Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 5248243752 | Inorganic Molecules | doesn't contain carbon but exceptions are carbon dioxide (CO2), calcium carbon (CaCO3) and it an form up to 4 single bonds | 0 | |
| 5248360452 | Organic Molecules | contains carbon like glucose | 1 | |
| 5248393869 | 6 Major Functional Groups | carbonyl (carbs, lipids), carboxyl (carbs, lipids), hydroxyl , amino (proteins), phosphate (nucleic acids), sulfhydryl (proteins) | 2 | |
| 5248431261 | Carboxyl |  | 3 | |
| 5248460971 | Carbonyl |  | 4 | |
| 5248469963 | Hydroxyl |  | 5 | |
| 5248471466 | Amino |  | 6 | |
| 5248473860 | Phosphate |  | 7 | |
| 5248473861 | Sulfhydryl |  | 8 | |
| 5248485910 | Elements in Carbohydrates | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen | 9 | |
| 5248488337 | Elements in Lipids | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen | 10 | |
| 5248489728 | Elements in Proteins | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (Sulfur) | 11 | |
| 5248491845 | Elements in Nucleic Acids | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus | 12 | |
| 5248494573 | Macromolecules | large molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) and if they contain carbon, they are organic | 13 | |
| 5248500212 | Monomers for Carbs | Monosaccharides (simple sugars) | 14 | |
| 5248505579 | Monomers for Lipids | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids | 15 | |
| 5248510159 | Monomers for Nucleic Acids | Nucleotides | 16 | |
| 5248514923 | Monomers for Proteins | Amino Acids | 17 | |
| 5248518155 | Polymers for Carbs | Polysaccharides | 18 | |
| 5248519746 | Polymers for Lipids | Triglyceride | 19 | |
| 5248521614 | Polymers for Proteins | Polypeptides | 20 | |
| 5248525580 | Polymers for Nucleic Acids | Polynucleotides | 21 | |
| 5248528739 | Dehydration Synthesis | Remove water in order to build monomers | 22 | |
| 5248529977 | Hydrolysis | Add water to break apart bonds (monomers) | 23 | |
| 5248542836 | Carbs Monosaccharides | Glucose, Fructose, Galactose | 24 | |
| 5248546805 | Carbs Polysaccharides | Sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose) | 25 | |
| 5248556455 | Carbs Disaccharides | Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin | 26 | |
| 5248614270 | Carbs Structural Polysaccharides | Cellulose Chitin | 27 | |
| 5248615971 | Carbs Storage Polysaccharides | Starch Glycogen | 28 | |
| 5248622240 | Starch is found in | Plants | 29 | |
| 5248622241 | Glycogen is found in | Animal Liver | 30 | |
| 5248624394 | Cellulose is found in | Plants | 31 | |
| 5248629408 | Chitin is found in | Exoskeletons of Arthropods | 32 | |
| 5248849889 | Protein Folding | Chain of amino acids | 33 | |
| 5248853005 | Protein Folding Diagram |  | 34 | |
| 5248874212 | Primary Protein Folding | AA AA AA AA | 35 | |
| 5248877328 | Secondary Protein Folding |  | 36 | |
| 5248885138 | Tertiary Protein Folding | Additional folding because of the interactions between side chain (variable groups) | 37 | |
| 5248889833 | Quadinary Protein Folding | 2 or more polypeptides | 38 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5330483702 | Activation energy | The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start |  | 0 |
| 5330512390 | Catalyst | Substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction |  | 1 |
| 5330534161 | Enzymes | Protein that catalyzes chemical reaction for organisms |  | 2 |
| 5330569587 | Adhesion | Attraction between molecules of different substances and the attraction of molecules of the same substances |  | 3 |
| 5330606632 | Cohesion | The attraction of molecules of the same substances | | 4 |
| 5330616262 | Chemical reaction | The braking and forming of chemical bonds |  | 5 |
| 5330642545 | Homeostasis | Regulation and maintenance of internal conditions I'm an organism |  | 6 |
| 5330782017 | Chemical formula | An expression used showing the elements present in a compound and their proportions in a relation to a chemical reaction |  | 7 |
| 5330872597 | Solute | the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent. |  | 8 |
| 5330881889 | Solution | A mixture that's co consistent throughout;also called a homogenous mixture |  | 9 |
| 5330929280 | Solvent | A substance I m which solutes dissolve and is present in greatest, concentration in a solution |  | 10 |
| 5330986742 | Amino acids | Molecules that contain carbon,oxygen,hydrogen,and sometimes sulfur |  | 11 |
| 5331052351 | Carbohydrates | Molecules composed of carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and starches |  | 12 |
| 5331063061 | Proteins | Molecules composed of amino acids |  | 13 |
| 5331066655 | Lipids | Nonpolar molecules that includes fats,oils and cholesterol |  | 14 |
| 5331078723 | Fats | Large molecules composed of three fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol molecule |  | 15 |
| 5331106387 | Polypeptides | Chains of amino acids that form proteins |  | 16 |
| 5331114723 | Nucleic acid | The genetic material of organisms |  | 17 |
| 5331128255 | Energy | Work needed to perform a task |  | 18 |
| 5331138109 | Macromolecules | Large molecules necessary for life,including carbohydrates,nucleic acids and proteins. |  | 19 |
