| 6481859131 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | | 0 |
| 6481859132 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | | 1 |
| 6481859133 | Adam Smith | Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. | | 2 |
| 6481859134 | Baron de montesquieu | (1689-1755) Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. In his book, Montesquieu describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty. | | 3 |
| 6481859135 | Philosophes | A group of French "radicals" who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society | | 4 |
| 6481859136 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. | | 5 |
| 6481859137 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | | 6 |
| 6481859138 | Social contract theory | The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence. | | 7 |
| 6481859139 | Declaration of Independence | The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | | 8 |
| 6481859140 | Benjamin Franklin | American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. | | 9 |
| 6481859141 | Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. | | 10 |
| 6481859142 | George Washington | 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) | | 11 |
| 6481859143 | French revolution | 1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions. | | 12 |
| 6481859144 | Louis XVI | King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | | 13 |
| 6481859145 | Estates System | French social system that divided the people into three categories: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else | | 14 |
| 6481859146 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. | | 15 |
| 6481859147 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. | | 16 |
| 6481859148 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen | the document stated that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights." These rights included "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." The document also guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion. | | 17 |
| 6481859149 | Reign of Terror | (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty" | | 18 |
| 6481859150 | Jacobins | The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror. | | 19 |
| 6481859151 | Maximilien Robespierre | "The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue., Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. | | 20 |
| 6481859152 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | | 21 |
| 6481859153 | Napoleonic code | This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy | | 22 |
| 6481859154 | Waterloo | "to suffer an ultimate, decisive defeat"- In 1815, the Battle of Waterloo was fought near the village of Waterloo, which is now in Belgium. This was the final battle in the Napoleonic wars, the battle in which Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated. | | 23 |
| 6481859155 | Haitian revolution | A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. | | 24 |
| 6481859156 | Gens de couleur | free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. | | 25 |
| 6481859157 | Toussaint louverture | Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | | 26 |
| 6481859158 | Miguel hidalgo | - Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. | | 27 |
| 6481859159 | Simon bolivar | 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. | | 28 |
| 6481859160 | Caudillos | By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators. | | 29 |
| 6481859161 | Conservatism | A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes. | | 30 |
| 6481859162 | Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. | | 31 |
| 6481859163 | Mary wollstonecraft | British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." | | 32 |
| 6481859164 | Elizabeth cady stanton | Suffragette who, w/ Lucretia Mott, organized the 1sr convention on women's rights held in Seneca Falls; issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women; co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association w/ Susan B. Anthony in 1869 | | 33 |
| 6481859165 | Nationalism | A sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others | | 34 |
| 6481859166 | Giuseppe mazzini | Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872) | | 35 |
| 6481859167 | Camillo di cavour | known for leading Italian unification, he was named prime minister of Sardinia in 1852. Joined Napoleon III to drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces in 1858 | | 36 |
| 6481859168 | Zionism | A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. | | 37 |
| 6481859169 | Anti-semitism | Prejudice against Jews | | 38 |
| 6481859170 | Congress of vienna | Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. | | 39 |
| 6481859171 | Klemens von Metternich | This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression | | 40 |
| 6481859172 | Otto von Bismarck | (1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism. | | 41 |
| 6481859173 | Realpolitik | "realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles | | 42 |
| 6481859174 | Mechanization | In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. | | 43 |
| 6481859175 | James watt | invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. | | 44 |
| 6481859176 | Steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. | | 45 |
| 6481859177 | George stephenson | an early railroad engineer who had gained a solid reputation by building twenty engines for mine operators in northern England; built the first railroad line in the world | | 46 |
| 6481859178 | Factory system | This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories. | | 47 |
| 6481859179 | Luddites | These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines | | 48 |
| 6481859180 | Eli whitney | Invented the cotton gin | | 49 |
| 6481859181 | Henry ford | 1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. | | 50 |
| 6481859182 | Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. | | 51 |
| 6481859183 | Corporations | businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock | | 52 |
| 6481859184 | Victorian age | the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901. Long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for Britain | | 53 |
| 6481859185 | Crystal palace | Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. | | 54 |
| 6481859186 | Demographic transition | Movement from a high birth rate, high death rate to a low birth rate, low death rate. | | 55 |
| 6481859187 | Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements (cities) | | 56 |
| 6481859188 | Middle class | A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers (result of industrialization) | | 57 |
| 6481859189 | bourgeois | | | 58 |
| 6481859190 | Working class | Plebeian; | | 59 |
| 6481859191 | 19th century Industrial societies developed the idea that there were only really two social classes: property-owning middle class and then the _____ _____. Before the factory system poorer people though of themselves in more diverse terms. | | | 60 |
| 6481859192 | Child labor | Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories. | | 61 |
| 6481859193 | Laissez-faire | Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. | | 62 |
| 6481859194 | Socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. | | 63 |
| 6481859195 | Utopian socialism | Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively | | 64 |
