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Multiple Choice: AP Language Vocab Flashcards

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5036782843allusionreferences to literary, artistic, Scientific, or historical people, places, or things by the author to convey tone, purpose of effect0
5036782844argumentsassertions made based on facts, statistic and logical reasonig1
5036782845assumptionan inference or conclusion, possibly based on evidence2
5036782846assertiona "for" or "against" stance taken by an author in a persuasive essay3
5036782847attitudethe authors state of mind or point of view toward himself/herself or another person, place or thing4
5036782848begging the questiona persuasive fallacy in which the writer assumes the reader will automatically accept an assertion without proper support. be aware of this with writers who use syllogisms or deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion5
5036782849coherencehaving a clear connection among all the parts of the essay. it is achieved in two ways: by using a clear organizational format and by providing appropriate connecting devices (transitions, bridging sentences, repeated words, synonyms and pronouns)6
5036782850comparison and contrastshowing similarities and/or difference. the AP question usually asks for differences. the student is asked to make a judgement about the relative merits of the two passages. which is more effective?7
5036782851conclusionusually written to reaffirm or finally state the thesis. other strategies used in this might include expressing a final thought about a subject, summarizing main points, using a quotation, predicting an outcome, making an evaluation, or recommending a course of action8
5036782852conflictthe tension created in the story by the struggle or outcome of the struggle -- one of the narrative devices to address when analyzing the tone of the passage9
5036782853connotative languagewords which have implied meaning, emphasizing the feelings or subjectivity that surrounds the word. denotative language, emphasizing the literal dictionary meaning, is used to create an objective tone. consider these aspects of words when analyzing how diction creates attitude, effect or purpose10
5036782854control a wide range of the elements of writingin mature writing, mature diction, varied syntax and effective paragraph organization combined to convey a dear and insightful evaluation, analysis, impression, or assertion11
5036782855defend, challenge or qualifypresent a logical argument "for" or "against" a certain assertion: defend, challenge or qualify an authors views. this is the same as an "agreed or disagree" question12
5036782856descriptionusing vivid words to paint a picture of what the 5 senses are experiencing. the purpose of a descriptive essay is to create a dominant impression through the manipulation of details13
5036782857dictionword choose used by the author to persuade or convey tone, purpose or effect14
5036782858deductive reasoninga form of logical thinking to analyze when asked to evaluate the persuasive devices used by the author. in this, general statements (major premises) believed to be true are applied to specific situations (minor premises) the result of deduction is a conclusion about a specific situation this three step pattern is called a syllogism15
5036782859effectthe influence or result of something, using such rhetorical strategies as arguments, assumption, attitudes, contrast, diction, imagery, pacing or repitition16
5036782860either or falacyarguing that a complex situation can be simply explained in one of two ways17
5036782861ethosa form of logical thinking used to analyze the authors reliability or credibility address this issue when asked to evaluate the persuasive devices used by author. writers establish this by using moderate appeals to emotion, avoiding a hostile tone, and/or demonstrating overall knowledge of the subject18
5036782862evidenceused to lend support to the writers thesis19
5036782863experienceevidence from your personal life that can be used to support a defend, challenge or quality question20
5036782864false analogymakes the error of assuming that since two things are alike in some ways, they are alike in all ways21
5036782865figures of speechimaginative comparisons (similes, metaphors, personification, etc) used by the author to convey tone, purpose or effect22
5036782866hasty generalizationthe writer or student makes an unsound inductive inference based on insufficient, inadequate, unspecified evidence23
5036782867imagerydiction describing the 5 senses - used by the author to convey tone, purpose or effect24
5036782868juxtaposition of ideasplacing two ideas next to each other (showing a before and after effect) used by the author to convey tone, purpose or effect25
5036782869manipulation of languagea skillful handling of diction and syntax - used by the author to convey tone, purpose or effect26
5036782870narrative structureusing a chronology of events, plot, conflict, characterization, setting, and other elements of storytelling to convey tone, purpose or effect27
5040043823non sequitursfaulty conclusions about casual relationships28
5040043824observationevidence from your observations of society that can be used to support a defend, challenge or quality question. if the question does not specifically allow you to use evidence from your personal experience, observations and reading, do not do this29
5040043825one side at a time methodone of two ways to organize a comparison contract essay. in this type of organization the write would discuss all the points of one passage first, then discuss all the points of the other passage second, showing the differences between the two30
5040043826organizationthe process of arranging evidence to support a these. it would be chronological, spatial, emphatic, simple to complex, definition, cause and effect, etc...31
5040043827pacingthe rate of movement (tempo) of a story may be slower with exposition or description, faster with dramatic incidence, etc.32
5040043828persuasionwriting which appeals to the readers emotion and value systems, encouraging the reader to adopt an attitude or change a position33
5040043829point by pointone of two ways to organize a comparison and contrast essay. in this type of organization the writer would discuss one aspect of both passages, showing how this one aspect differs; then the writer would do the same for a second and third aspect, intertwining evidence from both passages in each paragraph34
5040043830point of viewthe tone or attitude created by the authors manipulation of language35
5040175247post hoc fallacyerroneously concluding that one event cussed another just because it came first36
5040175248psychological insightan ability to see the inner nature of things37
5040175249purposethe reason for writing an essay, usually based on the effect the writer wants to have on his/her audience38
5040175250questionable authorityvague appeals to unsubstantiated authority revealed by such phrases as "studies show" and "experts claim". good persuasive writing documents references to authority, specifically establishing credibility39