| 5331151096 | Fatty acids | Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms |  | 20 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7950975783 | energy | -the ability to do work -unit= calories and joules | 0 | |
| 7950978462 | matter | -anything that takes up space and has mass -unit= g | 1 | |
| 7950986485 | element | -basic form of matter -1-92 -hydrogen - uranium | 2 | |
| 7950996839 | atom | smallest possible unit of an element | 3 | |
| 7951000103 | compound | 2 or more elements that are chemically combined (bonded) in a specific ratio ex. H20, CO2, C6H12O2 | 4 | |
| 7951019825 | molecule | atoms (2 or more) of the same element ex. H2, graphite | 5 | |
| 7951026656 | mixture | 2 or more substances physically combined, can be separated | 6 | |
| 7951031813 | atomic number | number of protons | 7 | |
| 7951042421 | atomic mass | mass of protons + neutrons | 8 | |
| 7951056585 | Pb | lead | 9 | |
| 7951056586 | Na | sodium | 10 | |
| 7951059541 | Hg | mercury | 11 | |
| 7951072292 | isotope | -differs in number of neutrons, naturally occur -some are radioactive | 12 | |
| 7951079091 | electron charge | negative | 13 | |
| 7951079092 | proton charge | positive | 14 | |
| 7951081640 | neutron charge | neutral (no charge) | 15 | |
| 7951083973 | ion | atoms that are charged + or - | 16 | |
| 7951101268 | bonding | when elements chemically combine by sharing electrons | 17 | |
| 7951164514 | covalent bonding | equal sharing of electrons ex. glucose | 18 | |
| 7951168297 | ionic bonding | transfer of electrons (uneven) ex. NaCl | 19 | |
| 7951173931 | molecular/chemical formula | shows number and kind of elements ex. h2o, co2 | 20 | |
| 7951229447 | structural formula of water | number, kind, and arrangement (3D) | 21 | |
| 7951249520 | boiling point | liquid turns to gas (100* C for water) | 22 | |
| 7951253247 | freezing point | liquid to solid (0* C) | 23 | |
| 7951277253 | frozen water | least dense (ice floats) | 24 | |
| 7951281242 | solvent | liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances | 25 | |
| 7951283574 | solute | dissolved into solvent | 26 | |
| 7951286349 | solution | a mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another | 27 | |
| 7951289677 | adhesion | stick to glass or other surface | 28 | |
| 7951294601 | cohesion | stick together | 29 | |
| 7951304322 | why does water have special properties? | water is a polar molecule, it has 4 charges (2 negatives, 2 positives), therefore it can stick to 4 other molecules | 30 | |
| 7951334885 | pH | -water is 7, neutral -base= higher than 7 (7-14), extra OH's -acid= less than 7 (1-7), extra H's | 31 | |
| 7951345214 | water | -universal solvent -lipids can't dissolve | 32 | |
| 7951365649 | organic | must have carbon and hydrogen | 33 | |
| 7951367633 | inorganic | -co/co2, h2o, NaCL, KCL are not organic because they don't have carbon and hydrogen -salts, minerals, water | 34 | |
| 7951400226 | 4 classes of organic compounds (carbon based) | -carbohydrates -proteins -nucleic acids -lipids | 35 | |
| 7951407864 | carbohydrates structure | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | 36 | |
| 7951422763 | glucose | -simplest carbohydrate -c6h12o6 -1:2:1 ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen -1:1 ratio of carbon:water -monosaccharide -DDUD |  | 37 |
| 7951510016 | monosaccharides | 1 sugar ex. glucose, fructose, galactose | 38 | |
| 7951554282 | isomer | different shape/structure, same molecular formula | 39 | |
| 7951648912 | dehydration synthesis | reaction makes 1 bond, 1 water -for each bond formed, 1 water is released -number of molecules joined - 1 = number of waters | 40 | |
| 7951670874 | chemical equation of dehydration synthesis | c6h12o6 + c6h12o6 --> c12h22o11 + h20 | 41 | |
| 7951705651 | hydrolysis | break down bonds by adding water | 42 | |
| 7951747237 | disaccharide | 2 monosaccharides joined together | 43 | |
| 7951776389 | sucrose | disaccharide glucose + fructose | 44 | |
| 7951779622 | lactose | disaccharide glucose + galactose | 45 | |
| 7951781844 | maltose | disaccharide glucose + glucose | 46 | |
| 7951833005 | polysaccharides | hundreds or even thousands of monosaccharides, build upon the building block or monomer (glucose) to form a large polymer (starch) | 47 | |
| 7951863310 | amylose | plant starch, straight chain of repeating glucose | 48 | |
| 7951877537 | glycogen | animal starch, stored in liver, branched chain of repeating glucose | 49 | |
| 7951963244 | cellulose | cell wall, glucose cross links, can eat but not digest | 50 | |
| 7951966813 | chitin | insect's exoskeleton, slightly modified glucose | 51 | |
| 7951969933 | 100(c6h1206) | 100 individual glucose, not bonded | 52 | |
| 7951976979 | [c6h12o6]100 | 100 bonded glucose | 53 | |
| 7951980690 | protein functions | transport, movement, enzymes, support, hormones, defense, storage | 54 | |
| 7951985159 | transport | hemoglobin carries o2, cell membrane procedures ex. active transport, facilitated diffusion | 55 | |
| 7951991248 | movement | muscle contraction, actin and myosin interlock, contract when activated w ATP | 56 | |
| 7951996173 | enzymes | digestive, pepsin, enzymes in saliva, tears, etc. | 57 | |
