What are the 7 steps of the IEP process	1. Prereferral 2. Referral 3. Identification 4. Eligibility 5. Development of the IEP 6. Implementation of the IEP 7. Evaluation & Reviews	24
4974203452	Multitiered Approaches	levels of intensive services to prevent or intervene early	25
4974216218	Prereferral	determines a student's eligibility for special education services	26
4974271994	Child find	A requirement of IDEA '04 to help refer and identify children and youth with disabilities	27
4988777524	Referral	comes from parents social service agency public health nurses day care professional or doctor	28
4988785054	Identification	Assessment is the foundation. Determines if student has disability , whether special education services are required & what type of services need	29
4988794359	Eligibility	identify students who actually have a disability and qualify for special education services	30
4992622858	Development of the IEP	Develop the actual plan for either IFSP or IEP, IEP team starts outlining	31
4992626595	Implementation of the IEP	Student's services and individualized program begin. Laid out what constitutes an appropriate education for the student	32
4992640651	Evaluation and Reviews	IDEA requires accountability for each IEP developed. Ensures that students are meeting their goals and making educational progress	33
4992649944	IEP teams	guides special education services for each student with a disability	34
4992656398	What does the IEP team must consists	at least one gen ed teacher, at least one special ed or related service providers, representative of school district who is knowledgeable, someone to interpret instructional implications, parents, the student, & other people whom school or parent invites	35
4992676142	itinerant	working in different locations	36
4992683494	Tips teacher can give parents to help them participate in IEP meetings	outline points. bring records regarding child's need. ask for clarification. be assertive and proactive	37
4992736642	Self-determination	Ability to identify and achieve goals for oneself	38
4992760429	Self-advocacy	Expressing one's rights and needs	39
4992764131	IFSP	Individualized family service plan. infants & toddlers (birth-3)	40
4992767752	IEP	Individualized education program. preschoolers - high school students (3-21) management tool to identify and organize needed services	41
4992772665	Statement of traditional services	initiated at age 16 to make successful transition to independence	42
4992784398	Behavior Intervention Plan	functional assessment and procedures to prevent and intervene for behavioral infractions	43
4992796325	Service Manager	case manager who oversees the implementation and evaluation of IFSPs	44
4992812236	Statement of transitional services	assists students 16 and over in moving to adulthood.	45
4992824083	IAES	Interim alternative educational setting. assigned when a serious behavioral infraction requires removal from current placement	46
4992847052	Stay-put provision	Prohibits students with disabilities from being expelled because of behavior associated with their disabilities	47
4992851402	Manifestation determination	Determines whether a student's disciplinary problems are due to the disability	48
4992855476	FBA	Functional behavioral assessment. behavioral evaluations to determine the exact nature of problem behaviors	49
4992872264	high-stakes testing	state and district wide assessments to ensure all students' progress in the curriculum	50
4992878960	alternate assessments	measuring the progress of students who do not participate in the gen ed curriculum	51
4992882848	modified achievement standards	goals and benchmarks from the gen ed curriculum but modified by reducing the number of objectives or their complexity.	52
4992889229	progress monitoring	assessing students learning through direct and frequent assessments directly on the target of concern	53
4992896777	authentic assessments	performance measurement that use gen ed generated by the student	54
4992901001	portfolio assessment	students select their work for evaluation	55
4992903627	CBM	curriculum-based measurement. evaluating students performance by collecting data frequently and directly on academic tasks	56

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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6226708027	Gherlin	Hormone responsible for hunger	0
6226712640	Leptin	Secreted by adipose tissue, increasing sensitivity to satiety signals	1
6226719281	Insulin	Secreted by pacreatic tissue, increasing sensitivity to satiety signals	2
6226725902	Cholecystokinin	Short-term satiety signal, ensuring that we eat a meal quickly	3
6226728153	Amount of leptin	Depends on the amount of subcutaneous body fat	4
6226729534	More insulin release	Takes place if more visceral fat present	5
6226733694	Neuropeptide Y	A neuropeptide that is released both in the gut and by neurons, particularly those in the arcuate nucleus; its release is associated with hunger	6
6226735705	Pro-opiomelanocortin	Makes people less hungry	7
6226739925	Sweet	Innately preferred taste from carbohydrate detection	8
6226741195	Salt	Variably preferred taste from sodium detection	9
6226741855	Umami	Palatability-enhanced taste from amino acid detection	10
6226743001	Sourness	Innately aversive taste from acid detection	11
6226744146	Bitterness	Innately aversive taste from toxic compound detection	12
6226745800	Fat	Affects texture, enhances palatability and sensation of sweetness	13
6228285708	Brain	Normally uses glucose as metabolic fuel (during starvation can use ketone bodies too)	14
6228287169	Skeletal muscle	When glucose is plentiful, stores glycogen for own use	15
6228289392	Liver	When glucose is plentiful, makes glycogen and fat. Releases fuel during fasting and exercise	16
6228291443	Adipose tissue	When fat is plentiful, stores fat. Releases fat during fasting and exercise	17
6228483296	Adenosine triphosphate	Temporary store of energy, used by numerous enzymes to drive unfavourable processes	18
