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AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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6620224762AnalogyExplaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple. "An amateur playing in a professional game is like an ibex stepping into a lion's den."0
6620224763ArgumentThe combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their position.1
6620226633Aristotelian appealsThree different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them—ethos, logos, and pathos.2
6620363212AttitudeThe writer's personal views or feelings about the subject at hand. Difficult to convey in a short example, but something like "the deplorable state of this school" would convey that the author has a negative attitude towards the school.3
6620363213AudienceWho the author is directing his or her message towards. When you create a resume, your audience is potential employers.4
6620363214Compare and contrastDiscussing the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose. "Hybrid cars have a much smaller carbon footprint than traditional midsize vehicles."5
6620363215ConnotationThe implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations. conscientious = positive connotation fussy = negative connotation6
6620363216ContextThe extra-textual environment in which the text is being delivered. If I am delivering a congratulatory speech to awards recipients, the immediate context might be the awards presentation ceremony; the broader context might be the purpose or significance of the awards themselves.7
6620363217CounterargumentThe argument(s) against the author's position. If I want to eliminate the dress code, a counterargument might be that this will place a burden on students of a lower socioeconomic status, who must now afford an entire school wardrobe or risk unwanted attention.8
6620363218Deductive reasoningA form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case. If all planets orbit a star, and Theta II is a planet, then it must orbit a star.9
6620363219DenotationThe literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word. The denotation of "chair" is "a place to sit."10
6620363220DictionThe style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation. You might say "What's up, loser?" to your little brother, but you would probably say "How are you doing today?" to your principal.11
6620363221EthosSetting up a source as credible and trustworthy. "Given my PhD in the subject and years of experience in the field" is an appeal to ethos.12
6620363222EvidenceThe information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position. If I were arguing that Anne is a good student, I might reference her straight-A report card and her 1500 SAT score as pieces of evidence.13
6620363223Figurative languageThe use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc. "The sky's like a jewel box tonight!"14
6620363225ImageryAny descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language. "The water was a pearl-studded sea of azure tipped with turquoise."15
6620363226ImplicationWhen something is suggested without being concretely stated. "Watch your wallet around Paul," implies that Paul is a thief without coming out and saying "Paul is a thief."16
6620363227Inductive reasoningMaking a GENERALIZATION based on specific evidence at hand. All of the planets in this solar system orbit a star, so all planets probably orbit stars.17
6620363228IronyAt the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended. "I do so hope there are more papers to sign," is something that might be said ironically.18
6620363229JuxtapositionPlacing two very different things together for effect. Highlights the contrast between the things. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness"19
6620363230LogosAppealing to someone's sense of concrete facts and logic. Citing peer-reviewed scientific studies is an appeal to logos.20
6620363231OccasionThe reason or moment for writing or speaking. When giving a graduation speech, the occasion is graduation.21
6620363232OrganizationHow the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech. Think about the outlines you write in preparation for drafting an argumentative essay and you'll have an idea of what organization is.22
6620363233PathosAn Aristotelian appeal. Involves appealing to someone's emotions. Animal shelters ads with pictures of cute sad animals and dramatic music are using pathos.23
6620363234PurposeThe author's persuasive intention. If you are trying to convince your mother you should get a dog, your purpose in addressing an essay on the subject to her would be to convince her that you should get a dog.24
6620363235RepetitionRe-using a word or phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis. "We run, and we run, and we run, like rats on a wheel." "To love is to share life together, To love is to help and encourage, To love is to have someone special."25
6620363236RhetoricThe use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience. Almost everything is an example of rhetoric!26
6620363237Rhetorical triangleThe relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message, and the context. The author communicates to the reader via the text; and the reader and text are surrounded by context.27
6620363238SpeakerThe persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author. Similar to the difference between author and narrator in a work of fiction.28
6620363239StyleThe author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice. We might say the Taylor Swift's songwriting style is straightforward and emotive.29
6620363240SymbolismUsing a symbol to refer to an idea or concept. "Fire" is commonly used a symbol for passion and/or anger.30
6620363241SyntaxThe way sentences are grammatically constructed. "She likes pie," is _______ simple. On the other hand, "As it so happened, when Barbara got out of class early she liked to have a piece of pie—key lime or pecan, always—at the corner diner; while she was there she watched the people passing by the window and imagined herself inside each of their lives, riding in their heads for moments and moments until the afternoon was whiled away and she'd become fifty people," is ________ complicated.31