| 6481859196 | Anarchist | person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority | | 65 |
| 6481859197 | Karl marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | | 66 |
| 6481859198 | Unions | An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. | | 67 |
| 6481859199 | Manifest destiny | Belief that the US was destined to stretch across the continent; idealistic, sent by God, not for economic or territorial reasons | | 68 |
| 6481859200 | Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. | | 69 |
| 6481859201 | Trail of tears | (AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | | 70 |
| 6481859202 | Battle of little bighorn | In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men die | | 71 |
| 6481859203 | Wounded knee | In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived. | | 72 |
| 6481859204 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. | | 73 |
| 6481859205 | Ghost dance movement | The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands came through a religious movement known as the Ghost Dance. In the government's campaign to suppress the movement, the famous Sioux medicine man sitting Bull was killed during his arrest. Led to Massacre at Wounded Knee. | | 74 |
| 6481859206 | Mexican-American War | (1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. | | 75 |
| 6481859207 | Abolitionist | A person who wanted to end slavery | | 76 |
| 6481859208 | American civil war | 1861-1865: War between North (union states) and South (confederate states) over slavery and succeeding. | | 77 |
| 6481859209 | Emancipation proclamation | (1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863 | | 78 |
| 6481859210 | Antonio lopez de Santa anna | Played leading role in Mexico's fight for independence from Spain in 1821 & fights to keep Texas in Mexico later on | | 79 |
| 6481859211 | Emiliano Zapata | Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated. | | 80 |
| 6481859212 | Pancho Villa | A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. | | 81 |
| 6481859213 | Railroad time | by which rail schedules were determined, gave nation 1st standardized method of time telling with the adaption of time zones | | 82 |
| 6481859214 | Assimilation | Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country. | | 83 |
| 6481859215 | Seneca falls convention | (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written | | 84 |
| 6481859216 | Janissaries | Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan ottoman empire | | 85 |
| 6481859217 | Muhammad ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | | 86 |
| 6481859218 | Tanzimat reforms | A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers. | | 87 |
| 6481859219 | Young turks | A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. | | 88 |
| 6481859220 | Crimean war | (1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize. | | 89 |
| 6481859221 | Extraterritoriality | Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. | | 90 |
| 6481859222 | Tsar alexander II | He was a Russian Tsar who attempted reform ("Emancipator") but his appeasement (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the People's Will | | 91 |
| 6481859223 | Duma | The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like. | | 92 |
| 6481859224 | Russo-Japanese War | War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control. | | 93 |
| 6481859225 | Opium war | 1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong. | | 94 |
| 6481859226 | Treaty of nanjing | 1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong. | | 95 |
| 6481859227 | Taiping rebellion | The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus. | | 96 |
| 6481859228 | Self-strengthening movement | A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways | | 97 |
| 6481859229 | Boxer rebellion | a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. | | 98 |
| 6481859230 | Empress dowager cixi | Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. | | 99 |
| 6481859231 | Tokugawa shogunate | Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Ieyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas | | 100 |
| 6481859232 | Meiji restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | | 101 |
| 6481859233 | Commodore matthew perry | The Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. Japan also agreed to help shipwrecked soldiers as a result. Matthew Perry brought many steam ships with him to show America's strength, and to intimidate and persuade the Japanese. | | 102 |
| 6481859234 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | | 103 |
| 6481859235 | Cecil rhodes | British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736) | | 104 |
| 6481859236 | Panama and Suez canals | A canal that crosses the isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Built by the United States between 1904 and 1914. | | 105 |
| 6481859237 | A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today. | | | 106 |
| 6481859238 | Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731) | | 107 |
| 6481859239 | Leopold II | Belgian ruler who claimed the Congo as his "personal plantation" | | 108 |
| 6481859240 | Belgian king who ruthlessly exploited the natives on his African land for personal gain. | | | 109 |
| 6481859241 | Zulu | New states emerged on the edge of expanding empires. As the British expanded their South African colony, the ____ Kingdom came into being, led by a man named Shaka. | | 110 |
| 6481859242 | Boer war | War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. | | 111 |
| 6481859243 | Berlin conference | (1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa. | | 112 |
| 6481859244 | Settler colony | Large numbers of people come to the colonies to live in the colony and establish a permanent presence. | | 113 |
| 6481859245 | Economic imperialism | Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments | | 114 |
| 6481859246 | Monroe doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | | 115 |
| 6481859247 | Queen Lili-uokalani | (1893) overthrown by planters and businessmen invading Hawaii, William McKinley annexed the islands from her | | 116 |
| 6481859248 | Spanish-American War | 1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuaban's fight for independence - the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism | | 117 |
| 6481859249 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743) | | 118 |
| 6481859250 | Indentured labor | Labor source in the Americas; wealthy planters would pay the European poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage. | | 119 |
| 6481859251 | social darwinist | a group of thinkers who applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest | | 120 |
| 6481859252 | British Raj | The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947. | | 121 |
| 6481859253 | Sepoy rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. | | 122 |
| 6481859254 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily. | | 123 |
| 6481859255 | Ram Mohan Roy | Indian scholar and nationalist who wanted to revive Indian culture while westernizing and reforming it. He wanted to abolish ancient traditions he saw as uncivil, such as pardah (separation between men and women) and sati (a widow throwing herself onto her husband's funeral pyre). Founded Hindu College in Calcutta. | | 124 |
| 6481859256 | Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663) | | 125 |
