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Biochemistry Flashcards

5330429192	electrons	revolves around nucleus	0
5330432263	protons and neutrons	makes up nucleus	1
5330435162	electrons	forms electron cloud	2
5330475742	elements	made up of same type of atoms	3
5330481726	atom	made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons	4
5330496133	isotopes	atoms of same element but different number of NEUTRONS	5
5330502024	radioisotopes	some=radioactive, nuclei is unstable and breaks down @ constant rate	6
5330509912	3 uses for radioisotopes	1. carbon dating (determine age) 2. tracers (detect where material is traveling) 3. kill bacteria/cancer cells	7
5330532295	compounds	2+ elements in DEFINITIVE PROPORTIONS ex) water, salt, carbon dioxide	8
5330593401	cells are	complex chemical factories	9
5330693854	Organic Compounds	contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O), are chemicals of life ex) Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids	10
5330840172	Inorganic Compounds	usually "support" life--no specific ratio of carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen ex) water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2)	11
5331530865	chemical bonds	hold the atoms in a molecule together	12
5331541739	2 types of chemical bonds	1. ionic 2. covalent	13
5331551850	ionic bonds (losing/gaining)	occurs -when 1+ electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another -when an atom loses an electron it is a POSITIVE charge -when an atom gains an electron it is a NEGATIVE charge -these newly charged atoms are now called IONS ex) NaCl (salt)	14
5331828949	covalent bonds (sharing)	-occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms -these new structures that result from covalent bonds are called MOLECULES **in general, the more chemical bonds a molecule has, the more energy it contains	15
5332510235	polar covalent	electrons are unevenly distributed so there are slight changes around molecule the sharing of electrons between two different elements	16
5332522748	non-polar covalent	sharing of electrons between two like elements	17
5331889698	molecules	result from covalent bonds	18
5331889699	ions	result from ionic bonds	19
5331910828	mixture	a material composed of TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS that are PHYSICALLY MIXED ex) salt and pepper mixed, sugar and sand CAN BE EASILY SEPARATED	20
5331961569	two parts of solution	1. solute 2. solvent	21
5332130093	solute	SUBSTANCE that is BEING DISSOLVED (sugar/salt)	22
5332161867	solvent	SUBSTANCE in which SOLUTE DISSOLVES	23
5332135138	suspensions	materials that do not dissolve ex) blood, cells	24
5332716717	compound recipe	composed of chemical #'s and symbols	25
5332725053	structural formula	line drawings of the compound--shows elements in proportion and how they are bonded	26
5332743520	molecular/empirical formula	the ACTUAL formula for a compound	27
5465301857	Empirical formula	Simplified formula	28
5332788521	acids	+OH almost always begin w "H" bc excess of H+ (hydrogen) ions ex) lemon juice (6), stomach acid (1.5), acid rain (4.5), normal rain (6)	29
5333004640	facts about acids	turn litmus paper blue, usually taste sour	30
5333010562	acidic	pH lower than 7	31
5333012990	alkaline (basic)	pH greater than 7	32
5333025755	carbonic acid	CO2 + water even if we were cavepeople we would be releasing	33
5333048407	bases	almost always end w/ -OH bc of excess of hydroxide ions (oxygen + hydrogen) ex) blood, pure water, bleach	34
5333194417	facts about bases	turn litmus blue, feel slippery to touch, taste bitter	35
5333057676	buffer solutions	maintain a specific pH	36
5333174052	Neutralization Reactions	when an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water Acid + Base --> salt + water	37
5333174073	aq stands for	aqueous in a solution	38
5333232618	pH Scale	-measures degree of substance alkalinity or acidity -ranges from 0 to 14 -0 to 5: strong acid -6 to 7: neutral -8 to 14: strong base	39
5333248675	Homeostasis (neutrality)	-goal of body is to maintain this -when pH is concerned, we add weak acids & bases to prevent sharp changes in pH --these are called BUFFERS	40
5333266841	ORGANIC COMPOUNDS	LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, NUCLEIC ACIDS, and PROTEINS	41
5333275774	CARBOHYDRATES	-saccharides -living things use as key source of ENERGY -plants use for structure (CELLULOSE) -include sugars & complex carbohydrates (starches) -contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen ex)	42
5333331943	monosaccharides (simple sugars)	-all have the formula C6 H12 O6 -all have a single ring structure ex) glucose	43
5333450759	Disaccharides (double sugars)	-all have the formula C12 H22 O11 -sucrose (table sugar) is an example	44
5333487874	disaccharide process	take away H and O to make stable +H2O--excess water expelled	45