6620363242SynthesisCombining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point. A typical research paper involves synthesizing sources to make a broader point about the topic.32
6620363243ThemesOverarching ideas or driving premises of a work. Some themes you will probably hear in your high school graduation speech include leaving behind a legacy, moving into the great unknown, becoming an adult, and changing the world.33
6620363244ToneThe use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject. Only a narrow distinction from attitude. The phrase "the deplorable state of this school" reveals a negative attitude, but the word choice of "deplorable" is part of the author's tone.34
6620628999Positassume as a fact; put forward as a basis of argument replaces: says, argues, claims "the Confucian view _____ a perfectible human nature"35
6620629000Assertstate a fact or belief confidently and forcefully replaces: claims, argues, posits36
6620629001Myriada countless or great number replaces: many, lots, a lot, a ton37
6620629002EmployMakes use of replaces: uses, makes use of38
6620629003Salintmost noticeable or important. replaces: most important, relevant, interesting "the _____ point here is that..."39
6620629004Galvanizeto shock or excite (someone), typically into taking action. replaces: motivate, encourage, persuade "the author attempted to _____ into.."40
6620629005CraftAn activity involving skill in making things by hand replaces: creates, writes, makes, says, invents "the carefully _____ sentence emphasizes that.."41
6625655397AlliterationWords are used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group. Involves creating a repetition of similar sounds in the sentence. They create rhythm and mood and can have particular connotations. Repetition of the "s" sound often suggests a snake-like quality, implying slyness and danger.42
6625667376MetaphorDraws a comparison between their similarities and shared traits. Helps paint a picture for the readers "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse"43
6625682333Pacing/PunctuationAuthors can use this to manipulate the text to create suspense, excitement, sadness44
6625689921PolysyndetonWhen a writer includes more conjunctions than are necessary. Speaker can slow the sentence down, encourages reader to focus. "I will listen to the people AND act on their concerns AND convince my colleagues we are right."45
6625704898AsyndetonOmits conjunctions (like: "and" "or" "but") to create a more forceful sentence. Makes the speech more dramatic, speeds up its rhythm and space, making it more effective "I came, I saw, I conquered."46
6625719244Rhetorical Questions- Help a speaker activate listener's prior knowledge - Posing a question the audience knows the answer to engages them in conversation47
6625729524Satire/IronyWords are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning Can help move a story forward and deepen the meaning Usually used when political speech and dissent are forbidden by a regime, as a method of advancing political arguments where such arguments are expressly forbidden48
6625747369ChiasmusA statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed. This juxtaposes ideas in a sentence, making the sentence stand out, audience listens more closely. "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country."49
6625763209SynecdocheA part of something to refer to the whole or vice versa. This gives deeper meaning, draws readers attention, makes words appear more vivid. The word "boots" usually refers to soldiers. The word "bread" refers to food or money.50
6625774253AllusionAuthor references something such as a place, event, or literary work. Designed to call something out without mentioning it. "Your backyard is a Garden of Eden" "the author _____ to the biblical.."51
6625793339ImageryUses words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader. "Where the ocean kissed the southern shore"52
6625801060UnderstatementDrawing attention to a fact that is already obvious and noticeable (sarcasm) To intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is A team loses to its opponent 50 to 0, the team captain says "we did not do well", this is an _________ because he is trying to decrease the intensity of the loss.53
6625809479HyperboleUses specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect. Adds emphasis to writing "The bag weighed a ton"54
6625849351ParallelismUsing elements in sentences that are grammatically similar or identical in structure, sound, meaning, or meter. Alerts the audience of important ideal. Creates familiarity between text. Strengthens the idea as the listener anticipates what will come next.55
6625884084PeriodicSentence with main clause at the END. - Can be persuasive by putting reasons for something in the beginning before final point is made - Can create suspense or interest for the reader56
6625895104Loose(cumulative) sentence with the main clause FIRST. "You can pass all your classes with good study habits and good attendance." Allows writer to focus on their point.57
6625907213AntithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other Makes the sentence more memorable for the reader or listener through balance and emphasis, emphasizes contrast "Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice." "Man proposes, God disposes."58
6625919552AntimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order Used for calling attention to the words, or demonstrating that reality is not always what it seems by using the reversal of words. Though provoking, gets audience to perceive things from a different angle "One for all and all for one!" "When the going gets tough, the tough get going."59
6625964099AllegoryUsing character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. Usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. Animal Farm, The Crucible60
6625979652AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.61
6625982596AphorismA brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. Can be a memorable summation of the author's point.62
6625991844ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: "Thou still unravished bride of quietness." Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed63
6625995931AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.64