| 7952000488 | support | found in tissues, collagen and elastin, ex. skin snaps back | 58 | |
| 7952006177 | hormones | regulation of blood sugar, insulin, and adrenaline, causes more glucose (sugar) to be released into blood | 59 | |
| 7952011828 | defense | antibodies, immunoglobulins, white blood cells make them, stick to invaders | 60 | |
| 7952016886 | storage | egg white, albumin, store amino acids | 61 | |
| 7952020513 | amino acid | building block of protein 20 types end in -ine | 62 | |
| 7952025753 | glycine | simplest amino acid nh2ch2cooh | 63 | |
| 7952036486 | peptide bond | bond between amino acids | 64 | |
| 7952045439 | polypeptide | long chain of amino acids that makes proteins | 65 | |
| 7952047693 | every carbon has | 4 lines attached | 66 | |
| 7952047694 | every nitrogen has | 3 lines attached | 67 | |
| 7952051188 | every oxygen has | 2 lines attached | 68 | |
| 7952054115 | every hydrogen has | 1 line attached | 69 | |
| 7952056899 | lipids | fats, oils, wax, steroids | 70 | |
| 7952059571 | functions of lipids | insulation cushion structure communication energy storage protection | 71 | |
| 7952064939 | insulation | provide warmth ex. aquatic mammals | 72 | |
| 7952067654 | cushion | internal organs | 73 | |
| 7952067655 | structure | phospholipid (cell membrane) | 74 | |
| 7952070544 | communication | steroid hormone | 75 | |
| 7952075984 | energy storage | long term fat/oil storage | 76 | |
| 7952077623 | protection | ex. wax on a leaf, earwax, beeswax | 77 | |
| 7952082340 | building block of lipids | 3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol | 78 | |
| 7952096671 | saturated fat | solid at room temperature animal ex. butter, bacon fat | 79 | |
| 7952348141 | unsaturated fat | liquid at room temperature plant at least 1 double bond ex. olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil | 80 | |
| 7952356702 | ester bond | bond that connects the glycerol and fatty acid in fat molecules | 81 | |
| 7952389021 | triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule | 82 | |
| 7979614504 | nucleic acid functions | hereditary information controls cell self replicate | 83 |
Flashcards
biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5880313041 | biochemistry | focuses on the chemistry and compositions of living things | 0 | |
| 5880320974 | bio-molecules | macromolecules and organic molecules | 1 | |
| 5880327737 | types of bio-molecules (4) | carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acid | 2 | |
| 5880334254 | structure of bio-molecules | another word for bio-molecules is polymers, polymers are made up smaller parts called monomers | 3 | |
| 5880344684 | Carbohydrates | major source of energy and includes sugar and starches *made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen; with a 2;1 ratio to hydrogen to oxygen plants and animals use carbohydrates for maintaining structure within cells | | 4 |
| 5880402674 | proteins | nitrogen containing compounds MADE UP OF CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS 20 amino acids can combine to form a great variety of protein molecules can compose ENZYMES HORMONES ANTIBODIES AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS | | 5 |
| 5880403246 | lipids | water insoluble (fats and oils) made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen; composed of GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS provide insulation STORES ENERGY cushion internal organs |  | 6 |
| 5880404580 | nucleic acid | direct the instruction of proteins genetic information an organism receives from its parents two types of DNA: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) |  | 7 |
| 5880536278 | uses of starches/ carbohydrates (3) | Glycogen Cellulose Glucose | 8 | |
| 5880544207 | Glycogen | starch found in animals | 9 | |
| 5880547027 | Cellulose | starch found in plants that make up the cell wall & provides structural support | 10 | |
| 5880553181 | Glucose | is your body's most important source of energy | 11 | |
| 5881299806 | enzymes | speeds up chemical reations |  | 12 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 8075999973 | Macromolecules | smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules | 0 | |
| 8076035016 | 4 major macromolecule classes | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids | 1 | |
| 8076035017 | Polymers | longer molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain - many monomer | 2 | |
| 8076077881 | Dehydration Synthesis | - joins monomers by "taking" H2O out - one monomer donates OH- - other monomer donates H+ - together these form H2O - Condensation reaction |  | 3 |
| 8076094535 | Digestion/ Hydrolysis | - use H2O to breakdown polymers - revers of dehydration synthesis - cleave off on monomer at a time - H2O is split into H+ and OH attach to ends |  | 4 |
| 8076115912 | Carbohydrates | - carbohydrates are composed of C,H,O | 5 | |
| 8076126300 | Carbohydrates Function | - Energy --> ATP - Energy storage - raw materials - structural materials: cyton, cellulose | 6 | |
| 8076137524 | monomer of Carbohydrates | sugar | 7 | |
| 8076139555 | Sugars | - most end in -ose - classified by number of carbons | 8 | |