5333360665	Polysaccharides	-formed of three or more simple sugar units -glycogen=animal starch stored in liver & muscles -cellulose= indigestible in humans, forms cell walls -starches=used as energy storage -bracket or squiggly line means cont. on -complex carbs=why pasta & potatoes good for athletes	46
5333482095	work	in ---> out	47
5333307298	lactic acid	lactate	48
5333529433	new section	How are complex carbs formed and broken down?	49
5333532617	Dehydration Synthesis	getting water (condensation reactions) -combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the REMOVAL OF WATER ex) monosaccharide + monosaccharide --> disaccharide + water or (C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 --> C12 O12 H22 + H2O) -polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water --they are the stored extra sugars known as starch	50
5333587531	Hydrolysis (hydro=water, lysis=break apart) (reverse of dehydration synthesis)	addition of WATER to a compound SPLIT it into smaller subunits -(also called chemical digestion) ex) disaccharide + H2O --> monosaccharide + monosaccharide **C12 O12 H22 + H2O --> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 remove H and OH from acids and get water H + H + O (reactants) --> H2O(products)	51
5333620964	amino acids	building blocks of proteins -20 essential amino acids -R group = variable	52
5333620963	lipids (fats)	fat, oils, waxes, steroids -fat when solid @ room temp -oil when liquid @ room temp contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the hydrogen is NOT in a 2:1 ratio -tend to be large molecules (see ppt pic) -provide 2x the energy as carbs -30% of diet=fat -tend to be large molecules	53
5425727705	one glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids -->	neutral fat/lipid func. in energy, storage, protection, and insulation	54
5425814307	fats found	chiefly in animals	55
5425814308	oils and waxes found	chiefly in plants	56
5425819206	oils -- @ room temp	liquid	57
5425820776	waxes -- @ room temp	solid	58
5425834429	lipids & proteins are key components of	cell membranes	59
5425847335	steroids are -- used to	special lipids, build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol	60
5425866566	PROTEINS	-made up of amino acids (there are 20 essential) -composed of MANY amino acid subunits -arrangement of amino acid forms primary structure of proteins -NCHO(S) R=variable -attached to the methyl group is an R group (look @ biomolecule circles from extra help)	61
5425912733	basic amino acid form	a carboxyl group: on one end methyl group that only has one hydrogen: in middle an amino group: on the other end R group is attached to methyl group -carboxyl on top? -amine on bottom?	62
5425978230	an R group is...	Any group of atoms-- -this changes the properties of the protein!!!!	63
5425992180	In a reaction... energy taken in:	endothermic	64
5425992181	In a reaction... energy given off:	exothermic	65
5428103222	subunit of protein	amino acids	66
5428115832	Functional Groups	group of atoms frequently attached to organic molecules	67
5428131692	exs. of func. groups	hydroxyl groups--> form alcohol carbonyl groups--> form aldehydes or ketones carboxyl groups--> form carboxylic acids amino groups--> form amines	68
5428173806	major protein functions	-growth and repair -energy -buffer--helps keep body pH constant	69
5429072450	Dipeptide	-formed by two amino acid subunits -formed by the process of dehydration synthesis -amino acid + amino acid --- dipeptide + water	70
5429082494	hydrolysis of a dipeptide	-breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids -dipeptide + h2o --- amino acid + amino acid	71
5429090122	polypeptide (protein)	-composed of THREE OR MORE amino acids linked by synthesis reactions exs. of proteins: insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes **extremely large number of diff. proteins base for variability: diff in #, kinds, & sequences of amino acids in proteins	72
5429153543	nucleic acids	-in all cells -composed of NUCLEOTIDES -store & transmit heredity/genetic info nucleotides consist of three parts 1. 5-carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base	73
5429185727	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	-contains genetic code of instructions that direct a cell's behavior thru the synthesis of proteins -found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles)	74
5429198747	RNA (ribonucleic acid)	-directs cellular protein synthesis -found in ribosomes & nucleoli	75
5429206677	CHEMICAL REACTIONS	a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals -always involve: the breaking of bonds in reactants & the formation of new bonds in products	76
5429209671	REACTANTS	elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction	77
5429211361	PRODUCTS	elements or compounds that are produced in a chemical reaction	78
5429220797	ENZYMES AND ENZYME ACTION	-enzymes lower the energy needed to start a chemical reaction (ACTIVATION ENERGY) most enzymes end in -ase -begin to be destroyed above 45 C (above this temp all proteins begin to be destroyed)	79