6228484904	Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide	Enzyme bound hydrogen acceptor, commonly bound to enzymes that catalyse redox reactions	19
6228489704	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide	Soluble hydrogen acceptor, a common substrate in catabolic redox reactions	20
6228492800	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate	Soluble hydrogen acceptor, a common substrate in biosynthetic redox reactions	21
6228494538	Coenzyme A	Forms a thirster with fatty acids. Prevents fatty acids from harming cell, but also enhances reactivity in fatty acid metabolism	22
6228554082	Glycaemic index	Measure of the effect on blood glucose of ingestion of standard amount of carbohydrate, compared with the same amount of glucose	23
6228563733	Unprocessed food	Has a low glycemic index	24
6228564469	Processed food	Has a high glycemic index	25
6228569732	Decrease in C-reactive protein	Effect of low glycemic index	26
6228571209	Decrease in glycation of proteins	Effect of low glycemic index	27
6228572853	Reduced LDL and higher HDL	Effect of low glycemic index	28
6228574402	Decreased food intake in subsequent meal	Effect of low glycemic index	29
6228666961	Hyperinsulinaemia	Insulin resistance	30
6228679943	Hexokinase	Converts glucose to glucose 6-P, using 1 ATP. Inhibited by accumulation of glucose 6-P	31
6228682582	Phosphofructokinase	Converts fructose 6-P to fructose 1,6-bisP, using 1 ATP.	32
6228687638	Glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase	Converts Glyceraldehyde 3-P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, using 1 NAD	33
6228691852	Pyruvate kinase	Converts phosphoenolpyruvate, making 1 ATP	34
6245118136	Complex I especially, plus other parts of ETC	Significant source of ROS	35
6245126508	Oxidative stress	When production of ROS exceeds removal	36
6245179888	Non-shivering thermogenesis	An increase in heat production that is not due to skeletal muscle contraction	37
6245186971	Thermogenin	Proton channel highly expressed in brown adipose tissue	38
6245247940	Mitochondrial diseases	Heterogenous group of disorders that affect oxidative phosphorylation	39
6245255776	Mitochondrial diseases	Caused by mutations in ETC, transport of ATP, synthesis of ubiquinone, PDH, mitochondrial translation	40
6245286401	Heteroplasmy	Present in mitochondrial diseases	41
6245290700	Maternal inheritance only	Present in mitochondrial diseases	42
6245294572	MELAS syndrome	Example of mitochondrial disease	43
6277263762	NADPH from glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway	Reducing power for biosynthetic reactions	44
6277267831	Ribulose 5-phosphate from the pentose phosphate pathway	Used for DNA, RNA and coenzyme synthesis	45
6277276805	NADPH from glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway	Prevents attack of catalase by hydrogen peroxide, thus preventing oxidative stress	46
6277299691	Glycogenolysis	Takes place in the liver, primarily during fasting and for long-term exercise	47
6277350101	Gluconeogenesis	Takes place in long-term fasting state, and declines very slowly in fed state. Also used in amino acid catabolism	48
6277543324	Lack of glucose-6-phosphate- severe disease	Trapped G6P feeds into glycogenesis and fat synthesis and glycolysis leading to hyperlactacidaemia, liver becomes enlarged	49
6277551900	Muscle phosphorylase deficiency- range of severity	Cannot metabolise muscle glycogen, resulting in muscle weakness and poor tolerance of exercise.	50
6277563419	Regular moderate exercise with short warm-up	Improves exercise capacity for those with muscle phosphorylase deficiency	51
6277567572	Liver phosphorylase deficiency	Cannot mobilise liver glycogen, liver becomes enlarged, mild hypoglycaemia	52
6277590350	Pancreatic lipase	Hydrolyses first and last bonds between fatty acid and glycerol in triacylglycerol	53
6277599509	Gastric lipase	Hydrolyses the last bond between fatty acid and glycerol in triacylglycerol	54
6277721615	Diffusion	How the micelles formed enter enterocytes	55
6277730818	Recombination into triacylglycerol	Attachment to coenzyme A and reaction with diacylglycerol acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase	56
6277777006	Chylomicron	Made in enterocyte, too big to enter capillaries	57
6277785602	Thoracic duct	Path which chylomicrons use to enter the blood	58
6277812933	Lipoprotein lipase	Causes release of fatty acids from lipoproteins for tissues to take in	59
6277820588	CPT I	Causes formation of fatty-acid carnitine from fatty acid CoA which can then the mitochondria	60
6277944114	Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase	Converts fatty acyl CoA to Enoyl CoA, making FADH2	61
6277972492	Enoyl CoA hydratase	Converts enoyl CoA to Hydroxy-acyl CoA	62
6277977645	Hydroxy-acyl CoA dehydrogenase	Converts hydroxy-acyl CoA to keto-acyl CoA, making NADH	63
6277980118	Thiolase	Cleaves keto-acyl CoA to Fatty acyl CoA and another product (process called thiolysis)	64
6278063356	MCAD deficiency	Beta-oxidation defect, detected by accumulation of medium-chain-acyl-carnitines in the plasma and urine	65
6278091263	Following a low-fat diet and carnitine supplements	Treatment for MCAD deficiency	66
6278132727	Brain development, subcutaneous fat and lung surfactant	Fatty acid functions in fetuses	67
6278203193	Pyruvate dehydrogenase	Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA	68
6278242462	Malonyl CoA decarboxylase	Converts acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA	69
6278247450	Malonyl CoA	Inhibits CPT I, thus controlling fatty acid oxidation	70
6278255095	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Where modifications of fatty acids occur	71
6278264310	Modifying the saturation by adding or removing double bonds	Modification type of fatty acids	72
6278312771	Altering the length	Modification type of fatty acids	73
6278341594	Perilipin	Prevents hormone-sensitive lipase from acting when in fed state	74
6278348539	Phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase	Takes place during fasting or exercise, allowing the hormone to act	75
6278357189	GLUT 5 receptor	Transports fructose, absent in pancreas	76