6626006053ColloquialCharacteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing65
6626008995DidacticThese words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.66
6626083130EuphemismAn indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant. The ________ may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of a _______.67
6626091275Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.68
6626119345InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. Prince Hal uses _______ language by calling the large character of Falstaff "this sanguine coward, this bedpresser."69
6626172229LitotesA figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious."70
6626181270MetonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it. "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.71
6626225601ParadoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times...."72
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AP Language Flashcards

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4785598149AnalogyAn extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. Example: "Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you are gonna get"0
4785605268AnaphoraThe repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses. Example: "He came to the party. He ate a lot. He talked a lot. He met new friends."1
4785610208AnecdoteA short account of an interesting event. Example: "We went to the Jersey Shore and spent time swimming and spending time with my mom and friends. We went to dinner and shopped on the Boardwalk and had a great time."2
4785611472AnnotationExplanatory or critical notes added to a text. Example: A student quoting a source or adding a note to remind themselves of something.3
4785616927AntecedentThe noun to which a later pronoun refers. Example: "My Aunt likes to shop, she spends a lot of money."4
4785621681AntimetaboleA repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast. Example: "I go where I like and I like where I go."5
4785625859AntithesisParallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas. Example: "Promise nothing, give everything."6
4785629629AphorismA short, astute statement of general truth. Example: "Forgive and forget."7
4785632176AppositiveA word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun. Example: "My cousin Austin loves basketball."8
4785638453Archaic dictionThe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language. Example: "Do unto others as you would have done to you."9
4785642622ArgumentA statement put forth and supported by evidence. Example: "Soccer is a very physical sport. You must be able to run for long periods of time while "dribbling" the ball all over the field."10
4785651385Aristotelian triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle). Example: You apply three different aspects. Rational such as facts, emotional such as your feelings towards the subject and ethical how you convince reader you are credible.11
4785665273AssertionAn empathetic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument. Example: "I know you are busy but could you help me for a few minutes?"12
4785672843AssumptionA belief or statement taken for granted without proof. Example: "He will be here later today, he always stops by on Tuesdays."13
4785676241AsyndetonLeaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses. Example: "Go wake him. Tell him he will be late for school. Tell him to be safe."14
4785683913AttitudeThe speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone. Example: "Who cares who wins? Both teams are terrible."15
4785691908AudienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed. Example: You deliver a message at your youth group, the group is your audience.16
4785697735AuthorityA reliable, respected source-someone with knowledge. Example: When researching for a paper you use an encyclopedia as a source because you know it is reliable and accurate.17
4785708681BiasPrejudice or predisposition toward one side or a subject or issue. Example: " Pit bulls are a bad breed of dog."18
4785713666CiteIdentifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source. Example: When writing, you quote the source where you found the information.19
4785718447ClaimAn assertion, usually supported by evidence. Example: When writer makes a statement and presents evidence to support it and make you believe it.20
4785720022Close readingA careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text. Example: When you read something and pay very close attention to everything about the piece you are reading.21
4785732331ColloquialismAn informal or conversational use of language. Example: "Wanna go? Gonna go."22
4785734273Common groundShared beliefs, values or positions. Example: When you and person or persons you are talking to are have something they agree upon.23
4785735768Complex sentenceA sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Example: "When we were younger, we played outside a lot."24
4785739755ConcessionA reluctant acknowledgment or yielding. Example: "It is true it is hot outside but it is better than frigid cold and snow."25
4785741976ConnotationThat which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation) Example: When a word can have other implied meanings than the literal one.26
4785748934ContextWords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning. Example: Putting something in a sentence to help reader or audience to understand the meaning.27
4785751554CoordinationGrammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but. Example: "It was a good game but I am tired of football."28
4785803159CounterargumentA challenge to a position; an opposing argument. Example: When you provide an alternate opinion to the one you have taken.29
4785804881Cumulative sentenceAn independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail. Example: "The beach is full of kids swimming, people sunbathing, college kids playing volleyball and older people walking."30
4785807709Declarative sentenceA sentence that makes a statement. Example: "It is 95 degrees outside."31
4785809249DeductionReasoning from general to specific. Example: "It must not be raining, the pavement is dry."32
4785810293DenotationThe literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition. Example: Denotation is the actual meaning of the word instead of an implied meaning.33