5429222064	catalyst	inorganic or organic substance which SPEEDS UP THE RATE of a chemical reaction WITHOUT entering the chemical itself	80
5429226015	enzymes	organic catalysts made of protein	81
5429242924	when enzymes unfold	denature	82
5429270466	for an enzyme to affect the rate of a reaction:	1. must form temporary association w/ substance(s) whose reaction rate it affects these substances are known as substrates 2. enzyme-substrate complex 3. When enzyme-substrate complex is formed, enzyme action takes place 4. When reaction completes, enzyme & products separate; can now form additional complexes	83
5441214297	the association between enzyme & substrate, thought to form a close physical association between molecules	enzyme-substrate complex	84
5441221933	substrate	molecules upon which an enzyme acts	85
5441223886	molecule is shaped so that	can only pick up SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE molecule enzyme substrate--->product	86
5441233783	lock and key theory	each enzyme is specific for one and ONLY one substrate (one lock=one key)	87
5441238983	factors influencing rate of enzyme action	1. pH - optimum in most living things is close to 7 (neutral) high or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity 2. temperature - strongly influences activity - optimum temp for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 C -reactions proceed slowly below optimal temps -above 45 C most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function) 3. CONCENTRATIONS of enzyme and substrate **when there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off.	88
5441256716	extreme catalyst		89
5441259829	regular catalyst	check pic on edmodo rate y value temp x value (straight line, even slop going up)	90
5441272331	reactants--->	product	91
5443230099	enzymes are	proteins that speed up chemical reactions	92
5444375032	Pepsin	In stomach Breaks down particles	93
5444375033	Lipase	Converts fat to energy	94
5444375034	Amalase	Found in mouth Breaks down carbs??	95
5444375035	All enzymes share a few characteristics	1. An active site 2. Enzymes are very specific--can only bond to certain thing	96
5444375036	Many glucose make	Glycogen	97
5444375037	Enzymes are biologically active and	Serve as catalysts	98
5455671841	Digestive enzymes	Make absorption possible	99
5455671842	Digestive system	Transforms food in order to absorb nutrients	100
5455671843	Most digestive enzymes produced in	Pancreas	101
5455671844	Body produces enzymes based on	The food we eat	102
5455671845	Small intestine	Amylase completes digestion of carbs	103
5455671846	Lipase	Digests fats	104
5455671847	Raw foods	Rich in enzymes Help with digestion	105
5455671848	Villi	Take nutrients/proteins, carbs, fats and put into bloodstream	106
5455671849	Catalase	Breaks down hydrogen peroxide Produced naturally in chemical reactions	107
5455671850	Inhibition	Blocks active site	108
5455671851	Allosteric	Change site	109
5455671852	Competitive	Compete for spot	110
5455671853	Co-factors	Not proteins (generally) necessary to start reactions	111
5455671854	Gene regulation	Activate-turn on Inhibit-turn off	112
5455671855	Tug	Lowers activation energy to break into product	113

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biochemistry Flashcards

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7979076890	biological molecules are composed of what element	carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms	0
7979090741	what other elements are found in biological molecules	oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen	1
7979113667	what type of bond does carbon form	covalent	2
7979119529	how many bonds does carbon form	4	3
7979148028	hydrocarbons	molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen -store energy, make good fuels ex: gasoline nonpolar-electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen are very similar	4
7979191453	nonpolar	atoms have similar electronegative	5
7979198722	polar	very different electronegativities	6
7979304173	functional groups	specific molecular groups	7
7979314088	hydroxyl	hydrophilic: polar b/c of electronegativity of oxygen -found in alcohols	8
7979697371	carbonyl	-hydrophilic; b/c of electronegativity of O2 -found in aldehydes or ketones	9
7979720276	carboxyl	-hydrophilic; acidic due to release of H+ -found in carboxylic acids	10
7979737423	amino	-hydrophilic; basic b/c NH2 picks up H+ -found in amines	11
7979749004	sulfhydryl	-hydrophilic -found in thiols -help stabilize the structure of proteins	12
7979801364	phosphate	-hydrophilic -transfers energy b/t organic molecules -found in organic phosphates	13
7979808018	isomers	organic molecules with same molecular formula but exist in different forms	14
7979822895	chiral molecules	when carbon is bound to 4 different groups -mirror images of eachother	15
7979834107	monomer	small similar chemical subunits that are joined to form polymers -joined by dehydration synthesis	16
7979839232	polymer	made up of monomers	17