6278363971	Fructose	Interacts with weight homeostasis mechanisms differently, allowing higher calorie intake before appetite is suppressed	77
6278372074	Increased circulating TAG	Associated with high fructose meals	78
6278378521	Decrease in plasma leptin and insulin concentration	Associated with high fructose meals	79
6278379930	No suppression of ghrelin	Associated with high fructose meals	80
6285269347	Beta-oxidation of fatty acids	Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle	81
6285274119	Ketogenic amino acids	Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle	82
6285275910	Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate	Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle	83
6285343113	Citrate synthase	Converts oxaloactetate to citrate, affected by ADP:ATP ratio, NADH levels, product and substrate concentrations	84
6285358093	Isocitrate dehydrogenase	Oxidative decarboxylase, affected by ADP:ATP and NAD:NADH ratios, and increased activity during exercise	85
6285369648	Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase	Oxidative carboxylase, affected by NAD:NADH ratio, product inhibition and Ca2+ in muscle activates it. Forms succinyl CoA	86
6285378760	Succinate dehydrogenase	AKA Complex II that accepts electrons from succinate, and passes onto coenzyme Q in ETC	87
6285388110	Pyruvate-oxaloacetate	Anaplerotic reaction, useful when pyruvate is building up as acetyl CoA not metabolised quick enough	88
6285397958	Aspartate aminotransferase and glutamic dehydrogenase	Enzymes used in anaplerotic reactions, when using amino acids as a fuel and when converting amino acid carbon skeletons into glucose	89
6313775193	At the beginning or just after branch points	Where regulatory enzymes are commonly found in a pathway	90
6313822969	Hydroxyl of serine, threonine and tyrosine residues	Where phosphorylation is most common	91
6313831511	Allosteric activators	Stabilise the relaxed state	92
6313833241	Allosteric inhibitors	Stabilise the tense state	93
6313835759	T state	Tense, does not bind substrate well	94
6313839003	R state	Relaxed, binds to substrate easily, a more effect catalyst	95
6313847947	Oligomers	Many allosteric proteins are these, where the R state is stabilised	96
6313861034	Conserved metabolites	Metabolites may be altered in one process and regenerated in another, making total concentration unaltered	97
6313919058	Nausea, lethargy, coma and then death	If ammonia concentration exceeds 50micromolar	98
6313926112	Depletion of alpha-KG, or accumulation of Glu/Gln neurotransmitters	Mechanism by which ammonia is damaging	99
6313947073	Glutaminase	Converts glutamine to ammonia	100
6313950705	Amino-transferase	Converts amino acids into glutamate	101
6313954537	Glutamate dehydrogenase	Converts glutamate to ammonia	102
6313959310	Aspartate aminotransferase	Converts glutamate to aspartate	103
6313962766	Urea	Both aspartate and ammonia are converted to this	104
6313972012	Periportal hepatocytes	Carry out urea production	105
6313988957	NADH	Needed for gluconeogenesis, through reverse of 3-P dehydrogenase reaction	106
6313995200	Fumarate	Produced in cytosol in urea cycle, gets converted to oxaloacetate	107
6314001975	Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase	Produces NADH	108
6314016591	Carboamoyl- P Synthetase	Forms carbamoyl-phosphate, which is essential for urea cycle	109
6314024042	N-acetyl glutamate	Activates Carboamoyl- P Synthetase	110
6314032385	Arginine	Allosterically activates N-acetylglutamate synthetase	111
6314036816	Increase in [Glu]	Increases N-acetylglutamate synthetase activity	112
6314064157	Glucagon, adrenaline and glucocorticoids	Main hormones involved in stimulating transcription of urea cycle enzymes	113
6314087177	Affected infants typically die shortly after birth if not immediately diagnosed and treated	Effect of genetic mutation of urea cycle	114
6314099745	Change in Km	Non-severe enzyme defect of urea cycle	115
6314105831	Waste nitrogen accumulating in another excretable product	Non-severe enzyme defect of urea cycle	116
6314113808	Hyperammonemia (High ammonia levels in blood)	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	117
6314117188	Vomiting	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	118
6314122509	Lethargy	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	119
6314125905	Mental retardation	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	120
6314127617	Eventual coma and death	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	121
6314171604	Decrease protein intake	Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects, by avoiding catabolic states	122
6314179753	Provision of alternate routes for nitrogen excretion	Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects	123
6314197372	Supplements of N-compounds as necessary	Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects, due to altered metabolism	124
6314253538	Phenylacetate to phenylacetyl- glutamine	Alternative route for nitrogen excretion	125
6314256532	Benzoate to hippurate	Alternative route for nitrogen excretion	126

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7772301656	A molecule that contains carbon	What is an organic molecule?	0
7772561899	A single unit	What is a monomer?	1
7772566867	Many, a chain	What is a polymer?	2
7772571560	A polymer	What is this a picture of?	3
7772576890	- 4 covalent bonds (because of the four electrons in the outermost shell) - It can create single, double, and triple bonds - it can form chains rings and other structures (can form covalent bonds with other atoms= adiversity)	List three properties of carbon that make it an ideal element from which to construct a wide variety of complex molecules.	4
7772601513	0	Draw a monomrer	5
7772644343	0-0-0-0-0-0-0	Draw a polymer	6
7772648996	Hydroxyl	Which Functional group is this	7
7772668467	Loves/Dissolves in water	What does hydrophilic mean?	8
7772674529	Hates/ Afraid water	What does hydrophobic mean?	9
7772690457	-OH	What is the symbol for the Hydroxyl group?	10
7772692376	C=O	What is the symbol for the Carbonyl group?	11