4785812884DictionWord choice Example: Words you chose to show your style of speaking.34
4785814069DocumentationBibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing. Example: When you research and find facts about what you are writing.35
4785816496ElegiacMournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe one. Example: Using words to express feelings about losing someone.36
4785823545EpigramA brief witty statement. Example: "No pain, no gain."37
4785824626EthosA Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos or pathos) Example: Trying to convince listener or audience of speaker's credibility.38
4785830263Figurative languageThe use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect. Example: "Her room is a disaster area."39
4785838864Figure of speechAn expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning. Example: "The clouds are like huge cotton balls floating in the sky."40
4785844981HyperboleExaggeration for the purpose of emphasis. Example: "I have a million things to do today."41
4785846675ImageryVivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing. Example: "I woke up to the smell of hot coffee."42
4785851434Imperative sentenceA sentence that requests or commands. Example; "I have to have an answer today."43
4785867544InductionReasoning from specific to general. Example: "Five people have walked through the door carrying umbrellas. It must be raining outside."44
4785871809InversionA sentence in which the verb precedes the subject. Example: "The angry client."45
4785877296IronyA contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result. Example: The bread is as hard as a rock."46
4785883359JuxtapositionPlacement of two things side by side for emphasis. Example: "They are like day and night."47
4785885184LogosA Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) Example: When writer or speaker used logic to convince audience.48
4785888985MetaphorA figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison. Example: "My homework was a breeze."49
4785893606MetonymyUse of an aspect of something to represent the whole. Example: The Dallas Cowboys football team, they play football but they are not Cowboys.50
4785894715OccasionAn aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing. Example: Why you are writing51
4785918273OxymoronA figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms. Example: "That guy is pretty ugly."52
4785919455ParadoxA statement that seems contradictory but is actually true. Example: "I am no one."53
4785920790ParallelismThe repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns. Example: "Easy come, easy go."54
4785927569ParodyA piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another, used for comic effect or ridicule. Example: When you mimic a person or a song to make fun of it or them.55
4785930354PathosA Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos) Example: When you are trying to convince someone of what your are saying, you use emotions to convince them.56
4785938808PersonaThe speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing. Example: When an actor is acting in a movie, they take on a different persona by acting like their character.57
4785945178PersonificationAssigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects. Example: "The wind whistles through the trees."58
4785947694PolemicAn argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion. Example: When a writer argues a position about politics or religion.59
4785954198PolysyndetonThe deliberate use of a series of conjunctions. Example: "We are ready for vacation. The flight and hotel is booked."60
4785956974PremiseMajor, minor two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism) Example: What the argument or message is about.61
4786008277PropagandaA negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information. Example: When writer/speaker tried to change someone's opinion without using facts.62
4786012310PurposeOne's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing. Example: What the writer or speaker hopes to achieve.63
4786014459RefuteTo discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument. Example: When writer tried to make audience doubt an argument.64
4786018753RhetoricThe study of effective, persuasive language use, according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion." Example: Using any style of language to persuade the audience.65
4786023606Rhetorical modesPatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation. Example: Different patterns in which the writer writes to achieve their purpose.66
4786032854Rhetorical questionA question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer. Example: "Who knows?"67
4786036611Rhetorical triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle). Example: Writing to appeal to emotions of audience to deliver message.68
4786040981SatireAn ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it. Example: Writing or speaking of something to convince audience of the opposite of what you say you are trying to convince them of.69
4786046813SchemeA pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect. Example: Helps the writers organize their relationship with readers.70
4786054110Sentence patternsThe arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions-such as simple, compound, complex or compound-complex. Example: The arrangement of sentences to make the message more effective.71
4786062421Sentence varietyUsing a variety of sentence patterns to create desired effect. Example: When you use different types of sentences to create the message.72
4786063865SimileA figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things. Example: "She acts like a child."73
4786069824Simple sentenceA statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause. Example: "The sky is blue."74
4786072489SourceA book, article, person or other resource consulted for information. Example: A book, newspaper, magazine or person can be a source.75
4786073856SpeakerA term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing. Example: The person giving the speech or writing the book.76
4786083424Straw manA logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position. Example: Someone is talking about another persons position on something and mis represents it intentionally.77