7979908592	dehydration synthesis	-OH group is removed from one monomer and a Hydrogen (H) is removed from another forming a water molecule used to join monomers	18
7979930379	hydrolysis	H2 atom is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other- breaking covalent bond -water molecule is removed used to disassemble polymers	19
7979990337	carbohydrates	molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and o2 -1:2:1 ratio -stores energy	20
7980008694	monomer of carbs	monosaccharides (simple sugar)	21
7980024814	triose	3 carbons	22
7980024815	pentose	5 carbons	23
7980028104	hexose	6 carbons	24
7980030927	disaccharide	2 monosaccharides	25
7980037692	polysaccharide	longer polymer of monosaccharides	26
7980053718	glycosidic bond	joins a carbohydrate to another molecule	27
7980067586	sugar monomer for starch, glycogen, cellulose, & chitin	glucose	28
7980073193	starch	-plants function: storage	29
7980080348	glycogen	-animals function: storage	30
7980087934	cellulose	-plants function: structural material for cell walls	31
7980091735	chitin	-arthropods and fungi function: structural material	32
7980122005	nucleic acids	store and transmit genetic info	33
7980139454	monomer of nucleic acids	nucleotide	34
7980150130	bond b/t nucleotide	phosphodiester bond	35
7980172503	phosphodiester bond formation	-dehydration reaction -hydrogen from a phosphate attached to the 5' carbon combines with a hydroxyl group attached to a 3' carbon -water molecule is removed	36
7980232625	purines	2 carbon rings	37
7980236936	pyrimidines	1 carbon ring	38
7980264853	DNA	-double helix -two chains in spiral shape backbone: alternating sugar and phosphate molecule bases -rung of ladder joined w/ hydrogen bones	39
7980279577	dna	-deoxyribose sugar -double stranded -thymine base	40
7980286570	rna	-single stranded -ribose sugar -uracil base	41
7980298830	DNA and RNA	-nucleic acids -nucleotide monomer -A G C	42
7980315292	adenine is used where else	ATP	43
7980315293	protein function	enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage	44
7980324061	monomer of protein	amino acid	45
7980329049	polypeptide formation	-dehydration synthesis -OH is removed from one amino acid and a Hydrogen is removed from another -molecule of water is removed	46
7980340995	lipids	-hydrophobic: insoluble in water -large portion of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen chains -can't fold up to move nonpolar areas away from water	47
7980377409	triglycerides	-glycerol and 3 fatty acids each fatty acid has long hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxylic acid at one end -dehydration synthesis removes 3 -OH groups from glycerol molecule and H from each fatty acid= 3 H2o molecules & triglyceride produced	48
7980415414	bond b/t glycerol and fatty acid	ester bond	49
7980430246	trans fat	unsaturated fat in which H atom after double bond is on opposite side of the H before the double bond	50
7980452104	phospholipid	-no 3rd fatty acid -has phosphate group(attached to charged organic molecule) -3 carbons, 3 hydroxy, 2 fatty acids make up cell membrane	51
7980505734	phospholipid in lipid bilayer	-head is polar: oriented toward extracellular and intracellular water -tails are nonpolar: congregate together away from water	52

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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4174495090	Lipids	Water-insoluble substances	0
4174495641	Lipids classifications	Fats (triglycerides), complex, steroids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes	1
4174496421	Fats consist of	Fatty acids in glycerol	2
4174496618	Saturated fatty acids	Single bond hydrocarbon chains	3
4174497450	Unsaturated fatty acids	More than one double bond all in the cis configuration	4
4174498460	What is the alkali salts of fatty acids called?	Soaps	5
4174499205	T/F - solid fats are saturated fatty acids and oils are unsaturated	True	6
4174499206	Complex lipid classifications	Phospholipids: alcohol (glycerol or spingosine), fatty acid, nitrogen containing phospate Glycolipids: spingosine, fatty acid and carbohydrate	7
4174501057	Glycerophospolipids	Complex lipids - glycerol with two esterified fatty acids and an alcohol group esterified to nitrogen-containing phosphate	8
4174502463	Spingolipids	Complex - long chain alcohol sphingosine esterified to a fatty acid. Nitrogen-containing esters are bonded to spingosine moiety.	9
4174502793	Glycolipids	Complex - ceramide portion and carbohydrate portion	10
4174503455	Steroids	Fused four-ring nucleus	11
4174504227	What is the most common steroid?	Cholesterol	12
4174505012	Cholesterol functions	starting material for the synthesis of other steroids such as bile salts and sex/other hormones. Integral part of membranes.	13
4174506916	Types of Cholsterol	LDL, HDL, VHDL, Chylomicrons	14
4174507538	HDL	33% protein/30% cholesterol transports from tissues to liver	15
4174507963	LDL	25% protein/50% cholesterol Transports from liver to tissues	16