5040175251readingreference to particular writers, composers or other artists that can be used to support a defend, challenge or qualify question. if the question does not specifically allow you to use evidence from your personal experience, observations and reading, do not do this40
5040175252red herring argumentsdeliberate attempts to focus on a minor issue rather than addressing the main point41
5040175253rhetorical purposethe reason for the speakers remarks; or a definition of the attitude that the author would like the reader to adopt42
5040175254rhetorical structureany organizational device used by the author to convey tone, purpose or effect43
5040175255selection of detailfacts, circumstances, characteristics, techniques, etc., used by the author to convey tone, purpose or effect44
5040175256syntaxthe arrangement of words into sentences used by the author to convey tone, purpose or effect45
5040175257tonethe attitude created by the authors manipulation of language46

Chapter 1 AP Language Flashcards

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4738498442Aristotelian TriangleA diagram that illustrates the interrelationship between speaker, audience, and subject in *determining* a *text*0
4738498443AudienceThe listener, reader, or viewer of a text1
4738498444ConcessionAn *acknowledgement* that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable2
4738498445ConnotationMeanings or Associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation.3
4738498446ContextThe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and *events* surrounding a *text*4
4738498447CounterargumentAn *opposing* argument to the one that a writer is putting forward.5
4738498448OccasionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.6
4738498449PersonaGreek for "mask". The face or character that a *speaker* shows to his audience.7
4738498450PolemicGreek for "Hostile". An aggressive argument the superiority of one opinion over all others.8
4738498451PropagandaThe spread of Ideas or Information to *further* a cause.9
4738498452PurposeThe goal the speaker wants to achieve10
4738498453RefutationA denial of the validity of an opposing argument11
4738498454Rhetorical ApealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade the audience by emphasising what they find most important or *compelling*12
4738498455Rhetorical TriangleA diagram that illustrates the interrelationship between speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text13
4738498456SOAPSA mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.14
4738498457SpeakerThe person or group who creates a text.15
4738498458SubjectThe topic of a text16
4738498459TextWhile this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any *cultural product* that can be "read"- meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated.17
4738498460PathosGreek for "suffering" or "experience". Speakers appeal to it to emotionally motivate their audience.18
4738498461EthosGreek for "Character". Speakers appeal to it to demonstrate that they are Credible and Trustworthy to speak on a given topic.19
4738498462LogosGreek for "Embodied thought". Speakers appeal to it, or reason, *by offering clear rational ideas*, and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.20
4738498463RhetoricAs Aristotle defined the term "The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion". In other words, it's the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.21

AP Literature and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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7263050773Altruisticunselfishly concerned for the welfare of others, generous0
7263052768Ambivalenthaving contrary feelings or attitudes, uncertain as to course of action1
7263056584Angularlean; sharp cornered; gaunt2
7263060047Arrogantoverbearingly assuming; insolently proud3
7263062733Aversionstrong disinclination, disliking4
7263064828Discernto differentiate between two or more things5
7263066775Disdainintense disliking; to treat with scorn or contempt, to reject as unworthy6
7263070314Disparageto degrade, to speak of someone or something in a derogatory manner7
7263073840Disparityinequality, the condition or fact of being unequal in age, rank, or degree8
7301217438Embellishto decorate, to make beautiful with ornamentation9
7301218994Engenderto cause, to produce, to create10
7301219836Innocuousharmless, producing no injury11
7301220366Insipidboring and stupid12
7301221407Lamentto mourn or to express sorrow in a demonstrative manner13
7301222448Laudto praise, to extol14
7301223078Obscuredifficult to see, vague15
7301225119Ostentatiousshowy, pretentious16
7301225476Prodigalwasteful, a person given to extravagance17
7350011009Repudiateto reject, to disown, to disavow18
7350012611Reticencerestraint in speech, reluctance to speak19
7350013661Revereto honor, to regard with respect20
7350014787Serenecalm, placid21
7350016582Superfluousbeyond what is needed, an overflow22
7350017356Taciturnquiet, not verbose23
7387866187Antithesisa direct opposite, a contrast24
7387868519Ascendto move upward, to rise from a lower station25
7387873061Austerestrict, stern; unadorned, ascetic26
7387879625Autonomousindependent, self-contained27
7387881432Banalcommon, ordinary, lacking freshness, hackneyed28
7387888505Benignnot causing harm, of gentle disposition, beneficial29
7387894151Capriciouschanging suddenly, fickle30
7387896217Dawdleto waste time, to spend time idly, to move in lackadaisical manner31
7387904039Defamationact of harming or ruining another's reputation32
7387910621Esotericunderstood only by a small group or a select few33
7387914158Exacerbateto aggravate, to irritate, to vex34
7387918278Extolto praise, to glorify35
7387920838Fastidiousreflecting a meticulous or demanding attitude, critical to an extreme36
7387925784Furtivesecret in a underhanded way, stealthy37
7387931260Gregarioussociable and outgoing38
7387933709Hypocriteone who is insincere or deceitful39
7387937714Innateexisting from birth, inborn40
7387940718Lethargicsluggish, languid41
7387944042Melancholydepression of spirits42
7387947084Opaquenot allowing the passage of light, not transparent; hard to understand43
7387956718Prolificabundantly fruitful, marked by great productivity44
7387961775Reproveto scold or to rebuke for a misdeed usually with kindly intent45
7387967909Symmetrybalanced proportions46
7387972463Tranquilpeaceful, calm47
7387975729Venerateto honor, to revere48
7594255179Abstrusedifficult to understand, recondite, concealed49
7594255180Affablefriendly, courteous, amiable50
7594255181Audacityexcessive boldness, rashness, daring51
7594255182Contriteextremely apologetic, remorseful, repentant52
7594255183Credulousbelieving on slight evidence, gullible53
7594255184Depravitymoral corruption, a wicked or perverse act54
7594255185Deprecateto disapprove regretfully, to belittle, to express mild disapproval55
7594255186Didacticinstructive, designed to teach56
7594255187Dormantinactive, sleeping57