4786086268StyleThe distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech. Example: The way in which a writer or speaker selects how to write or speak.78
4786088854SubjectIn rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing. Example: What the speaker or writer is talking about.79
4786090542Subordinate clauseCreated by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.80
4786092991SubordinationThe dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence. Example: "Although it was cold, I walked to the store."81
4786094828SyllogismA form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major and minor). Example: Saying all black birds are crows because a crow is a black bird.82
4786102096SyntaxSentence structure. Example: How words are put together to describe a complete thought.83
4786103142SynthesizeCombining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex. Example: Using different elements to create something for the reader or audience that is more interesting.84
4786105938ThesisThe central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer. Example: What the writer intends to prove or support.85
4786109094Thesis statementA statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit. Example: An introduction of what the writer intends to prove or support.86
4786109101ToneThe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience. Example: The words and phrases used when speaking which tells listener how you feel.87
4786110574Topic sentenceA sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis. Example: The sentence in the beginning that tells the audience the idea.88
4786114289TropeArtful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech. Example: When you a word in any form other than it was intended.89
4786117503UnderstatementLack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used in ironic effect. Example: Not giving enough emphasis to the point.90
4786121246VoiceIn grammer, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing. Example: The way a writer choses to tell his or her story.91
4786124723ZeugmaA construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs-often in different, sometimes incongruent ways-two or more words in a sentence. Example: Using a word that relates two different words in a sentence that wouldn't normally be used together.92
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AP Language Final Review Flashcards

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5867381797Personal Experienceadds human element, effective way to appeal to Pathos0
5867381798AnecdotesStories about yourself & about other people you've observed or been told about1
5867381799Current EventsKnowing what's happening locally, nationally, and globally2
5867381800Historical InformationVerifiable facts that a writer knows from research3
5867381801Expert OpinionSomeone who has published research on a topic or whose job or experience gives them specialized knowledge4
5867381802Quantitative EvidenceCan be represented in numbers; statistics, surveys, polls, consensus information5
5867381803Ad Homineman attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas.6
5867381804Argument from Authoritythe conclusion rests on a statement made by some presumed authority or witness.7
5867381805Appeal to ignoranceAssumption that whatever cannot be proven false must be true (or vice versa).8
5867381806Begging the questionsomeone assumes that parts of what the person claims to be proving are proven facts9
5867381807Hasty generalizationdrawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence10
5867381808Straw man argumentconsists of an oversimplification of an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack11
5867381809Sentimental appealsappeal to the hearts of readers/listeners so that they forget to use their minds.12
5867381810Scare tacticsusing fear, panic, or prejudice to win an emotional argument13
5867381811Bandwagon appealsagree with a position because everyone else does14
5867381812Equivocationtelling part of the truth, while deliberately hiding the entire truth15
5867381813Faulty analogymisleading comparison between two things16
5867381814AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.17
5867381815AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.18
5867381816AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.19
5867381817AnaphoraOne of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.20
5867381818AnecdoteA short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.21
5867381819AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."22
5867381820AntimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order.23
5867381821AntithesisFigure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.24
5867381822AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) It can be a memorable summation of the author's point25
5867381823Archaic DictionOld-fashioned or outdated choice of words.26
5867381824Aristotelian TriangleA diagram that illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the rhetorical triangle.27
5867381825AsyndetonConsists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.28
5867381826AudienceThe listener, viewer, or reader of a text.29
5867381827ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.30
5867381828ConnotationThe nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes31
5867381829ContextThe circumstances and other conditions surrounding a text.32
5867381830CounterargumentAn opposing argument to the argument advocated by the speaker.33
5867381831Cumulative SentenceA sentence which completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds or adds on. Also called a loose sentence.34
5867381832DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.35
5867381833DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.36
5867381834DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.37
5867381835EthosPersuasion by means of the depicting the trustworthy character of the author.38
5867381836Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.39
5867381837Generic ConventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.40
5867381838Hortative SentenceA sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.41