4174508506	VLDL	triglycerides synthesized by liver Transports for storage in fat/takes out of storage	17
4174509311	Chylomicrons	Dietary lipids synthesized in intestines circulate for use or storage	18
4174510902	Lipid classification by functions	Storage of energy in fat cells, form part of membrane, chemical messengers	19
4174512712	Adjacent to renal	"adrenal"	20
4174513086	Funtions of Mineralcorticoids	regulate concentration of ions (Na, K)	21
4174513662	Functions of glucocorticoids	Control carbohydrate metabolism, decrease inflammation, involved in stress reaction	22
4174513987	Cortex of gland	"corticoid"	23
4174514174	Functions of aldosterone	main mineralcorticoid. Increased secretion enhances reabsorption of Na and Cl in kidney tubules & increases loss of K. Controls tissue swelling	24
4174515606	Cortisol	Main glucocorticoid - increase glucose and glycogen concentrations	25
4174516046	Adrenocorticoid Hormones	Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids	26
4174516771	Precursor of adrenocorticoid hormones	Progesterone	27
4174516951	Oxidation product of cholesterol	Progesterone and Bile salts	28
4174517805	Testosterone	Promotes normal growth of male genitals, synthesized in testes	29
4174518491	Estradiol	Synthesized from testosterone - regulates menstruation cycle	30
4174519009	Luteinizing Hormone	LH - triggers ovulation	31
4174519596	Derivatives from arachidonic acid	Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes - mediate hormone action, lower or raise blood pressure, cause inflammation and blood clotting, induce labor.	32
4174522875	saponification of triglycerides	hydrolysis of fats and oils in aqueous NaOH and produces glycerol and a mixture of fatty acid salts called soaps	33
4174524083	Triglyceride	Triester of glycerol with three fatty acids - all three hydroxy groups esterified with fatty acids	34
4174524777	Physical properties of triglycerides	Depend on fatty acid components	35
4174526561	Phospholipids	Alcohol, two fatty acids, phosphate ester	36
4174528355	Cholesterol tranport	Starts out as VLDL - carried in the serum - fat is removed and density increases = LDL - LDL carries to cells and bind to receptors - taken in to cells where enzymes liberate free cholesterol and cholesterol esters	37
4174529968	How long does LDL stay in plasma	2.5 days	38
4174532000	Bile salts are synthesized in the ____ and stored in the ____ and secreted in the ____	Liver, gallbladder, intestine	39
4174532864	COX-1 enzyme catalyzes	normal physiological production of prostaglandins	40
4174533841	COX-2 enzyme catalyzes	Prostaglandins in inflammation	41
4174534270	Thromboxane A2 induces	Platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction	42
4174534710	____ inhibit COX enzyme	Aspirin, NSDAIDS	43
4174736216	Proteins	amino acids linked by peptide bonds	44
4174736632	Functions on proteins	Structural, enzymatic, carrier, storage, protective, hormonal	45
4174736996	Amino acids	contain amino and carboxyl group	46
4174737261	How are amino acids classified	Side chains - non polar, polar but neutral, acidic, base	47
4174737736	T/F All amino acids in human tissues are L-amino acids	True	48
4174738224	Zwitterions	Amino acids in the solid and aqueous state carrying both positive and negative charges	49
4174738838	Isoelectric point	pH at which the number of postive charges equals the negative charges	50
4174740022	Characteristics of amino acids	Determined by R chain	51
4174741617	Primary structure of a protein	Linear sequence of amino acids	52
4174741848	Secondary strucure of a protein	Repeating short-range conformations (a-helix, b-pleated sheet, extended helix of collagen, random coil)	53
4174743407	Tertiary structure of a protein	three-dimensional conformation	54
4174743818	How are tertiary protein structures maintained	Covalent crosslinks (disulfide bonds, salt bridges hydrogen bonds, metal-ion coordination, hydrophobic interactions) between side chains	55
4174744858	Quaternary structure of protein	2+ tertiary polypeptides combining to form a full protein	56
4174747441	Protein denaturation	Agent leaving only the primary structure	57
4273067332	Enzymes	Macromolecules that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Most are very specific - catalyze only one reaction.	58
4273071218	Substrate	Compound whose reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme	59
4273073801	What are enzymes	Most are globuler proteins, although some are made of RNA	60
4273076609	Enzyme classification	Oxidoreductases: Oxidation-reduction reactions. Transferases: Group transfer reactions. Hydrolases: Hydrolysis reactions. Lyases: Addition of two groups to a double bond, or removal of two groups to create a double bond. Isomerases: Isomerization reactions. Ligases: The joining to two molecules.	61
4273087979	Enzyme nomenclature	"Ase"	62
4273092144	Apoenzyme	Polypeptide chain	63
4273092145	Cofactors	nonprotein	64
4273093531	Coenzymes	organic compounds	65
4273095817	Active site	Part of enzyme that participoates in catalysis of reaction. Cofactors are part of this	66