7594255188Enigmaticmysterious, inexplicable, puzzling58
7594255189Eruditescholarly59
7594255190Exoticforeign, unfamiliar60
7594255191Fuseto mix or to join (usually by melting)61
7594255192Immutableunchanging62
7594255193Incorrigibleincapable of being reformed or improved63
7594255194Loatheto detest64
7594255195Mitigateto cause to become less harsh or hostile; to make less severe65
7594255196Nullifyto cause not to be in effect, to negate66
7594255197Pacifisticopposed to war or use of force67
7594255198Pretentiousmaking an extravagant outward show, self-important68
7594255199Prologueintroductory remarks in a speech, play or literary work, introductory action69
7594255200Recantto withdraw or to repudiate a statement or belief, revoke70
7594255201Servileoverly submissive71
7594255202Trepidationfear, trembling, agitation72
7594255203Vilifyto malign, to defame, to utter abusive statements against73
7857569303Asetheticrelating or pertaining to a sense of beauty or art74
7857569304Aloofapart, indifferent75
7857569305Archaicantiquated, old, out of use76
7857569306Assuageto ease, to mitigate, to makes less painful or burdensome, to calm77
7857569307Belieto contradict, to give a false impression78
7857569308Contentiousquarrelsome, stirring controversy79
7857569309Dauntto intimidate, to dismay80
7857569310Debilitateto weaken, to enfeeble81
7857569311Discordlack of agreement, tension, strife82
7857569312Disseminationthe act of spreading widely; scattering83
7857569313Dogmaticstrongly opinionated in a unwarranted manner84
7857621279Duplicitydouble-dealing, hypocrisy85
7857621280Egocentricself-centered, selfish86
7857621281Euphemismsubstitution of an inoffensive term for one that is offensive87
7857621282Gluttonousgreedy for food and drink88
7857621283Mundaneordinary, commonplace89
7857621284Ominousthreatening90
7857621285Petulanceunreasonable touchiness or irritability91
7857621286Pompousexaggerated show of dignity or self-importance, bombastic92
7857621287Precociousexceptionally early in development or occurrence93
7857621288Slothfullazy, indolent94
7857621289Triviainsignificant matters95
7857621290Verbosewordy, very talkative96
7857621291Virulentextremely poisonous; hateful97
7857621292Volatilequickly changeable, easily vaporized98

AP Language and Composition Terms Flashcards

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6532366141Ad hominem argumentArgument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect0
6532366142AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. i.e. Animal Farm characters; The Crucible1
6532366143AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words2
6532366144AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work or art purpose: writer does not have to elaborate3
6532366145AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage4
6532366146AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them; using something well known to help explain something not as well known. (similar to simile)5
6532366147AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.6
6532366148AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle; a memorable summation of the author's point7
6532366149ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction, such as liberty or love and adds familiarity or emotion intensity8
6532366150AtmosphereThe emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.9
6532366151ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.10
6532366152ColloquialThe use of slang or in formalities in speech or writing. Gives work a conversational, familiar tone. Often used to express regional or local dialects11
6532366153ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness due to the unusual comparison12
6532366154ConnotationThe nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning13
6532366155DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color14
6532366156DictionRelated to style, refers to the writer's word choice15
6532366157DidacticMeaning "teaching", it has the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially of moral or ethical principles16
6532366158EuphemismA more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts. Can be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness, or to add humor or ironic understatement17
6532366159Extended metaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work18
6532366160Figurative languageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid19
6532366161Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language, Many compare dissimilar things20
6532366162Generic conventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre and helps define each genre. For example, they differentiate between an essay and journalistic writing and an autobiography and political writing21
6532366163GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry , and drama22
6532366164HomilyThis term literally means "sermon" but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice23
6532366165HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement for emphasis24
6532366166ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, uses terms related to the five senses25
6532366167InferenceTo draw reasonable conclusion from the information presented26
6532366168InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language27
6532366169IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what actually is true28
6532366170Verbal ironyThe words literally state the opposite of the writers or speakers true meaning29
6532366171Situational ironyEvents turn out the opposite of what was expected30
6532366172Dramatic ironyFacts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work31
6532366173Loose sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. Makes work often seem informal, relaxed, and conversational32
6532366174MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other33
6532366175MetonymyA figure of speech which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Example: the White House declared instead of the President declared34
6532366176MoodThe overall feel of the writing (created by writer; determined by reader)35
6532366177Indicative moodused only for factual sentences "Joe eats too quickly"36
6532366178Subjunctive moodUsed for a doubtful or conditional attitude "If I were you, I would get another job."37
6532366179Imperative moodUsed for commands "Shut the door!"38
6532366180NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events39
6532366181OnomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words40
6532366182OxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish" a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Example: Jumbo Shrimp41
6532366183ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity42
6532366184ParallelismRefers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity; structuring in generally same way to link them all43
6532366185ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It distorts or exaggerates distinctive features of the original44
6532366186PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish45