7772692377	-COOH	What is the symbol for the Carboxyl group?	12
7772692378	-NH(2)	What is the symbol for the Amino group?	13
7772694466	-SH	What is the symbol for the Sulfhydryl group?	14
7772694467	-OPO(3)	What is the symbol for the Phosphate group?	15
7772694469	-CH(3)	What is the symbol for the Methyl group?	16
7772783281	Carbonyl	What functional group is this?	17
7772783282	Carboxyl	What functional group is this?	18
7772783283	Amino	What functional group is this?	19
7772785135	Sulfhydryl	What functional group is this?	20
7772785136	Phosphate	What functional group is this?	21
7772801471	Methyl	What functional group is this?	22
7772820919	Sulfhydryl and Methyl	What are the two non-polar functional groups?	23
7772825225	Sulfhydryl and Methyl	What are the two hydrophobic functional groups?	24
7772830441	Hydrophilic	If a functional group are polar then they have to be-	25
7772852190	Alcohol and Sugars	What is an example of the Hyrdoxyl group?	26
7772854216	Funcional group of Amino Acids	What is an example of the Sulfhydryl group?	27
7772856115	Sugar and Ketones	What is an example of the Carbonyl group?	28
7772858347	Amino Acids and Weak Acid	What is an example of the Carboxyl group?	29
7772858348	Glutamic Acid	What is an example of the Amino group?	30
7772861487	Cell Membrane DNA RNA	What is an example of the Phosphate group?	31
7772864078	Methane	What is an example of the Methyl group?	32
7772889035	Hydroxyl	What functional group is found on the ethyl alcohol molecule?	33
7772902080	Dehydration Synthesis - forms bonds - removes water - stores energy	Explain what is happening in the following diagram and why?	34
7772918376	Hydrolysis - breaks bonds - adds water - releases energy	Explain what is happening in the following diagram and why?	35
7772937411	How many rings of glucose are in your bloodstream	What determines your blood sugar?	36
7772953782	Dehydration Synthesis	What does your body do if you have a high blood sugar?	37
7772966842	Hydrolysis	What does your body do if you have a low blood sugar?	38
7772972145	It goes to the cells and Dehydration Synthesis	What happens if you have extra amino acids?	39
7772985910	1. Dehydration Synthesis-> Peptide Bonds form 2. Form Amino Acid Chains 3. Triglycerides bond Glycerol to Fatty Acid chains	Explain Dehydration Synthesis with Amino Acids	40
7773012033	Monosaccharide	The monomer of a carbohydrate is a	41
7773023797	Polysaccharide	The polymer of a carbohydrate is a	42
7773033216	Hydroxyl Carbonyl	What are the two functional groups?	43
7773057937	Generally a multiple of CH(2)O Can be linked together to make polymers Contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups	What are the characteristics of a Monosaccharide	44
7773077865	Because they are hydrophilic	Why do sugars dissolve easily in water?	45
7773094933	The sugar chain is breaking down to shorter monomers (monosaccharides) the shorter chain the sweeter the taste	Why does food get sweeter when chewed for a long period of time?	46
7786295583	Monomer	Is Glucose a monomer or polymer?	47
7786298474	Polymer	Is Starch a monomer or polymer?	48
7786299234	Polymer	Is Cellulose a monomer or polymer?	49
7786299235	Polymer	Is Glycogen a monomer or polymer?	50
7786307063	usable energy	What is the function of glucose?	51
7786307064	storage in plants	What is the function of starch?	52
7786307065	Cell wall of plants	What is the function of cellulose?	53
7786307066	How animals store excess glucose	What is the function of glycogen?	54
7813129025	Causes Blood Vessel Blockage Solid at Room Temperature Only single carbon bonds max number of hydrogen bonds	What are the properties of Saturated Fat?	55
7813163231	Does not have the max number of hydrogen bonds Liquid at room temperature Has one or more double bonds	What are the properties of Unsaturated Fat?	56
7813285365	It is so SATURATED in hydrogen bonds	Why does Saturated Fat only have single carbon bonds?	57
7813369232	Cause blood vessel blockage Raise Cholesterol -> risk of heart disease and stroke	What effect does saturated bonds have on your body?	58
7813375026	improves blood cholesterol levels	What effect do unsaturated fats have on your body?	59
7813421751	a glycerol and three fatty acids	What is a triglyceride made of?	60
7813434813	Found in cell-membrane 4 fused rings and can have diffrent function groups.	Describe the structure of a steroid molecule	61
7813633103	amino acid	What is the monomer of a protein called	62
7813667454	Bad Cholesterol or Low density Cholesterol	What is LDL	63
7813671782	Builds up in the arteries narrows them and can cause heart attaks	What are the results of high LDL	64
7813698183	Good Cholesterol or High Density Cholesterol	What is HDL	65
7813707843	carries bad cholesterol to the liver to be destroyed and cleans artires	What does HDL do?	66
7813721135	Amino Acid	What is this a diagram of?	67
7813738372	Through Dehydration Synthesis peptide bonds are formed	How are chains of amino acids formed?	68
7813754801	The functional group (instructions for DNA) Order of Nuceliotides detirmins -> order of amino acids-> shape of protien	How is the shape of a protein determined?	69
7813861283	Primary structure	What structure is this?	70
7813866325	Secondary structure	What structure is this?	71
7814074753	Tertiary Structure	What structure is this	72
7814096311	Quaternary Structure	What structure is this?	73
7814208511	Denaturation and ph and heat	The unraveling of a protein is called and caused	74
7814224595	DNA	How does the body know what order to assemble the amino acids for each protine?	75
7814234809	Enzymes-> no function Structure- change in function = mutation	What happens if the order of amino acids is incorrect?	76
7814252868	Biological catalysts, they create the conditions needed for biochemical reactions to happen fast They are protines folded into complex shapes allowing smaller moleculse to conect to the enzyme molecule and become a single product	What are enzymes?	77
7814290872	Nucleotide	What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?	78