5867381839HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.42
5867381840ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.43
5867381841Imperative SentenceSentence used to command or enjoin.44
5867381842InversionInverted order of words in a sentence.45
5867381843JuxtapositionThe placement of two highly contrasting phrases near each other to emphasize their differences.46
5867381844LogosPersuasion by means of logical reasoning.47
5867381845MetaphorA direct comparison between two dissimilar subjects.48
5867381846OxymoronThe deliberate juxtaposition of two contrasting words.49
5867381847ParallelismTwo or more adjacent phrases with similar grammatical structure.50
5867381848PathosPersuasion by means of exploiting the reader's emotions.51
5867381849Periodic SentenceA sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.52
5867381850PersonificationAssignment of human characteristics or behavior to non-human entities.53
5867381851PolemicAn aggressive argument which generally establishes superiority and does not acknowledge the counterargument.54
5867381852PropagandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. Often carries a negative connotation.55
5867381853PurposeThe goal of the speaker.56
5867381854RefutationA denial of the validity of the counterargument.57
5867381855RhetoricThe art of finding means to persuade an audience.58
5867381856Rhetorical appealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience. Includes ethos, pathos, and logos.59
5867381857Rhetorical QuestionA question which is asked to effect a point rather than to solicit an answer.60
5867381858Rhetorical TriangleA diagram which illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the Aristotelian Triangle.61
5867381859SOAPSA mnemonic device which stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.62
5867381860SpeakerThe person or group who creates a text.63
5867381861SubjectThe topic of a text.64
5867381862SynecdocheFigure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole.65
5867381863SyntaxThe proper grammatical structure of a text.66
5867381864ZeugmaUse of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.67
5867381865AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.68
5867381866AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.69
5867381867AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.70
5867381868AnaphoraOne of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.71
5867381869AnecdoteA short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.72
5867381870AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."73
5867381871AntimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order.74
5867381872AntithesisFigure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.75
5867381873AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) It can be a memorable summation of the author's point76
5867381874Archaic DictionOld-fashioned or outdated choice of words.77
5867381875Aristotelian TriangleA diagram that illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the rhetorical triangle.78
5867381876AsyndetonConsists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.79
5867381877AudienceThe listener, viewer, or reader of a text.80
5867381878ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.81
5867381879ConnotationThe nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes82
5867381880ContextThe circumstances and other conditions surrounding a text.83
5867381881CounterargumentAn opposing argument to the argument advocated by the speaker.84
5867381882Cumulative SentenceA sentence which completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds or adds on. Also called a loose sentence.85
5867381883DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.86
5867381884DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.87
5867381885DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.88
5867381886EthosPersuasion by means of the depicting the trustworthy character of the author.89
5867381887Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.90
5867381888Generic ConventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.91
5867381889Hortative SentenceA sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.92
5867381890HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.93
5867381891ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.94
5867381892Imperative SentenceSentence used to command or enjoin.95
5867381893InversionInverted order of words in a sentence.96
5867381894JuxtapositionThe placement of two highly contrasting phrases near each other to emphasize their differences.97
5867381895LogosPersuasion by means of logical reasoning.98
5867381896MetaphorA direct comparison between two dissimilar subjects.99
5867381897OxymoronThe deliberate juxtaposition of two contrasting words.100
5867381898ParallelismTwo or more adjacent phrases with similar grammatical structure.101
5867381899PathosPersuasion by means of exploiting the reader's emotions.102
5867381900Periodic SentenceA sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.103
5867381901PersonificationAssignment of human characteristics or behavior to non-human entities.104
5867381902PolemicAn aggressive argument which generally establishes superiority and does not acknowledge the counterargument.105
5867381903PropagandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. Often carries a negative connotation.106
5867381904PurposeThe goal of the speaker.107
5867381905RefutationA denial of the validity of the counterargument.108
5867381906RhetoricThe art of finding means to persuade an audience.109
5867381907Rhetorical appealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience. Includes ethos, pathos, and logos.110
5867381908Rhetorical QuestionA question which is asked to effect a point rather than to solicit an answer.111
5867381909Rhetorical TriangleA diagram which illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the Aristotelian Triangle.112
5867381910SOAPSA mnemonic device which stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.113
5867381911SpeakerThe person or group who creates a text.114
5867381912SubjectThe topic of a text.115
5867381913SynecdocheFigure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole.116
5867381914SyntaxThe proper grammatical structure of a text.117