| 8076142258 | Monosaccharides | - simple 1 monomer sugars - glucose | 9 | |
| 8076146085 | Disaccharides | - 2 monomer sugars - sucrose | 10 | |
| 8076149122 | Polysaccharides | - polymers of sugar - cost little energy to burn | 11 | |
| 8076165575 | Function of sugars | - energy storage - starch, glycogen | 12 | |
| 8076172399 | Linear polysaccharides | starch - easy to digest | 13 | |
| 8076176545 | Branched polysaccharides | - Glycogen - hard to digest | 14 | |
| 8076192452 | Cellulose | - most abundant organic compound on Earth - herbivores have envolved mechanism to digest i - most carnivores can not digest it | 15 | |
| 8076200136 | Proteins | - structurally and functionally diverse | 16 | |
| 8076217874 | Function of proteins | - enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) - structure (keratin, collagen) - carries and transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin) - defence antibodies - movement - muscle | 17 | |
| 8076243346 | Structure of Protein | - monomer = amino acid - polymer = polypeptide chain = protein - 20 different amino acids - protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded and bonded together | 18 | |
| 8076279882 | Amino acid | - central carbon + amino group + carboxyl group (acid) + R group (side chain) | 19 | |
| 8076311339 | R chain | Variable group gives it chemical distinction | 20 | |
| 8076320755 | Building proteins | - monomers (amino acids) make up the polymer (protein) - peptide bonds: covalent binds between NH2 (amine) of one amino acid and COOH - Polypeptide chains have directions - N-terminus = NH2 end (amino acid) - top - C-terminus = COOH end - bottom - Repeated sequence (N-C-C) is the polypeptide backbone - Function depends on structure --> 3-D structure --> twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape | 21 | |
| 8076369529 | N-terminus | NH2 end (amino acid) - top | 22 | |
| 8076371411 | C-terminus | COOH end - bottom | 23 | |
| 8076375307 | Primary structure | - order of amino acids in chain - Amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA) - Slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein´s structure and its function | 24 | |
| 8076393718 | Secondary folding | - local folding - folding along short sections of polyptide - interactions between adjacent amino acid - forms sections of DNA - alpha helix - beta pleated sheets | 25 | |
| 8076419289 | Tertiary structure | - whole molecule folding - interactions between distant amino acids - the structure of a protein that occurs due to interactions between R groups | 26 | |
| 8076454474 | Quaternary structure | - more than one polypeptide chain bounded together - then does polypeptide become functional protein | 27 | |
| 8076580988 | Denaturation | - unfolding of protein - reasons: temperature, pH, salinity - alters 2 and 3 structure - denatured protein is looser and at a more random state | 28 | |
| 8076591994 | Lipids | - composed of C,H,O | 29 | |
| 8076596428 | Family groups of lipids | fats, phospholipids, steroids | 30 | |
| 8076604931 | Fats | - fatty acid - long HC "tail" with carboxyl (COOH) group "head" formed through dehydration synthesis - long HC chain is non polar (hydrophobic) | 31 | |
| 8076637123 | Function of fats | energy storage - concentrated within HC chain - cushion organs - insulation body | 32 | |
| 8076674722 | saturated fats | - all C binded to H - No C=C double bondsC - long straight chains - most animal fat - solid at room temp. - contributes to cardiovascular diseases |  | 33 |
| 8076776175 | unsaturated fats | - C=C double binds in fatty acids - plant and fish fats - vegetable oils - liquid at room temperature |  | 34 |
| 8076803325 | Phosphor lipids | - structure: glycerol and 2 fatty acids and PO4 - PO4 negatively charged - Fatty acid tails = hydrophobic - PO4 head = hydrophilic . split sides | 35 | |
| 8076831089 | amphipathic | hydrophilic and hydrophobic | 36 | |
| 8076944603 | Phospholipids in water | -hydrophilic heads "attracted to H2O - hydrophobic tails "hide" from H2O -can self-assemble into bubbles - semipermeable membrane |  | 37 |
| 8076957697 | Steroids Structure | - 4 fused Carbon rings + something else - different steroids created by attaching different groups to rings - different structure created different function | 38 | |
| 8076978378 | Cholesterol | - important cell component - animal cell membranes - high concentration to cardiovascular disease - more cholesterol the more fluid the cell membrane --> nothing can go through membrane - regulating molecules entering and exiting the cell | 39 | |
| 8077042957 | cell membrane permitted and not | - small lipids can move through - sugar (polar) therefore cannot go through - water, salt is blocked - polar waste is blocked - bilayer is impermeable to polar substances | 40 | |
| 8077105260 | cell membrane channels | - Membranes becomes semi-preambles via protein channels - each channel is very specific - Proteins determine membrane´s specific functions | 41 | |
| 8077135376 | Functions of Membrane of Proteins | - transporters, enzyme activity, cell surface receptors, cell surface identity maker, cell adhesion, attachment to the cytoskeleton | 42 | |