7814299194	DNA and RNA	What are two examples of nucleic acid?	79
7814305803	Instructions for making proteins	What is the function of a nucleic acid?	80
7814327577	Peptide Bonds	Where are phospholipid molecules found?	81
7814319854	Peptide bonds	How do amino acids bond with each other?	82

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7224480619	Glycine (G) (Gly)	Nonpolar (hydrophobic) Only Non-Chiral Neurotransmitter invovled in synthesis of numerous molecules and has a low pKa due to positive amine group precursor of betaine, creatine, and porphyrins such as heme, and nucleotide	0
7224490285	Proline (P) (Pro)	Nonpolar/hydrophobic Very stable and found in turns due to kinked structure Not aromatic	1
7224496094	Valine (V) (Val)	Hydrophobic/nonpolar metabolism	2
7224503747	Leucine (L) (Leu)	Hydrophobic/nonpolar	3
7224504849	Isoleucine (I) (Ile)	nonpolar/hydrophobic has TWO chiral centers	4
7224506816	Alanine (A) (Ala)	nonpolar/hydrophobic chiral small side chain generic AA that can be substituted for other AA	5
7224508665	Tryptophan (W) (Trp)	Some polarity least abundant in protein can hydrogen bond precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and niacin (vit B3)	6
7224511367	Methionine (M) (Met)	Hydrophobic/nonpolar One of two amino acids that has a sulfur bond (does not hydrogen bond) rare	7
7224515790	Phenylalanine (F) (Phe)	hydrophobic aromatic	8
7224517965	Serine (S) (Ser)	Uncharged, polar Alcohol (hydroxyl group) H bonds and dehydration rxn important in metabolism	9
7224519788	Threonine (T) (Thr)	Uncharged, polar Alcohol (hydroxyl group) dual chirality H-bonds	10
7224521704	Tyrosine (Y) (Tyr)	Polar, uncharged precursor of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine usually protonated	11
7224524111	Asparagine (N) (Asn)	amide polar, uncharged was first AA discovered (in asparagus) H bonds	12
7224528217	Glutamine (Q) (Gln)	polar, uncharged amide groups H bonds precursor of nucleotide	13
7224529805	Cysteine (C) (Cys)	Nucleophilic polar, uncharged only AA with thiol group can be ionized	14
7224533065	Histidine (H) (His)	basic pka 6 important for acid/base rxn and enzymes precursor of histamine	15
7224536659	Lysine (K) (Lys)	basic usually protonated b/c it has higher pka (10) precursor of carnitine	16
7224538091	Arginine (R) (Arg)	basic precursor of nitric oxide and creatine	17
7224540848	Aspartate (D) (Asp)	acid precursor of nucleotide	18
7224544087	Glutamate (E) (Glu)	acid	19
7226361634	Enantiomers	Have mirror images. Body only allows for the L isomer	20
7226475507	Acetylation	NH2 of lysine, terminus. Most common modification, Important in histones (postive charge on histone binds DNA and acetylation loosens it--transcription regulation)	21
7226498645	Phosphorylation	OH of ser, thr, tyr common modification	22
7226500087	cysteine vs. cystine	cysteine is reduced (double SH) and cystine is oxidated (double S bonded) Clinically important in cystinuria bc cystine can reach solubility limit much more quickly than a free AA	23
7226511552	beta-alanine	natural (and synthetic) amino acid found in vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) not found in proteins	24
7226518658	gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)	chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. Naturally occuring amino acid but not found in proteins	25
7226555600	isoelectric point	is between 2 lowest buffering regions in an acidic AA and between 2 highest buffering regions in a basic AA	26
7226562810	Hydropathy index	the bigger the number the more nonpolar (hydrophobic)	27
7226568308	histamine	decarboxylation of histidine	28
7226583508	creatine	Formation takes place in liver and kidney then are transferred to muscle. Arginine & glycine combine to forn guanidinoacetate. that is then methylated with methionine to for creatine. Creatine is used to make creatine phosphate but neither form are completely stable and therefore they spontaneously cycle to make creatinine. Creatinine is used to measure kidney function bc it isn't reabsorbed.	29
7226610968	pyroglutamic acid	found in GnRH and TRH looks similar to proline but has additional double bonded O	30
7226615616	TRH	pyroGlu-His-Pro-NH2 biologically active peptide both termini are blocked and therefore has no charge (other than possible small charge on histidine) unique even though only three AAs long	31
7226620419	GnRH	pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-NH2 biologically active peptide	32
7226625501	What is the relationship between molecular weight and number of amino acids?	weight of AA is ~114 on average therefore weight of molecule is around 100x number of AA Shorter chains are preferred bc less chance of error	33
7226637531	Metal in proteins	1/3 of proteins have metal inside their structure. there for electron transport or other functionality.	34
7226639485	Insulin	Hexamer (6 identical subunits) is inactive form. Monomer is active form when it dissociates. Its side chain is produced as a single chain then post-translationally is processed (clipped) into A and B chains. On B chain there are Proline (B28) and Lysine (B29). Two rapid forms of recombinant insulin are: 1. Humalog("lispro") switches B28 & B29 2. Novolog(aspart) substitutes asp for pro at B28 position THIS POSITION IS IMPORTANT FOR STABILIZING HEXAMER. Mess with it and it dissociates quickly to monomer (fast acting).	35
7226672402	Gap in same sequence from two different organisms	gap may indicate that region is interacting with solvent or at the surface. Corresponding sequence has charged AAs where the gap is indicating possible water interaction	36
7226762806	primary structure	consists of AAs linked together by peptide and disulfide bonds	37
7226763981	secondary structure	helix; polypeptide structure arranged into units ex: alpha-helix; involves AAs that are bonded 4 residues ahead; b-sheets	38
7226765340	tertiary structure	folded peptide	39
7226770901	quaternary structure	multi-subunit proteins	40
7226773993	cis and trans configuration	almost all AAs are in trans confirmation but proline can be either	41