4273100227	Inhibitors	Compounds that slow enzyme action	67
4273102510	Competitive inhibitor	Attaches self to the active site	68
4273102547	Noncompetitive inhibitor	Binds to other part of enzyme surface	69
4273107179	Factos influencing enzyme activity	High enzyme and substrate concentrations = higher enzyme activity Each enzyme has optimal temperature and pH at which it has it's greatest activity	70
4273120163	Mechanisms of enzyme action	Lock-and-key model and induced-fit model Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a biochemical reaction to occur	71
4273125029	Regulation of enzymes	Feedback - concentration influences the rate of reaction Proenzymes or zymogens must be activated by removing a portion of the polypeptide chain Allosterism - interaction takes place at a position other than the active site but affects the site either positively or negatively Protein modification - activate or inhibit enzymes Isozymes - regulate enzyme activity	72
4273147801	Difference between enzyme and catalyst	Enzyme: biological catalyst - either a protein or RNA molecule Catalyst: any substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction and is not itself changed	73
4273152794			74

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7442091049	biochemistry	the study of the chemical makeup(molecules) of living things.	0
7442103723	organic	molecules that contain hydrocarbons. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.	1
7442130732	inorganic	molecules that do not contain hydrocarbons. Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen.	2
7442156433	hydrocarbons	carbon chains connected to hydrogen atoms.	3
7442163382	polymer	large molecule made up of a repeating sub unit.	4
7442171083	monomer	a single sub unit used to build a polymer.	5
7442177388	dehydration synthesis	the process of removing water (dehydrate) to make a larger molecule (synthesize).	6
7442188700	hydrolysis	the process of adding water (hydro) back into a polymer in order to split it apart (lysis).	7
7456198800	monosaccharide	1, simple sugars, quick energy, C6H12O6	8
7456203604	disaccharide	2, simple sugars, quick energy, C12H22O11	9
7456203605	maltose	2 glucose	10
7456207582	sucrose	1 glucose 1 fructose	11
7456207583	lactose	1 glucose 1 galactose	12
7456210039	polysaccharide	many, complex sugars, thousands long, stored energy	13
7456212610	glycogen	insides of animals	14
7456212611	chitin	outside of animals	15
7456215828	starch	inside of plants	16
7456215829	cellulose	outside of plants	17
7517931843	lipid	made up of C,H, and O. Found in nature as fats, waxes, and oils. Monomer = glycerol + fatty acids. Used for long term storage of energy. Form cell membranes. Provide insulation and protective coat for animals. Cushions internal organs.	18
7517934069	glycerol	backbone for lipid structure	19
7517936941	fatty acid	3 of them in a lipid. Can be saturated or unsaturated.	20
7517948378	saturated	Stable and hard to digest. Solid at room temperature. Single bonds only. Animal fats (ex. butter).	21
7517960147	unsaturated	Less stable & easy to digest. Liquid at room temperature. Have double bonds. Plant fats (ex. olive oil).	22
7517962285	carboxyl group	The CH2O at the end of each structure.	23
7517969035	non-polar	equal charge all around.	24
7517972263	ester bond	3 bonds made by dehydration synthesis.	25
7556791679	proteins	Made up of C, H, O, and N. Proteins make up 15% of your biomass! Involved in nearly every function of your body. Cells contain about 10,000 different proteins.	26
7556791680	amino acids	Monomer. 20 different types! Are made up of four functional groups: Amino Group (-NH2) Carboxyl Group (-COOH) R Group Hydrogen atom	27
7556791681	amino group	-NH2	28
7556793508	R-group	side chain unique to each amino acid. 20 different options! The only part that changes in an amino acid.	29
7556793509	polypeptide	3+ amino acids	30
7556795554	peptide bond	Holds amino acids together	31
7556795555	fibrous	straight not folded protein	32
7556797042	globular	folded protein	33
7556797043	denature	unfold in unfavorable conditions: pH Temperature Salinity (salt) A change to the 3D shape of the protein will result in a change or loss of function	34
7608894386	atom	The smallest particle of an element (that still retains the element's properties).	35
7608894387	macromolecule	very large molecule, such as protein	36
7608898891	glucose	1 of 3 monosaccharides, C6H12O6, makes each of the disaccharides.	37
7608898892	fructose	1 of 3 monosaccharides, C6H12O6, makes sucrose with glucose.	38
7608902361	galactose	1 of 3 monosaccharides, C6H12O6, makes lactose with glucose.	39
7608906257	glycosidic bond	connects monosaccharides to make disaccharides.	40
7608909165	dipeptide	2 amino acids	41

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7992099647	Atom	The smallest unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.	0