| 8077168373 | Classes of membrane proteins | Peripheral proteins, Integral proteins | 43 | |
| 8077174972 | Peripheral proteins | - loosely bound to surface membrane - Cell surface identity marker - help with transport or communication | 44 | |
| 8077178462 | Integral proteins | - pentrate lipid bilayer usually across whole membrane - transmembrane proteins - transport proteins; channels, permeases (pumps) | 45 | |
| 8077241953 | Diffusion | - 2nd Law of Thermodynamics - concentration gradient | 46 | |
| 8077282985 | Simple diffusion | - move from high to low concentration - diffusion of non polar, hydrophobic molecules - passive transport - no energy needed | 47 | |
| 8077302867 | Facilitated Diffusion | - diffusion through protein channels - channels move specific molecules across membrane - no energy needed - diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules | 48 | |
| 8076029479 | 4 major macromolecule classes | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids | 49 | |
| 8076029480 | Active Transport | - cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient - protein pump - allosteric change in protein (different shape when engulfing) - requires ATP - against concentration gradient | 50 | |
| 8076024524 | allosteric change | different shape when engulfing | 51 | |
| 8076024525 | Antiport | two molecules are transported to opposite sides | 52 | |
| 8076019787 | Symport | two molecules are transported to the same side | 53 | |
| 8076019788 | Endocytosis (3) | - Phagocytosis: fuse with lysosome for digestion - Pinocytosis: non-specific process - Receptor-mediated endocytosis | 54 | |
| 8076014066 | Phagocytosis | fuse with lysosome for digestion a.Engulfing something large b.Cellular eating c.Specific d.Example: macrophages, neutrophils (immune system) | 55 | |
| 8076011076 | Pinocytosis | non-specific process - cellular drinking | 56 | |
| 8082235156 | Receptor-mediated endocytosis | triggered by molecular signal a.Highly specific b.Lock and key process c.Example: LDL (low density lipids), certain molecules which are needed in the nucleus - signal transduction pathway d.Bind to receptors on membrane e.As a certain number of molecules are attached to receptors the pit deepens | 57 | |
| 8082239826 | Exocytosis | vesicle is leaving the membrane - cellular waste | 58 | |
| 8082242906 | Osmosis | - diffusion of water - following 2nd law of thermodynamics | 59 | |
| 8082250631 | Hypotonic solution | less solute) less concentration of molecules and more concentration of water |  | 60 |
| 8082252949 | Hypertonic solution | (more solute) more concentration of molecules and less concentration of water |  | 61 |
| 8082269572 | Isotonic | concentrations are equal |  | 62 |
| 8082280520 | plant cells osmosis | -normal state is turgid (Hypotonic solution) -Flaccid: not as stable (Isotonic solution) -Plasmolysis: membrane will pull away from wall (Hypertonic solution) | 63 | |
| 8082282237 | animals cells osmosis | -Lysed: cell bursts (Hypotonic solution) -Normal: Isotonic solution -Shrivelled: Hypertonic solution | 64 | |
| 8082290028 | Why are cell so small | -The greater the surface area the more surface for diffusion to go across -The larger the surface area to volume ratio the faster the rate of diffusion into a cell | 65 | |
| 8083978974 | Types of microscopy | -Light microscope -Electron microscope -Scanning electron microscope -Transmission electron microscope | 66 | |
| 8083981779 | cell theory | - cell come from other cells - living things are made from cells | 67 | |
| 8083985586 | Characteristics of life (MRS GREN) | - Communication - Reproduction - Order - Growth and development - Energy processing - Regulation - Response to environment - Evolutionary adaption | 68 | |
| 8084008257 | surface:volume ratio | Smaller cells can diffuse more at a faster rate because of their higher surface to volume ratio | 69 | |
| 8084013251 | Prokaryotic cells | - bacteria and Archea | 70 | |
| 8084013252 | Eukaryotic cells | - smaller and simpler - protists, plant, fungi, animal - membrane enclosed nucleus | 71 | |
| 8084024476 | Similarities between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell | -Cytosol -Chromosomes -Ribosomes -cytoplasm | 72 | |
| 8084028103 | Plant vs Animal cell similarities | -membrane bound organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, goldi apparatus, lysosomes -similar membranes, cytosol and cytoskeleton | 73 | |
| 8084032294 | Plant differences | -larger than animal cells -chloroplasts -Vacuoles -Cell wall | 74 | |
| 8084059784 | Mitochondria | carry out cellular respiration | 75 | |
| 8084061432 | Chloroplast | photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algea | 76 | |
| 8084064654 | Nucleus | contains cell´s genetic instructions encoded in DNA - directing protein synthesis | 77 | |
| 8084069590 | Ribosomes | make proteins | 78 | |
| 8084071314 | endoplasmic reticulum | an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed | 79 | |
| 8084081159 | Endosymbiotic theory | states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within lager cells | 80 | |
| 8084233058 | cytoskeleton | jelly like fluid that fills a cell | 81 | |