6532366187Periodic sentenceA sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone46
6532366188Point of viewThe perspective from which a story is told47
6532366189First-person narratorTells the story with the first-person pronoun "I" and is a character in the story.48
6532366190Third person narratorRelates the events with the third person pronouns, "he, she it"49
6532366191Third person omniscientthe narrator, with god-like knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters50
6532366192Third person limited omniscientPresents the feelings and thoughts of only the actions of all remaining characters51
6532366193Predicate adjectivesOne type of subject complement- an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clauses that follows a linking verb Example: My boyfriend is tall, dark, and handsome. Tall, dark and handsome is describing boyfriend52
6532366194Predicate nominativeA second type of subject complement- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clauses that renames the subject Example: "Lincoln was a man of integrity" Man of integrity describes Lincoln53
6532366195ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, refers to fiction and nonfiction, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech54
6532366196RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate of any element of language55
6532366197RhetoricFrom the Greek "orator" describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively56
6532366198Rhetorical modesDescribes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing57
6532366199ExpositionTo explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion58
6532366200ArgumentationTo prove the validity of an idea, point of view, by presenting sound reasoning59
6532366201SarcasmBitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something60
6532366202SatireA work that targets human vices and follies, or social institutions or conventions for reform or ridicule61
6532366203StyleAn author's sum of choices that he or she makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices62
6532366204Subject complementThe word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by renaming it or describing it63
6532366205Subordinate clauseContains a subject and a verb but can not stand alone64
6532366206SyllogismFrom the Greek "reckoning together" this term is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises, first major and second minor Major premise: All men are mortal. Minor premise: Socrates is a man. Conclusion: Socrates is mortal.65
6532366207SymbolAnything that represents or stands for something else66
6532366208Natural symbolsUse objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them I.e. Dawn and new beginnings67
6532366209Conventional symbolsThose that have been invested with meaning by a group i.e. Star of David68
6532366210Literary symbolsThey are found in a variety of literature and are generally recognized i.e. whale in Moby Dick69
6532366211SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences70
6532366212ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers to life71
6532366213ThesisStatement that is a sentence that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or preposition72
6532366214ToneDescribes the author's attitude toward his or her material or the audience73
6532366215TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas74
6532366216UnderstatementThe ironic minimalizing of fact, presenting something less significant than it actually is. Makes a work humorous and emphatic;A statement that lacks emphasis and is given less force than normal.75
6532366217Witintellectually amusing language that surprises and delights76
6532366218AttitudeA writer's intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing (related to tone)77
6532366219Concrete detailA non abstract detail asked on essay portion78
6532366220Descriptive detailDetail appealing to the visual sense of the reader79
6532366221DevicesThe figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect80
6532366222Languagehow the elements of this combine to form a whole (diction, syntax, figurative language, etc)81
6532366223Narrative devicesThe tools of the storyteller such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial time82
6532366224Narrative techniqueThe style of telling the story, especially the order of events and their detail83
6532366225Persuasive devicesThe words in the passage that have strong connotations hint at this. Words that intensify the emotional effect84
6532366226Persuasive essayAn essay that leads to appeal to the audience's emotion or ethical standards to make them feel or support the author's position85
6532366227Resources of languageAll the devices of composition available to a writer such as diction, syntax, sentence structure, etc86
6532366228Rhetorical featuresRefers to how a passage is constructed. Look at the passage's organization and how the writer combines images, details, or arguments87
6532366229Sentence structureThe type of sentences the author uses; the simple, compound, complex types of this88
6532366230Bathosthe sudden appearance of the commonplace in otherwise elevated matter or style; insincere or overdone pathos89
6532366231HyperboleA non-literal exaggeration to emphasize something.90
6532366232Litotes(Similar to understatement) Emphasizes a point by using a word opposite to the condition.91
6532366233AntithesisA structure that places contrasting ideas next to each other.92
6532366234HypophoraAsking a question, then answering it too.93
6532366235Rhetorical QuestionA question that is asked to create an effect, not really to be answered.94
6532366236Procatalepsis(Form of hypophora) Eliminates an objection without asking any questions.95
6532366237DistinctioGiving the definition of a word so that the word isn't taken the wrong way.96
6532366238SimileA figure of speech using "like" or "as" to compare two thing somewhat alike.97
6532366239Metaphor(Similar to simile) Speaking of something as though it were another.98
6532366240Eponym(Similar to allusion) Linking the attributes of a well known person to another person.99
6532366241SententiaA quotation or wise saying. Can be a quote from a person.100
6532366242ExemplumProviding the reader with an example to illustrate what the author means. Fictional examples need to be hypothetical.101
6532366243ClimaxOrganizing ideas in writing from least to most important.102
6532366244ParallelismStructuring multiple sentences, generally the same way, to link them all.103
6532366245Chiasmus(Form of parallelism) The structure of two lines are crisscrossed. The beginning of the first is at the end of the second and vice versa.104
6532366246Anadiplosis(Form of repetition) Repeating the last word of a phrase or sentence near the beginning of the next.105
6532366247Conduplicatio(Form of repetition) Take an important word in the previous sentence or phrase and repeats it at the beginning of the next.106
6532366248MetabasisA summary of a previous body of work that allows the reader to move on to a new point.107