7226776194	L or R	most are R handed in nature	42
7226777844	peptide bond	rotation around alpha carbon (lower the degree of freedom less entropy to use folded up) peptide bond is rigid which is important for folding N donates H and O accepts it	43
7226781028	Anti-parallel beta sheet	goes in the direction of the carboxyl group form a surface with stretched out H bonds between strands sheets aren't flat, they're twisted B sheets are found in interior of globular proteins	44
7226787967	non-repetitive regions	turns (i.e. hairpin) or coils/loops that link regions of secondary structure. Occur between anti-parallel sheets. Proline, glycine, and polar AA are used at turns bc they turn to surface and interact with solvent/water	45
7226793930	Protein types	Globular Membrane Structural (fibrous) Disordered/unstructured protein protein fibrils	46
7226807571	globular proteins	water soluble, not very stable, will unfold easily. compact, tightly packed together advantageous because they can be broken down easily and faster turn over	47
7226813049	membrane proteins	partially lipid soluble, hydrophobic	48
7226813627	structural proteins	fibrous i.e. collagen and keratin	49
7226816863	intrinsically disordered/unstructured proteins	lack of stable tertiary structure when the protein exists as an isolated polypeptide chain in vitro. have amorphous shape until they bind something and becomes rigid/ordered	50
7226823269	protein fibrils	abnormal aggregates forming thin fibers (fibrils), usually through beta sheet stacking. (involved in neurodegenerative diseases)	51
7226840625	motif or fold	motif is recognizable folding pattern involving two or more elements of secondary structure and the connection(s) between them; may or may not have a specific role fold is same as motif just a larger functional unit	52
7226842985	domain	folds that have independent function. will fold by itself. ex: troponin C. single chain but folded into two distinct conformations with different functions (important in muscle phys)	53
7226859759	C2 vs. C3 cyclic symmetry	C2: 2 subunits (dimer) that has rotational symmetry and only needs two turns to get back to original position (180 degrees) C3: has three-fold axis b/c of three identical subunits.	54
7226864805	Where do you find beta sheets?	interior of globular proteins	55
7226865795	Entropy favors ______ proteins	unfolded. That is because polar water wants to hydrogen bond	56
7226866806	metal inside of proteins	increase stability of proteins due to locking down parts of protein and acting as a cross link.	57
7226870955	Sickle cell hemoglobin	Valine substituted in for Gal on beta 6 causes self-association and polymerization surface polar-to-hydrophobic mutation that lowers solubility. mutation leads to hydrophobic interaction b/w heme tetramers fibril formation at high concentration	58
7226877861	enzyme vs. chemical catalysts	enzymes have higher reaction rate, milder reaction conditions, greater reaction specificity, and capacity for regulation	59
7226880385	cofactor	broad term meaning any nonprotein component of an enzyme required for catalytic activity typically metals	60
7226881044	coenzyme	complex organic or organometallic cofactors required for catalytic activity. typically organic and can be reversible. coenzyme is a cofactor but not all cofactors are coenzymes.	61
7226883449	prosthetic group	a cofactor that is very tightly or even covalently bound to the enzyme protein (not reversible)	62
7226883777	holoenzyme	a complete, catalytically active enzyme together with its prosthetic group (fully functional unit)	63
7226884468	apoenzyme	protein part of an enzyme which normally also contains prosthetic group	64
7226886471	protein isoforms	different forms of the SAME protein produced by related genes or alternate splicing of a gene different structural forms of same enzyme (same sequence) usually come from same gene	65
7226889963	isozymes	multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze same reaction but differ in amino acid sequence, substrate affinity, vmax, and/or regulatory properties. May occur in same species, in same tissue, or even same cell. different enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction	66
7226907217	six types of enzymes	oxidoreductase transferases hydrolases lyases isomerases ligases	67
7226908371	oxidoreductase	electron transfer. catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions such as lactate to pyruvate ex: alcohol dehydrogenase	68
7226908985	transferases	chemical transfer. catalyze transfer of C-, N-, or P- containing groups like serine to glycine	69
7226909776	Hydrolases	use water to cleave bonds at carbonyl group like ester or amide. ex: urea to ammonia ex: trypsin	70
7226911753	lyases	cleavage of carbon containing bonds (C-C, C-s, and certain C-N bonds)	71
7226916682	isomerases	catalyze racemization of optical or geometric isomers.	72
7226917181	ligases	catalyze formation of bonds between carbon and O, S, and N coupled to hydrolysis of high-energy phosphates. (requires ATP)	73
7226923404	initial rate	rate of first 10% . more substrate added, the quicker the reaction until saturation or equilibrium is reached.	74
7226924757	km	Michaelis constant; an approximation of the binding affinity of a substrate increased km = lower affinity (takes more substrate to saturate active site) low km doesn't neccesarily mean that it is a good substrate because it has to turn over to product and not just bind	75
7226925533	vmax	maximum velocity of the enzyme under specific conditions used -measure of how well the enzyme works and binds to substrate	76
7226926376	kcat	turnover number of the enzyme, a first order rate constant derived from vmax and the enzyme concentration	77
7226928664	kcat/km	catalytic efficiency. best measure of how good a substrate is BEST way to compare enzymes	78

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8432651718	Atom	The building blocks of life, the smallest possible unit of mass	0
8432651719	Element	Any substance that consists of only 1 type of atom	1