| 8084236073 | flagella and cilia | protude cell membrane and make wave like motions | 82 | |
| 8084242157 | flagella | long and few | 83 | |
| 8084243958 | cilia | short and many | 84 | |
| 8084260964 | Extracellular matrix | - hold cell together - made of glycoproteins | 85 | |
| 8084263693 | Glycoproteins | carbon with protein | 86 | |
| 8084267106 | cell junction | -consist of multiprotein complexes -provide contact between neighbouring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix | 87 | |
| 8084327876 | Fluid-mosaic model of cell membranes | flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell | 88 | |
| 8084342224 | Types of protein in membrane | -Transporter -Enzyme activity -Cell surface receptor -Cell surface identity marker -Cell adhesion -Attachment to the cytoskeleton | 89 | |
| 8084345651 | Transporter protein | allows substances to cross the membrane through a channel in its interior | 90 | |
| 8084347448 | Amphipathic | hydrophilic ("water-loving") or polar end and a hydrophobic ("water-fearing") or nonpolar end | 91 | |
| 8084375005 | What can go through the membrane? | small nonpolar molecules | 92 | |
| 8084439436 | Spontaneous membrane formation | - phospholipids can self assemble into simple molecules - a membrane can enclose a solution that differs from its surrounding - basic requirement of life: plasma membrane that allows cells to regulate their chemical exchanges with the environment | 93 | |
| 8084456265 | Aquaporin | form pores in the membranes of cells and selectively conduct water molecules through the membrane, while preventing the passage of ions | 94 | |
| 8084457999 | Ion channel | -ability to open and close in response to chemical or mechanical signals -open: ions move through channel in single line fashion -ion channels are specific to particular ions | 95 | |
| 8084460551 | Water potential | potential energy in water - how willing is it to move | 96 | |
| 8084463880 | Water potential equation | Water potential = Solution potential + pressure potential | 97 | |
| 8084468292 | Solution Potential | -iCRT | 98 | |
| 8084470758 | Gibbs Free Energy eq | ΔG = ΔH - TΔS | 99 | |
| 8084472346 | Gibbs Free Energy | The energy of a system available to do work | 100 |
Flashcards
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5888229021 | Peptide bond | The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid | 0 | |
| 5888236787 | Phosphodiester linkage | covalent bonds that join adjacent nucleotides between the -OH group of the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' carbon of the next | 1 | |
| 5888242303 | C, H, N, O, P, S | What are the most abundant elements in biological molecules? | 2 | |
| 5888255841 | Ionic interactions, H bonds, van der Waals | What are the three major types of electrostatic forces that act on biological molecules? | 3 | |
| 5888263786 | van der Waals radii | The optimal packing distance that maximized the attractive van der Waals forces (London dispersion forces) between two non-covalently bonded molecules. (well, the sum of these 2 numbers is the optimal packing distance) | 4 | |
| 5888273006 | hydrophobic effect | The association of a relatively non-polar molecule or group with other non-polar molecules. This is not a bond, this is just the polar water molecules associating with each other and not the non-polar molecule. H-bond of water is disrupted... decreases entropy of the water and this is bad so try and make the smallest surface area of the non-polar thing. | 5 | |
| 5888278719 | amphiphilic | Of or relating to a molecule having a polar, water-soluble group attached to a nonpolar, water-insoluble hydrocarbon chain. | 6 | |
| 5888279700 | amphipathic | A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. | 7 | |
| 5891680742 | adenine, guanine | Name the two purines | 8 | |
| 5891687121 | uracil, thymine, cytosine | Name the three pyrimidines | 9 | |
| 5891699284 | guanine | Which of the purines has the carbonyl group? | 10 | |
| 5911065745 | thymine has a methyl group on 3' carbon | What is the difference between thymine and uracil? | 11 | |
| 5911081069 | amino group on the 4' carbon (instead of carbonyl group) | How can you recognize a cytosine? | 12 | |
| 5911102091 | idine (cytidine, thymidine, uridine) | pyrimidine (uracil, thymine, cytosine) with a five carbon sugar ends in | 13 | |
| 5911106384 | osine (guanosine, adenosine) | purines (adenine, guanine) with a five carbon sugar end in | 14 | |
| 5911160269 | five and six ring | Purines have (either a six ring or a five and six ring) | 15 | |
| 5911163423 | six ring | Pyrimidines have (either a six ring or a five and six ring) | 16 | |
| 5915475798 | amino group (donor), N-1 (acceptor) | What makes hydrogen bonds in adenine | 17 | |
| 5915488334 | amino group (donor), N-3 (acceptor), C-2 carbonyl (acceptor) | What makes hydrogen bonds in cytosine | 18 | |
| 5915492054 | N-3 (donor), C-2 carbonyl (acceptor), C-4 carbonyl (acceptor) | What makes hydrogen bonds in thymine | 19 | |
| 5915492055 | amino group (donor), C-6 carbonyl (acceptor), N-1 (donor) | What makes hydrogen bonds in guanine | 20 | |
| 5949537854 | hyperchromicity | The capacity of single-stranded DNA to absorb more ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260 nm than does double-stranded DNA. | 21 | |