6532366249ParenthesisA device that is used to insert additional information into the main body of the writing.Equivalent to the spoken aside.108
6532366250EnumeratioA list of details about something that is supplied.109
6532366251AntanagogeMaking negative things seem not as bad so the reader doesn't feel as strongly about them.110
6532366252EpithetAdding a descriptive adjective to a noun to evoke an idea or emotion.111
6532366253AsyndetonLeaving out conjunctions in lists or between phrases, words, or clauses.112
6532366254Polysyndeton(The stylistic Opposite of asyndeton) Deliberate use of conjunctions.113
6532366255ZeugmaLinking unexpected items together by a shared word.114
6532366256Synecdoche(Similar to metonymy) Using part of something to refer to another thing as a larger whole.115
6532366257HyperbatonPurposely arranging words in an unexpected order.116
6532366258AporiaUsed to express doubt about an idea.117
6532366259AnaphoraThe use of the same word or phrase at the beginning of each phrase or sentence.118
6532366260Epistrophe(Similar to anaphora) The use of the same word or phrase at the end of each phrase or sentence.119
6532366261Symploce(Form of parallelism) A combination of using a word or phrase repeatedly at the beginning or end of a phrase or sentence.120
6532366262AmplificationRepeating something just said but adding more detail to it.121
6532366263PersonificationGiving human-like traits to something not human.122
6532366264ParataxisA series of clauses without conjunctions.123
6532366265EnthymemeAn abbreviated, informal structured argument with a major and minor premises, both assumed true, making the audience assume the conclusion is also true.124
6532366266TropeA figure of speech in which words are used in a way that changes their meanings.125
6532366267PolemicAn attack during an argument that hits the opposing point of view.126
6532366268EquivocationA fallacy that uses a word with two meanings but concludes the word to have only one meaning.127
6532366269PhronesisEffects Ethos in making it seem the speaker has the wisdom to judge right from wrong.128
6532366270Red HerringA remark that distracts or sidetracks from the original subject of argument.129
6532366271Straw ManA fallacy that attacks the weaker side of the argument and not the issue at hand.130
6532366272HortatorySpeech or writing that urges or commands the audience to do something.131
6532366273PersonaA voice or mask that is used with acting or speaking that the person uses for a particular reason.132
6532366274AbsoluteA word free from limitations or qualifications133
6532366275AdageA familiar proverb or wise saying134
6532366276ArchetypeA detail, image, or character type that appears frequently in literature and is thought to appeal in a universal way135
6532366277Balanced sentenceA sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast136
6532366278Cliche'An expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off137
6532366279ColloquialismA word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)138
6532366280Complex sentenceA sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause139
6532366281Compound sentenceContains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses.140
6532366282loose (cumulative) sentenceA sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (main clause is at the beginning)141
6532366283Declarative sentenceA sentence that makes a statement or declaration142
6532366284DialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.143
6532366285Dilemmaa difficult or perplexing situation or problem requiring a person to decide between two equally attractive or unattractive alternatives144
6532366286Dissonanceharsh, inharmonious sounds145
6532366287Elegya sorrowful formal poem or speech about death or another solemn theme146
6532366288EllipsisIndicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.147
6532366289EpicA long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society148
6532366290EpigramA brief witty poem, often satirical.149
6532366291Epigrapha saying or statement on a title page of a work, or used as a heading for a chapter or other section of a work150
6532366292EpiphanyA moment of sudden revelation or insight151
6532366293Epitapha brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone152
6532366294Eulogya speech honoring the dead153
6532366295Exclamatory sentenceA sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark154
6532366296Expletivean interjection to lend emphasis; often a profanity155
6532366297FableA brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters156
6532366298FantasyA story including elements that are impossible or make-believe.157
6532366299FlashbackA method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events158
6532366300Flat characterA character who is not well-developed, but rather one-dimensional ; he/she has only one or two personality traits159
6532366301ForeshadowingA narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.160
6532366302Frame devicea story within a story. An example is Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, in which the primary tales are told within the "frame story" of the pilgrimage to Canterbury161
6532366303HubrisExcessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy162
6532366304Hypothetical questiona question that asks how a respondent might react in a given situation163
6532366305IdiomA common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.164
6532366306ImplicationA suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly. NOTE: the author/sender implies; the reader/audience infers.165
6532366307Jargonspecialized technical terminology; a characteristic language of a particular group166
6532366308JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts167
6532366309LegendA narrative story about mythical or supernatural beings or events handed down from the past168
6532366310LimerickA five line poem in which lines 1, 2 and 5 rhyme and lines 3 and 4 rhyme.169
6532366311Literary licensedeviating from normal rules or methods in order to achieve a certain effect170
6532366312Malapropismthe unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar171
6532366313MaximA concise statement, often offering advice; an adage172
6532366314MotifA recurring element, such as an image, theme, or type of incident.173
6532366315MotivationA character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act174
6532366316Mytha traditional story where supernatural characters and events are used to explain a natural event175
6532366317Non sequiturAn argument where claim, reasons and warrants don't connect logically, and one point doesn't follow another.176
6532366318Parentheticala comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain177
6532366319PathosAppeal to emotion178
6532366320LogosAppeal to logic; facts179
6532366321EthosAppeal to ethics; credibility180
6532366322PhilippicA bitter verbal attack181
6532366323PunPlay on words; achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings182