7992099648	Molecule	The smallest particle in a chemical element or compound. These particles are made up of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.	1
7992099649	Covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.	2
7992099650	Ionic bond	A type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.	3
7992099651	Hydrogen bond	The attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule.	4
7992099652	Macromolecule	A very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers). They are sometimes composed of thousands or more atoms.	5
7992099653	Organelle	Structures with specialized functions suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.	6
7992099654	Tissue	Distinct types of material which make up organisms and consist of specialized cells and their products.	7
7992099655	Organ system	A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.	8
7992099656	Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism	Name the levels in the hierarchy of life from atoms to organisms.	9
7992099657	Carbohydrate	A biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms. Examples are sugar, cellulose, chitin and starch.	10
7992099658	Nucleic acid	A large biological molecule made up of nucleotides. Examples are DNA and RNA.	11
7992099659	Protein	A large biological molecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. Examples include all enzymes, collagen, keratin, insulin, immunoglobulins, muscle fibers.	12
7992099660	Lipid	A large biological molecule made up of fatty acids that are not soluble water. Examples include fats, waxes, and cholesterol.	13

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5759233773	solution	a uniform mixture of substances. The solutions have two parts: solvent and solute	0
5759233774	diffusion	the random movement of molecules from an area of high to low concetration	1
5759341941	solvent	the substance doing the dissolving; almost always water	2
5759906987	solute	the substance getting dissolved; food waste product oxygen etc	3
5759357596	osmosis	molecules of a solvent pass through a membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one so it reaches an equilibrium	4
5759929826	equilibrium	equal solute in and out of cell	5
5759357597	hypertonic	water exits cell, cell shrinks	6
5759360745	hypotnic	water enters cell, cell can explode	7
5759361887	isotonic	at equilibrium	8
5759364630	plant cells in hypertonic	cell shrinks but cell wall stays the same	9
5759366228	plant cells in hypotonic	cell gets bigger but cell wall stays the same	10
5759383229	four basic types of biomolecules	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	11
5759427279	Carbohydrates	provide quick energy and short term energy storage ex/ breads sugar cereal pasta grain fruits and veggies	12
5759427280	Lipids	long term energy storage, insulation for animals and repels H2O ex/fats oils waxes steroids butter	13
5759428908	Proteins	has amino acids; builds muscles, bone and tendons; enzyme proteins that perform chemical reactions; transportation of O2 and CO2; defence against germs ex/meat eggs dairy beans	14
5759438547	Nucleic Acids	store and express genetic info ex/DNA or RNA	15
5759446998	phospholipids	a type of lipid; can form a lipid bilayer	16
5759755330	cellulose	cell walls	17
5759758353	amino acids	muscles and tissues are made up of amino acids, meaning they carry out many important bodily functions, such as giving cells their structure.	18
5759759918	saccharides	mono- 1 sugar molecule (glucose) di- 2 sugar molecules (sucrose) poly- 3 or more (starch)	19
5759865270	H.O.N.C.	H: hydrogen 1 bond O: oxygen 2 bonds N: nitrogen 3 bonds C: carbon 4 bonds	20
5759879028	H2O	.	21
5774018473	similarity all names of enzymes have	all end in -ase	22
5774025373	change shape of an enzyme by...	- adding too much heat - change in PH level - addition of toxins	23
5774030146	denatured	the active site of an enzyme changes shape	24
5774035268	what type of biomolecules are enzymes	proteins	25
5774043083	homeostasis	when something is regulated to maintain balance	26
5774053354	catalyst	a substance that speeds up chemical reactions	27
5774057639	substrate	a molecule that is being broken down	28
5774084737	active site	where the substrate connects to the enzyme and makes a chem reaction	29

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5652283878	Carbohydrates	monosaccharides	0
5652319687	proteins	amino acids	1
5652319688	lipids	fatty acids	2
5652357540	monomer	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules	3
5652365281	polymer	is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits	4
5652381042	plant cells	Include a cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole, nucleus etc	5
5652418117	Animal cells	cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm,	6
5652448006	prokaryotic cells	Do not have a nucleus, complex cell wall, small ribosomes, no organelles	7
5652462608	Eukaryotic cells	have nucleuses, animal plant	8
5652483658	ATP	adenosine triphosphate, the biochemical way to store and use energy	9