5867381915ZeugmaUse of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.118
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AP Language Flashcards

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6819845302EnglishEnglish0
6819845303adagea proverb or wise saying commonly used (ex: Things are not always as they seem.)1
6819845304allegorya story in which people, things and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning.(fables, parables, apologue have meanings on two or more levels.)2
6819845305alliterationwords used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.)3
6819845306allusiona passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text.4
6819845307ambiguitymultiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, passage or sentence; can lead reader toward uncertainty of meaning5
6819845308analogyestablishing a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas; helps convey meaning of a new idea6
6819845309anaphorathe deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect; most commonly found in the Bible (O Lord,.for I am weak.O Lord, heal me. O Lord, have mercy on me.)7
6819845310anecdoteshort and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories8
6819845311antecedentword, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun9
6819845312antimetabolerepetition of words in reverse grammatical order; Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."10
6819845313antithesisparallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers; Ex: "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."11
6819845314apostrophespeaker talks to someone or something that is obviously not present12
6819845315appositivea renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun13
6819845316archetypeA detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response14
6819845317argumenta statement put forth and supported by evidence15
6819845318asyndetonauthor purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase; shortening the statement for greater impact; "Reduce, reuse, recycle."16
6819845319audiencethose to whom a piece of literary work is being presented17
6819845320cacophonyTremendous noise, disharmonious sound18
6819845321characterizationActions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.19
6819845322circumlocutionan indirect or wordy way of expressing an idea which leaves the reader perplexed; exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence20
6819845323climaxthat point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest. Also called "turning point"21
6819845324colloquialCharacteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing22
6819845325concessionAn argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.23
6819845326conceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things24
6819845327connotationassociations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition25
6819845328contextThe parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning26
6819845329counter argumentan argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.27
6819845330cumulative sentencea sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases28
6819845331denotationDictionary definition of a word; literal meaning29
6819845332denouementan outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot30
6819845333detailThe facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose.31
6819845334dictionA writer's or speaker's choice of words32
6819845335elegya mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead.33
6819845336ellipsisin a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ...34
6819845337epicA long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society35
6819845338ethosOne of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.36
6819845339euphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT37
6819845340expositionBackground information presented in a literary work.38
6819845341hyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.39
6819845342imageryuse of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes40
6819845343imperative sentencesgives a command or request; often subject is understood and sentence ends with !41
6819845344inversionA sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.42
6819845345verbal ironySarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant43
6819845346juxtapositionplacing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison44
6819845347logosAn appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.45
6819845348metaphorA figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as46
6819845349metonymy(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.47
6819845350moodFeeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader; using specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to create the atmosphere48
6819845351motifA recurring theme, subject or idea49
6819845352narrativea fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.50
6819845353non sequiturA statement that does not follow logically from evidence51
6819845354occasionthe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written52
6819845355onomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.53
6819845356organizationIn a composition, the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay.54
6819845357oxymoronA figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms; The richest literary oxymora(paradoxes) seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. Ex: "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"55
6819845358paceSpeed with which the author delivers the story controlled by language, mood, emotion played out in speech, dialogue, descriptions.56
6819845359parableA simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson57
6819845360paradoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.58
6819845361parallel structurerepetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.59
6819845362parodyA humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing60
6819845363pathosAn appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused.61
6819845364personaAn individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.62
6819845365personificationauthor presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.63