6532366324ResolutionAlso called the denouement, this is the final stage in the plot of a drama or work of fiction. Here the action comes to an end and remaining loose ends are tied up.183
6532366325Round characterA character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work184
6532366326Romantic19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason185
6532366327Scapegoata person or thing carrying the blame for others186
6532366328Simple sentenceA sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause187
6532366329SolecismNonstandard grammatical usage; a violation of grammatical rules188
6532366330StructureArrangement of parts189
6532366331SurrealismAn artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images190
6532366332SyllepsisA construction in which one word is used in two different senses ("After he threw the ball, he threw a fit.")191
6532366333Synesthesiadescribing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")192
6532366334Tautologyneedless repetition using different but equivalent words; a redundancy (ex: widow woman, free gift)193
6532366335TrilogyA group of three literary or musical works that have a related theme194
6532366336Tritecommonplace; overused, stale195
6532366337VernacularEveryday language used in a country or region.196
6532366338ArchaismA word, expression, spelling, or phrase that is out of date in the common speech of an era, but still deliberately used by a writer, poet, or playwright for artistic purposes197
6532366339Authorial intrusionliterary device wherein the author penning the story, poem or prose steps away from the text and speaks out to the reader.198
6532366340IdyllA scene or event of a simple and tranquil nature199
6532366341Socratic ironysomeone pretends to be ignorant to expose the ignorance or inconsistency of someone else.200
6532366342Ironic overstatementwhen a person exaggerates the character of something.201
6532366343Ironic understatementwhen a person undermines the character of something.202
6532366344Melodramaa play interspersed with songs and orchestral music accompanying the action203
6532366345Absolute metaphora metaphor (or figurative comparison) in which one of the terms (the tenor) can't be readily distinguished from the other (the vehicle).Example: "We are the eyelids of defeated caves."204
6532366346Active metaphorone which is relatively new and has not become part of everyday linguistic usage. The audience knows that a metaphor has been used.205
6532366347Dead metaphormetaphors that normally go unnoticed or that are cliché206
6532366348Mixed metaphora metaphor that combines different images or ideas in a way that is foolish or illogical207
6532366349Submerged metaphorone in which the vehicle is implied, or indicated by one aspect. Example: "my winged thought". Here, the audience must supply the image of the bird.208
6532366350Neoclassical dramaNeoclassicism covers the period from the end of the English Renaissance in 1642 to the culmination of the French Revolution and the beheading of Louis the XVI in 1793 - in this type of drama, there were either comedies or tragedies - no combination of the two.209
6532366351Implied metaphorone in which the tenor is not specified but implied. Example: "Shut your trap!" Here, the mouth of the listener is the unspecified tenor.210
6532366352undertonean attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under the surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones211
6532366353anecdotea short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event.212

ap language term list Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7589160276alliterationthe sequential repetition of a similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually in closely proximate stressed syllables0
7589182325anaphorathe regular repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses1
7589189630asyndetona syntactical structure in which conjunctions are omitted in a series, usually producing more rapid prose2
7589208438dictionthe specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose or effect3
7589218861epistrophein rhetoric, the repetition of a phrase at the end of successive sentences4
7589238684ethosin rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator5
7589253878hyperboleoverstatement characterized by exaggerated language, usually to make a point or draw attention6
7589262265imageryany sensory detail or evocation in a work to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object. involves any or all of the five senses7
7589275820juxtapositionthe location of one thing adjacent to another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose8
7589553458litotea figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement9
7589562825metaphorone thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy. an implicit comparison or identification of one thing with another, without the use of like or as10
7589577835pathosthat element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow. in argument or persuasion it tends to be the evocation of pity11
7589591485rhetoricthe art of using words to persuade in writing or speaking12
7589591486rhetorical questiona question the is asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered13
7589596480synecdochea figure of speech in which a part signifies a whole14

AP Literature - Poetry Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6424577329alliterationthe repitition of the initial consonant sounds in neighboring words0
6424578755assonancethe repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in neighboring words1
6424580926blank versepoetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter, which must not be confused with free verse2
6424585671cacophonyharsh, clashing, or dissonant sounds, often produced by combinations of words that require a clipped, explosive delivery, or words that contain a number of plosive consonants3
6424591619consonancethe repetition of identical or similar consonants in neighboring words whose vowel sounds are different4
6424594507couplettwo consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme and are written to the same meter, or pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables5
6424597642dramatic monologuea kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent audience of one or more persons. such poems reveal not the poet's own thoughts, but the mind of the impersonated character.6
6424604745end-stopped linea line brought to a pause at which the end of a verse line coincides with the completion of a sentence, clause, or other independent unit of syntax. it is the opposite of enjambment.7
6424611480enjambmentthe running over of the sense and grammatical structure from one verse line or couplet to the next without a punctuated pause8
6424614423epica long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes in a grand style9
6424618553euphonya pleasing smoothness of sound, perceived by the ease with which the words can be spoken in combination10
6424621759footthe basic unit of rhythmic measurement in a line of poetry11
6424623816free versepoetry that is free of rhyme and meter and it resembles natural speech12