| 5949537855 | hypochromicity | Hypo (low) chromicity (absorbance) (like when we go from single stranded DNA to double stranded DNA) | 22 | |
| 5949652868 | stronger base stacking interactions | Why does DNA with a higher GC content have a higher midpoint of melting (Tm)? GC pair have... | 23 | |
| 6006575043 | Asparagine no pKa | Asn, name and pKa | 24 | |
| 6006599839 | Glutamine no pKa | Gln name and pKa | 25 | |
| 6006610033 | Cysteine 8.5 | Cys | 26 | |
| 6006619406 | Histidine 6 | His name and pKa | 27 | |
| 6006778300 | Lysine, 10 | Lys, name and pKa | 28 | |
| 6006820699 | Glutamate 4 | Glu, name and pKa | 29 | |
| 6006823598 | Arginine 12.5 | Arg, name and pKa | 30 | |
| 6006833639 | Aspartate 4 | Asp, name and pKa | 31 | |
| 6006887077 | Isoleucine | Ile | 32 | |
| 6006891309 | Tryptophan | Trp | 33 | |
| 6006910735 | Tyrosine 10.5 | Tyr name and pKa | 34 | |
| 6707156761 | -30 | What is the standard free energy change (delta G) for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP? in kJ/mol | 35 | |
| 6707275069 | oxidative | catabolism is (reductive or oxidative) | 36 | |
| 6707275070 | reductive | anabolism is (reductive or oxidative) | 37 | |
| 6707386889 | decreased electrostatic repulsion, resonance stabilization, solvation effects | What are three things that make ATP a high energy molecule? All of these things are the result of the phosphoanydride bond | 38 | |
| 6707456467 | phosphoanhydride | What bond in ATP makes it high energy? When it breaks there is relieved electrostatic repulsion, the products have higher resonance stabilization, solvation effects, all that good shit | 39 | |
| 6707733179 | catabolism | What generates reduced cofactors/electron carriers? | 40 | |
| 6708401457 | 10 6 | How many electrons get pumped across the mitochondrial membrane for every NADH? For every FADH? | 41 | |
| 6708433432 | coenzyme Q | moves freely in the membrane and passes e- to complex 3 from complex 1 and 2. Lipid soluble, | 42 | |
| 6708444474 | Flavin mononucleotide (complex I) Iron-sulphur clusters, copper, cytochrome heme | Name the 4 prosthetic groups in the electron transport chain that are reversibly oxidized/reduced and move the electron down the chain | 43 | |
| 6708551756 | succinate fumarate | In complex II ____ is oxidized to ______ | 44 | |
| 6708577813 | Fo | Which is the transmembrane portion of ATP synthase | 45 | |
| 6708579006 | F1 | What portion of ATP synthase catalyzes the formation of ATP? | 46 | |
| 6708604416 | 3 3 2 | About how many H+ are required to make 1 ATP? So how many ATP are made from (about) 1 NADH? FADH? | 47 | |
| 6708947302 | rate of ATP synthesis | What determines proton movement and ultimately oxygen consumption? | 48 | |
| 6708980823 | Availability of P and ADP | What determines the rate of oxidative phosphorylation? | 49 | |
| 6709113533 | hexokinase | The enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis. This is one of the regulatory steps of this pathway. It is feedback-inhibited by glucose-6-P. Requires ATP | 50 | |
| 6709356934 | Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) | What is the rate-determining enzyme of Glycolysis? Transfers phosphate from Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Requires ATP | 51 | |
| 6709479106 | glucose + 2ATP --> 2GAP + 2ADP + 2H+ | sum up the energy investment stage of glycolysis | 52 | |
| 6709541517 | GAP + NAD+ + Pi <--> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ | First step in the energy capture stage of glycolysis (or the 6th step overall) looks like twat? | 53 | |
| 6709573584 | GAPDH | What catalyzes the (oxidation reaction) formation of 1,3-BGP (and NADH) from GAP? | 54 | |
| 6709943932 | 1,3 BPG --> 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate kinase | What is the first "energy capture" step in glycolysis? What's the catalyst? | 55 | |
| 6709990948 | phosphoenolpyruvate --> enolpyruvate --> pyruvate pyruvate kinase | What is the second "energy capture" step in glycolysis? What is the catalyst? | 56 | |
| 6710042586 | Glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ + 2Pi --> 2ATP + 2pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H2O + 2H+ | What is glycolysis, overall? | 57 | |
| 6710067845 | phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) 1,3 BPG NADH ATP | what are the high energy things made in glycolysis, including the intermediates | 58 | |
| 6710087858 | Substrate availability Alteration of enzyme activity Alteration of amount of enzyme Compartmentation | The rate of flux through metabolic pathways is regulated by four major processes: | 59 | |
| 6710098501 | Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase-1 Pyruvate kinase | Which of the enzymes in glycolysis are regulated? | 60 | |
| 6710125964 | glucose-6-phosphate inhibit | What regulates hexokinase? How does it regulate it? Product inhibition | 61 | |
| 6710221048 | ADP/AMP (+) and PEP (-) fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (+) fructose-6 phosphate (homoallosteric activator) ATP (homoallosteric inhibitor) | What is PKF-1 regulated by? | 62 | |