5652500939	function of chloroplasts	work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells.	10
5652509519	function of mitochondria	produce the energy currency of the cell (ATP) through respiration	11
5709123821	why do humans use carbs as a energy source	takes less energy to burn a carbs than it does fat	12
5709135719	enzymes	proteins that lower activation energy, also bind with substrates at the active site.	13
5709159324	Oxygen	- charge	14
5709164061	Hydrogen	+ charge	15
5709172613	osmosis	the process where molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane from a low concentration to a high concetration	16
5709172614	diffusion	the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration until uniform throughout	17
5709226556	Active transport	against the concentration gradient, uses ATP	18
5709237508	gases absorbed by plants	CO2	19
5709246323	gases released by plants	Oxygen	20
5709263636	CO2 levels are higher in the winter	there are no leaves to take in the co2 from the air	21
5709285765	cellular respiration	occurs in both plants and animals	22
5709291370	glycolysis	the universal process that shows we have all come from a common ancestor	23
5709305252	concentration gradients	drive the electron transport chain of photosynthesis and respiration	24
5709354040	hypertonic	concentration of solutes is greater OUTSIDE the cell	25
5709354041	hypotinic	concentration of solutes is greater INSIDE the cell	26
5709440288	compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes		27

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8381744558	monomer of carbohydrate	monosachride	0
8381753737	polymer of carbohydrate	glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose (anything ending in ose)	1
8381782177	monomer of lipid	fatty acids, glycerol	2
8381794349	polymer of lipid	glycerol	3
8381811105	monomer of nucleic acid	nucleotides	4
8381839832	polymer of nucleic acid	DNA RNA	5
8381852157	function of carbohydrates	glucose- energy, cellulose- structure	6
8381856058	function of lipids	protection, waterproofing, energy	7
8381861871	function of protein	structure, enzymes- maintain homeostasis	8
8381875990	function of nucleic acid	carry and store genetic information	9

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7794840349	CH4	Methane	0
7794840350	C2H6	ethane	1
7794842549	Hydrocarbons	undergo reactions that release large amounts of energy	2
7794845643	Hydroxyl group	(-OH)	3
7794847213	Carbonyl Group	(>C=O)	4
7794851381	Carboxyl Group	(-COOH)	5
7794855386	Amino Group	(-NH2)	6
7794857696	Sulfhydryl Group	(-SH)	7
7794860319	Phosphate Group	(-OPO32-)	8
7794863718	Methyl Group	(-CH3)	9
7794867606	ATP	primary energy transferring molecule in the cell	10
7794870311	Dehydration Reaction	two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule	11
7794873347	Polymer	Disassembled monomer	12
7794876226	Monosaccharides Formulas	Multiples of CH2O	13
7794878767	Disaccharide	Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides	14
7794882442	Glycosidic Linkage	the covalent bond formed by the dehydration reaction of a disaccharide	15
7794885932	Starch	a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers	16
7794893189	Lipids dont	form true polymers	17
7794894956	Lipids	consist mostly of hydrocarbons which form nonpolar covalent bonds	18
7794898735	Fats are constructed with	glycerol, fatty acids	19
7794899611	Glycerol	a three carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon	20
7794910282	Fatty Acid	a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton	21
7794918407	Saturated fatty acids	the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds	22
7794923420	Unsaturated fatty acids	have one or more double bonds	23

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5071487273	Starch	How plants store carbohydrates	0
5071493049	Glycerol and Fatty Acids	Building Blocks of Lipids	1
5071499649	Enzymes	Affect the rate of chemical reactions. Also referred to as catalysts.	2
5071506829	Dehydration Synthesis	Build by removing water	3
5071508369	Hydrolysis	Break apart by adding water	4
5071515695	Lock and Key	Illustrates that Enzymes work with Substrates	5
5071523794	Lipids	Function mainly as sources of energy and Make up cell membranes. H:O ratio greater than 2:1	6
5071534705	Carbohydrates	H:O ratio of 2:1	7
5071542243	Acids	pH less than 7	8
5071543999	Bases	pH greater than 7	9
5071561292	Enzyme Substrate Complex	Enzymes bind to substrates at the active site.	10
5071568821	Proteins	Made up of a chain of amino acids	11
5071572228	Shape of Protein	Determined by arrangement of amino acids	12
5071580523	Glycogen	How animals store excess Carbohydrates	13
5071589871	Neutral	pH of 7 exactly. Neither an acid or a base.	14
5071595369	37 degrees C	Temperature at which human enzymes work best	15
5071602833	Temperature and pH	Two factors that affect an enzymes shape.	16
5071622821	Monosaccharides	Building blocks of Carbohydrates	17

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