6424628499heroic couplettwo end-stopped iambic pentameter lines rhymed aa, bb, cc, with the thought usually completed in the two line unit13
6424632366iamba metrical foot consisting of two syllables, an unaccented syllable followed by an accented as in the word invade.14
6424636553lyrica usually short, personal poem expressing the poet's emotions and thoughts rather than telling a story15
6424639325meterthe pattern of measured sound-units recurring more or less regularly in lines of verse16
6424642859octavea group of eight verse lines forming the first part of a sonnet; or a stanza of eight lines17
6424645205odean elaborately formal lyric poem, often in the form of a lengthy address to a person or abstract entity, always serious and elevated in tone18
6424648521pastorala poem dealing with shepherds and rural life19
6424649954pentametera line of five feet. iambic _________, normally ten syllables, has had special status as the standard line in many poetry forms20
6424653327quatraina verse stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed21
6424654839refraina line, group of lines, or part of a line repeated at regular or irregular intervals in a poem22
6424658265rhymea similarity of sound between two words23
6424658266end rhymerhyme which comes at the ends of lines of poetry24
6424661800internal rhymerhyme which comes within the line of poetry rather than at the usual end of the line25
6424663763feminine rhymetwo-syllable rhyme26
6424665176forced rhymemeaning in the poem suffers because of the stilted nature of the rhyme27
6424667154masculine rhymeone-syllable rhyme28
6424667155exact rhymeidentical rhyme between two words29
6424671416slant rhymeinexact rhyme between two words30
6424671417eye rhymerhyme based on spelling rather than sound31
6424673088rhythmthe patterned flow of sound in poetry and prose.32
6424677284scansionanalyzing the meter in lines of poetry by counting and marking the accented and unaccented syllables, and dividing the lines into metrical feet33
6424683305sonneta fourteen-line lyric poem in iambic pentameter34
6424684797english sonnetrhyme scheme of abab, cdcd, efef, gg. also called shakespearean sonnet.35
6424688324italian sonnetrhyme scheme of abba, abba, cde, cde. also called petrarchan sonnet.36
6424691620stanzaa section or division of a poem, resembling paragraphs in prose37
6424693534stressthe emphasis placed on a word or syllable38
6424693535trocheea metrical foot consisting of two syllables, an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable, as in the word FORtune. it's the opposite of an iamb.39

AP Literature Terms 31-60 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7482816686FableA usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like humans.0
7482816687Feminine endingTerm that refers to an unstressed extra syllable at the end of a line of iambic pentameter.1
7482817411Figurative languageSpeech or writing that departs from literal meaning in order to achieve a special effect or meaning. Speech or writing employing figures of speech.2
7482817412FlashbackWhen a character remembers a past event that is relevant to the current action of the story3
7482817413Flat characterA literary character whose personality can be defined by one or two traits and does not change over the course of the story. These characters are usually minor or insignificant characters.4
7482818337FoilA character that by contrast underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of another.5
7482818338FolkloreThe traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.6
7482828151FootThe metrical length of a line is determined by the number of these it contains. Monometer: One Dimeter: Two Trimeter: Three Tetrameter: Four Pentameter: Five Hexameter: Six Heptameter: Seven The most common of these have two to three syllables, with one stressed.7
7482828152IambThese make up a type of foot that has two syllables. The first is unstressed and the second is stressed.8
7482829874TrocheeThese make up a type of foot that has two syllables. The first is stressed and the second is unstressed.9
7482829875DactylThese make up a type of foot that has three syllables beginning with a stressed syllable; the other two unstressed.10
7482829876AnapestThese make up a type of foot that has three syllables. The first two are unstressed with the third stressed.11
7482831296ForeshadowingClues in the text about incidents that will occur later in the plot, creates anticipation in the novel.12
7482831297Free verseType of verse that contains a variety of line lengths, is unrhymed, and lacks traditional meter.13
7482836946GenreA category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content.14
7482836947Gothic novelA genre of fiction characterized by mystery and supernatural horror, often set in a dark castle or other medieval setting.15
7482838600HeroineA woman noted for courage and daring action or the female protagonist.16
7482838601HubrisUsed in Greek tragedies, refers to excessive pride that usually leads to a hero's downfall.17
7482841120HyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or comic/dramatic effect.18
7482841121IllocutionLanguage that avoids meaning of the words. When we speak, sometimes we conceal intentions or side step the true subject of a conversation. Writing this expresses two stories, one of which is not apparent to the characters, but is apparent to the reader. For example, if two characters are discussing a storm on the surface it may seem like a simple discussion of the weather, however, the reader should interpret the underlying meaning-that the relationship is in turmoil, chaos, is unpredictable. As demonstrated the story contains an underlying meaning or parallel meanings.19
7482846190ImageryThe use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas.20
7482846191In medias resA story that begins in the middle of things.21
7482846192InversionIn poetry is an intentional digression from ordinary word order which is used to maintain regular meters. For example, rather than saying "the rain came" a poem may say "came the rain". Meters can be formed by the insertion or absence of a pause.22
7482847113IronyWhen one thing should occur, is apparent, or in logical sequence but the opposite actually occurs. Example: A man in the ocean might say, "Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink." Dramatic: When the audience or reader knows something characters do not know Verbal: When one thing is said, but something else, usually the opposite, is meant Cosmic: When a higher power toys with human expectations23
7482847114Masculine endingStressed extra syllable at the end of a line.24
7482847899MemoirAn account of the personal experiences of an author.25
7482847900MeterThe measured arrangement of words in poetry, as by accentual rhythm, syllabic quantity, or the number of syllables in a line.26
7482849009MetaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison; this comparison does not use like or as.27
7482849010MetonymyThe use of a word or phrase to stand in for something else which it is often associated. ie. Lamb means Jesus28