8432651720	Compound	Two or more types of elements combined in a definite ratio/pattern	2
8432651721	Protons	Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.	3
8432651722	Neutrons	Particles found in the nucleus of a atom with no/neutral charge	4
8432651723	Electrons	Negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus in a atom	5
8432651724	Covalent bond	Formed when atoms share electrons	6
8432651725	Electronegativity	Creates a charge across a molecule when electrons spend more time with one atom	7
8432651726	Nonpolar	Molecules where atoms share electrons equally and have no charge (a type of covalent bond)	8
8432651727	Polar	Molecule when atoms don't share electrons equally creating a charge across the molecule (a type of covalent bond) (found in a water molecule)	9
8432651728	Hydrogen bond	Weak attraction between the positive side of one polar molecule and the negative side on another (links water molecules together)	10
8432651729	Cohesion	The tendency of the same type of molecule to stick together (creates surface tension in water)	11
8432651730	Adhesion	The tendency of different molecules to stick together (allow water to cling to a blade of grass)	12
8432651731	High Heat Capacity	water has the ability to absorb large amounts of heat before it changes temperature	13
8432651732	Monomer	Single unit building block	14
8432651733	Polymer	Large molecules made by joining monomers	15
8432651734	Macromolecule	Large polymer made of many monomers	16
8432651735	Organic Compound	Molecules that make up living things, contain carbon and hydrogen	17
8432651736	Inorganic Compound	Do not contain carbon and hydrogen, still found in living things	18
8432651737	Carbon	Element the forms the basis of all organic compounds, can form 4 bonds, creating molecules of various shapes	19
8432651738	Polymerization	when monomers link together to form polymers, water is removed/created, same as dehydration synthesis	20
8432651739	Hydrolysis	water is added to break polymers into monomers	21
8432651740	Carbohydrates	Organic compounds commonly called sugars, used for energy	22
8432651741	Monosaccharide	Carbohydrate monomer, simple sugars	23
8432651742	Polysaccharide	Carbohydrate polymer	24
8432651743	Lipids	Macromolecules that don't mix well with water and contain no monomers. Used for long term energy storage	25
8432651744	Unsaturated fatty acids	Component of fats, contain double-bonded carbons that create a bend, liquid at room temperature	26
8432651745	Saturated fatty acids	Component of fats, long, straight chains of sinlge-bonded carbons, solid at room temperature	27
8432651746	Protein	Polymer made of long chains of amino acids, responsible for most aspects of life	28
8432651747	Amino acids	Monomers of proteins	29
8432651748	Polypeptide	Long chains of amino acids	30
8432651749	Denaturation	Change in the shape of a protein due to a change in the environment, stops the proteins functions	31
8432651750	Peptide bond	Covalent bond that links amino acids	32
8432651751	Nucleic acid	Organic compound made of nucleotides, includes DNA & RNA	33
8432651752	Nucleotide	Monomer of nucleic acids	34
8432651753	Reactant	Substance(s) in a reaction undergoing a change (what goes in)	35
8432651754	Product	Substance(s) formed during a reaction (what comes out)	36
8432651755	Activation Energy	Amount of energy required to break chemical bonds and start a reaction	37
8432651756	Enzyme	Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy	38
8432651757	Catalyst	Substances that cause reactions, but aren't changed by them	39
8432651758	Substrate	The substance an enzyme acts on	40
8432651759	Active site	Region of the enzyme where the substrate attaches	41

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biochemistry Flashcards

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5149223440	monosaccharides	simple sugars; gluctose, galactose, fructose	0
5149236857	disaccharides	two simple sugars; sucrose, lactose, maltose	1
5149247378	polysaccharides	complex carbohydrates; starch, glycogen, cellulose	2
5149270024	organic chemistry	the study of compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen	3
5149280551	dehydration synthesis	removing of water to create a new bond	4
5149288986	hydrolysis	adding of water to break bond	5
5149300146	how catalyst speeds up chemical reaction	lowers activation energy needed	6
5149335544	how monosaccharides form polysaccharides	it releases energy	7
5149351985	building blocks of dna and rna	ribonucleic acid	8
5149361499	building block of proteins	amino acids	9
5149391265	example of strong base	sodium hydroxide	10
5149393640	example of strong acid	hydrochloric acid	11
5149418486	proteins in the body	collagen, elastin, insulin	12
5149435401	another name for protein	polypeptides	13
5149464510	catalyst	any substance that speeds up a chemical reaction	14

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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4690237342	Monomer	A molecule that can combine with others of the same kind to form a polymer.	0
4690237778	Polymer	Any of various chemical compounds made of smaller, identical molecules (called monomers) linked together.	1
4690238518	Polymerization	The bonding of two or more monomers to form a polymer.	2
4690239020	Carbohydrate	any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things	3
4690239652	Monosaccharide	a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate	4
4690240705	Starch	A complex carbohydrate in which plants store energy	5
4690242484	Protein	a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body.	6
4690243295	Enzyme	protein that acts as a biological catalyst	7
4690243613	Lipid	large organic compounds made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen; examples are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids; are insoluble in water and used by cells for energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings, such as in membranes	8
4690244015	Nucleic Acid	a complex organic substance present in living cells, (DNA or RNA) whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.	9