| 6710287912 | ATP (-) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (+) Feed forward | What regulates pyruvate kinase? This is what kind of activation? | 63 | |
| 6710451941 | pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) | Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA via the | 64 | |
| 6710456655 | matrix (of the mitochondria) | Where is pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA? | 65 | |
| 6710470240 | pyruvate + CoA + NAD --> Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH | What is the overall reaction of the conversion of pyruvate of acetyl-CoA? | 66 | |
| 6710513283 | NAD+/NADH ratio Ca++ concentration (+) Acetyl-CoA (-) | The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated by: | 67 | |
| 6710531237 | off | The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is switched __ when phosphorylated | 68 | |
| 6710996541 | citrate synthase | couples acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate and then hydrolyzes the resulting product, forming citrate and CoA-SH. | 69 | |
| 6711121424 | Pyruvate Carboxylase | The formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate is an important anaplerotic reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by ______ ______. This enzyme is activated by acetyl-CoA and inhibited by ADP | 70 | |
| 6711260492 | uracil |  | 71 | |
| 6711261245 | thymine |  | 72 | |
| 6711263184 | adenine |  | 73 | |
| 6711265664 | guanine |  | 74 | |
| 6711386131 | Aspartate (Asp, -) Glutamate (Glu, -) Lysine (Lys, +) Arginine (Arg, +) | what are the charged amino acids? | 75 |
Lecture 1: Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5899369074 | Name the 4 major classes of biomolecules | proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids | 0 | |
| 5899379473 | What is the purpose of the central dogma | to describe the basic principles of biological information transfer | 1 | |
| 5899396494 | Proteins are polymers made from ________ monomers | amino acid | 2 | |
| 5899401603 | What determines the function of a protein | the shape and content of amino acids | 3 | |
| 5899410817 | Name the 5 functions of a protein and give an example | 1) signal molecule: hormone-insulin 2) receptors for molecules - hemoglobin 3) biological catalysts - enzymes 4) structural building blocks - keratin in hair and nails 5) motors - myosin in muscle | 4 | |
| 5899439076 | What are the monomers of carbohydrates | monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose | 5 | |
| 5899458049 | What are the 4 major functions of a carbohydrate | 1) fuel - create ATP from glucose 2) store energy - glycogen made up of glucose 3) signal molecule 4) recognition of other cells bc of carbs on cell membranes | 6 | |
| 5899482908 | What are the monomers of nucleic acids | nucleotide | 7 | |
| 5899486910 | What are the components of a nucleotide | phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base | 8 | |
| 5899495304 | What are the components of an amino acid | amino group, central carbon w/a H and a Rgroup, and carboxyl group | 9 | |
| 5899506963 | Name 3 major nucleic acids | DNA, RNA, and ATP | 10 | |
| 5899694910 | Name the 4 functions of nucleic acids | 1) store and transmit genetic information 2) structural 3) signaling 4) energy currency - ATP | 11 | |
| 5899730386 | Which nucleic acid forms a double helix | DNA | 12 | |
| 5899733046 | Which nucleic acid forms a single strand normally but maybe double stranded and form complex structures | RNA | 13 | |
| 5899740004 | What are the components of a DNA molecule - be specific | phosphate group deoxyribose sugar nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine | 14 | |
| 5899787892 | What are the components of a RNA molecule - be specific | phosphate group ribose sugar nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil | 15 | |
| 5899808040 | What specifies the information content in a nucleic acid | the arrangement of nucleotides | 16 | |
| 5899813212 | What is the function of the central dogma | describes the flow of genetic information | 17 | |
| 5899817643 | Define genome | complete set of genetic information i.e. contains blueprints of an organisms in the form of genes that encode proteins | 18 | |
| 5899828304 | Define replication | process of making DNA from DNA | 19 | |
| 5899831055 | Define transcription | process of making RNA from DNA | 20 | |
| 5899835761 | Define translation | process of making proteins from RNA | 21 | |
| 5899843222 | Describe the flow of genetic information from DNA to Proteins | DNA is TRANSCRIBED into RNA which is TRANSLATED into a protein | 22 | |
| 5899853698 | Which enzyme catalyzes DNA replication | DNA polymerase by joining 2' deoxy nucleotides | 23 | |
| 5899876429 | Which enzyme catalyzes transcription | Since transcription is making RNA the enzyme is RNA polymerase | 24 | |
| 5900046801 | How many different types of RNA are there | Each cell in an organism expresses specific types of RNA | 25 | |
| 5900299441 | Name 3 major functions of a lipid | 1) creates membrane: bi-phosphate layer 2) store energy as fuel: in hydrocarbon chains 3) Signals: lipid derivatives are used as cells to transmit signals | 26 |
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