7482849961MotifA dominant theme or central idea29

AP Literature Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4088216012alliterationrepetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together (mean manager)0
4088219327allusionreference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture --> indirect reference to someone1
4088223347ambiguitydeliberately suggesting 2 or more different/conflicting meanings in a work2
4088225509anaphorarepetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or some sentences in a row3
4088230014anastropheinversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence4
4088231032anecdotebrief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something5
4088237452antimetabolerepetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order6
4088242555apostrophecalling out to an abstract idea "oh rose!"7
4088251174conceitan elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are different8
4088254439couplettwo consecutive rhyming lines of poetry9
4088256465elegypoem of mourning10
4088258883epigraphquotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme11
4088262075hyperbolea figure of speech that uses incredible exaggeration for effect... I am so hungry I could eat a horse.12
4088264637juxtapositionpoetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas are placed next to each other13
4088268434oxymorona figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase "pretty ugly"14
4088272615onomatopoeiause of words whose sounds echo their sense "zap"15
4088274923motifrecurring image, word, phrase, action or situation used throughout a work16
4088279084parableshort story that teaches moral17
4088279675paradoxa statement that appears self contradictory but reveals truth18
4088283633personificationfigure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts & attitudes19
4088287134rhetoricart of effective communication--> persuasive discourse20
4088289305satiretype of writing that ridicules the shortcomings of people or institutions in an attempt to bring change21
4088297449assonancefocuses on vowel sounds in a phrase and repeats them for effect.... "Men sell the wedding bells."22
4088299771ironyfigure of speech that uses a word in a literal sense that debunks what has been said23
4088303154similetwo things compared but not really the same with word "like"24
4088304694metaphortwo things compared but not really the same25
4088305127metonymyone word has similar meaning can be used for another "The Oval Office was busy in work. ("The Oval Office" stands for people at work in the office.)"26
4088308055synecdocheone thing is made to represent a whole "ABC's", "lend a hand"27
4088308919antithesiscontradiction that pits 2 ideas against each other in a balanced way28
4088310692euphemismwords that are used to soften the message "passed away"29
4088316165syntaxway an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses and sentences30
4088319850denotationstrict definition of a word31
4088320775connotationassociative meaning of a word: the applied/suggested meaning32
4358764019consonancerepetition of a pattern with changes in the intervening vowels.. pitter patter" or in "all mammals named Sam are clammy"33
4358777352litotesintentional understatement... "They do not seem the happiest couple around."34
4358906555sonnetfourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, which employ one of several rhyme schemes and adhere to a tightly structured thematic organization .. ABOUT LOVE35

AP Language LHS: Chapter 2: Close Reading Terminology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7434001412AlliterationThe repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.0
7434015168AllusionAn indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.1
7434020330AnaphoraThe repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.2
7434027153AnnotationExplanatory or critical notes added to a text.3
7434030023AntimetaboleThe repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.4
7434038753AntithesisParallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.5
7434046479Archaic DictionThe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.6
7434054369AsyndetonLeaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.7
7434062364ColloquialismsAn informal or conversational use of language.8
7434070942Complex SentenceA sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.9
7434079972Cumulative (loose) SentenceAn independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.10
7434090715Declarative SentenceA sentence that makes a statement.11
7434105151DictionWord choice.12
7434110402Figures of SpeechAn expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.13
7434118351Hortative/HortatoryUrging, or strongly encouraging.14
7434125482HyperboleExaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.15
7434135093ImageryVivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)16
7434144938Imperative SentenceA sentence that requests or commands.17
7434149361InversionA sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.18
7434167727JuxtapositionPlacement of two things side by side for emphasis.19
7434176724MetaphorA figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.20
7434189790Metonymy (Synecdoche)Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.21
7434207441OxymoronA figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.22
7434217931ParadoxA statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.23
7434233652Parallelism/Parallel StructureThe repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.24
7434238429Periodic SentenceA sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause.25
7434246546Personification (Anthropomorphism)Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.26
7434258874Rhetorical QuestionA question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.27
7434270974RhetoricThe study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."28
7434284299SchemeA pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.29
7434291299SimileA figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.30
7434297209StyleThe distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.31
7434306068SyntaxSentence structure.32
7434313085ThesisThe central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.33
7434322278Thesis StatementA statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.34
7434330385ToneThe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.35
7434334329Topic SentenceA sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.36
7434347383TropeArtful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.37
7434352990ZeugmaA construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs-often in different, sometimes incongruent ways-two or more words in a sentence.38
7434393792SyllepsisA figure of speech in which a word is applied to two others in different senses.39
7434432147Lightbulb!The internal mechanism that lets you know that you have got the information!40

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