4690245309	Nucleotide	The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.	10
4690245989	Synthesis	combining molecules to make something new	11
4690246755	Digestion	taking molecules apart or breaking them down.	12
4690247716	Substrate	The molecule that an enzyme is attaching to in the active site	13
4690248959	Active Site	The part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate	14

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8419297972	Matter	Is anything that occupies space(Rock, Wood, Air, Metal, Water, and animals)	0
8419328208	Element	Is a pure substances that can not be boken down into other substances by chemical means( Gold, Helium, Mecuy, and Oxygen)	1
8419367391	Element	Basic Ingredintes of matter. The most complex forms of matter are made fom basic element that makeup Humans	2
8419396186	Four main elemnts to human life	Oxygen(O), Carbon(C) Hydrogen(H), and Nitrogen(N) equal about 96 Percent of human body.	3
8419444639	The rest of you body	Calcuim(Ca), Phosphorus(P), Potassium(K), Sulfur(S) and a few others	4
8419488943	Trace Elements	Make up less than (0.01) of your body.	5
8419534558	Amount of Elements		6
8419551670	Compound	A substances contaning two or more elements that are physically combined in a fixed ratio. For example water(H2O) is a compound that contains the same amount ratio. ( Hydogen cmbined with oxygen)	7
8419621268	Elements and compounds differ	Compound is a mixtue or substances contaning two or more elements that are chemically combined, Elements are a pure substances on the other hand.	8
8419658425	Trace Elements in body	0.15 milligrams of iodine which your thyroid needs. Iron makes up (0.004) percent of body mass. Copper, Fluoride, Manganese, and selenium.	9
8419707549	Ways to get all of bodies Trace Elements	A well balanced diet	10
8419768080	Atoms	Invisible, Smallest paticle of an element. Carbon Atom is the smallest peice"	11
8419834730	Atom make up	Atoms of all elements are made up of even smaller componetes, Called subatomic particles	12
8419855024	Proton	Is a subatomic particle with a single unit of postive electiacal charge(+)	13
8419867976	Electron	Is a subatomic particle witha single unit of a negative charge(-)	14
8419884728	Neutron	Is a subatomic charge that has no electrical charge.	15
8419906797	Nucleus	An atom's protons and neutrons are tightly packed together, Creating the central core.	16
8419924242	Helium atom		17
8419938468	Atomic Number	All atoms of a particular element have the same numbe of protons	18
8420028577	Isotopes	The other fom of elements. Same amount of protons and Electrons but differnt number of Nuetrons.	19
8420073148	Radioactive Isotopes	The nucules decayes over time giving off radation. In the form of matter or energy.	20
8420150809	Atoms structure and reacting with other atoms	Electons determine all of this. Electns differ in the amount of energy they have and how tight they are held in by proton in nucules.	21
8420213515	3 Subatomic particles in an atom	Protons, Electons, and Nuetrons are in the nucles while the electon wraps around them.	22
8420285156	What is an Isotope and explain how Radioactive isotopes are useful in Science	Isotopes of an element have the same number of proton in their atom but differnt neutons. And RadioActive help sciecnce, Showing what happens to differnt atoms within an organism. Also show radioactive decay. And can be used in meds to show body scans	23
8420409683	Electron energy level		24
8420419935	Ionic Bonds	Atom transfer an electron to anothe atom.	25
8420431618	Covalent Bonds	two atoms share electrons	26
8420509806	Number of bonds	The number of bonds an atom can form usaly equals the higgestnumber of electrons that will fill its highest enegy level	27
8420534704	Number of bonds	A hydogen atom can accept one additional	28
8420628621	Number of Bonds	In contast, an oxygen atom can accept two electrons, in its hihest level, so it can form two bonds	29
8420646682	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covlent bonds form a molecule.	30
8420677551	Chemical Formula	tells you the number and types of atoms in a molecue	31
8420743283	Structural Formula	Show how atoms in a molecule are linked by bonds	32
8420767023	Space Filling Moecules	Colered circles show atoms	33
8420779981	Chemical Reaction	Changes which result in the fomation of one or more new substances ( Som echemical reactions release more energy than they release.	34
8420809127	Reactions	Starting materials for the reaction( Hydrogen and oxygen.)	35
8420820110	Product	Ending materials (water)	36
8420839888	Polar molecule	A molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative	37
8421020810	hydrogen bond	weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom	38
8421020811	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance(stronger for water)	39
8421020812	Adhesion	Force of attraction between different kinds of molecules	40
8421020813	thermal energy	The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance	41
8421020814	Water	Is resist to water	42
8421020815	Temperature	A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.	43
8421020816	Density of ice	A high density substance is more tightly packed. Than a low substance is. In most case the solid state is more dense than liquid state	44
8421020817	Density of Ice	Ice less dense than liquid water which makes it float	45
8421020818	solution	mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed	46
8421020819	Solvent	The substance in which the substance dissolves.	47
8421020820	Solute	Substance that dissolves and is in greater present in a lesser amount	48
8421020821	aqueous solution	a solution in which water is the solvent inside all cells, in blood, and in plant sap.	49
8421020822	Acid	compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution	50
8421020823	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	51
8421020824	pH scale	0-14	52
8421020825	Buffers	Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH	53

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