6819845366point of viewPerspective from which a story is told; omniscient point of view= the person telling the story or narrator knows everything that's going on in the story; first- person point of view the narrator is a character in the story; limited third-person point of view the narrator is outside the story- like an omniscient narrator- but tells the story from the vantage point of one character."64
6819845367polemica controversial argument, esp. attacking a particular opinion65
6819845368propagandaA negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.66
6819845369prosewritten or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.67
6819845370purposeOne's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.68
6819845371refutationThe part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.69
6819845372repetitionRepeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis70
6819845373rhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.71
6819845374rhetorical appealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).72
6819845375rhetorical questionA question whose answer is assumed; a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and to propel an argument emotionally.73
6819845376rhetorical triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle74
6819845377satireA work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.75
6819845378simileA comparison of two things using like or as76
6819845379symbolismAn ordinary object with an extraordinary significance77
6819845380synecdocheA figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).78
6819845381syllogismA form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.79
6819845382syntaxLanguage rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences80
6819845383thesisFocus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.81
6819845384toneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.82
6819845385transitionA word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph83
6819845386voiceIn grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.84
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Chapter 16 - Mouth and Salivary Glands Flashcards

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5544832451What is the MAIN CAUSE of tooth loss before age 35? What is this due to?Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) **due to demineralization of tooth structure (enamel and dentin) due to acidic metabolites from bacterial sugars0
5544839400What is demineralization of tooth structure (enamel and dentin) due to acidic metabolites from bacterial sugars?Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)1
5544854236What is REVERSIBLE inflammation of the oral mucosa surrounding the teeth? What are two things that could cause this?Gingivitis **can be caused by: 1) Dental Plaque 2) Dental Calculi2
5544861317What is the sticky, colorless, biofilm that collects b/w and on surface of teeth?Dental Plaque3
5544866396If Dental Plaque (sticky, colorless, biofilm that collects b/w and on surface of teeth) is NOT removed, what does it form? If Dental plaque builds up, what does it cause?Dental Calculi (tartar) **if builds up, causes Gingivitis4
5544872833What is inflammation of the SUPPORTING STRUCTURES of teeth (periodontal ligaments), alveolar bone, and cementum? What is a consequence of this?Periodontitis **consequence: TOOTH LOSS5
5544887042What are painful, superficial oral mucosal ulcerations of the mouth of unknown etiology that could last for many days? (2 names)Apthous Ulcers (Canker Sores)6
5544899700What are the 2 main Fibrous Proliferative Lesions of the oral cavity?1) Irritation Fibroma (Traumatic Fibroma, Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia) 2) Pyogenic Granuloma7
5544911733What is a submucosal nodular mass of fibrous CT stroma at the BUCCAL BITE LINE or gigiva? (3 names) What is it due to?Irritation Fibroma (Traumatic Fibroma, Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia) **due to repetitive trauma8
5544917022Where is a Traumatic Fibroma (Irritation Fibroma, Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia) mainly located in the oral cavity?BUCCAL BITE LINE or gingiva9
5544923147What lesion is a highly vascular proliferation of granulation tissue associated with pregnant women?Pyogenic Granuloma10
5544926837What type of patients are Pyogenic Granulomas (vascular proliferations of granulation tissue) mainly seen in?Pregnant Women11
5544937009Infections of the oral cavity: What is it called when theres an abrupt onset of vesicles and ulcerations on the gingiva inside the mouth? What virus? **What are the 2 main morphological features of this? What test do you diagnose this by?Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis **due to HSV **morphology: 1) Intranuclear Viral Inclusions 2) Multinucleate Polykaryons (fusion of several cells) Tzanck Test (microscopic exam of vesicle fluid)12
5544966328Intranuclear Viral Inclusions and Multinucleate Polykaryons are morphological features of what virus?HSV13
5544970124What is it called when theres recurrent infections (after harboring latent HSV-1) that occurs at site of primary inoculation/mucosa associated with same ganglion?Recurrent Herpetic Stomatitis14
5544974229What is it called after an HSV infection when theres small vesicles on the lips?Herpes Labialis15
5544985056What is the MOST COMMON FUNGAL INFECTION OF ORAL CAVITY?Oral Candidiasis16
5544977097What are the 3 major forms of Oral Candidiasis? Which one is ORAL THRUSH? What setting is this seen in?1) Pseudomembranous = ORAL THRUSH = MOST COMMON 2) Erythematous 3) Hyperplastic **due to antibiotics that eliminate normal bacterial flora in mouth17
5544993271In what setting are Deep Fungal Infections of the oral cavity (Histo, blast, cocci, crypto, zygote, aspergillus) seen in?AIDS, cancer, or Organ Transplantation18
5545001697What is it called when theres an EBV Infection causing white patches of fluffy "hairy" hyperkeratotic thickenings that cannot be scraped off? Where specifically does it occur in the oral cavity? What is the specific morphological feature of this?Oral Hairy Leukoplakia **occurs in the LATERAL border of the tongue **morphology: "Balloon cells" in upper spinous layer19
5545034045What pathology describes "Balloon cells" in upper spinous layer?Oral Hairy Leukoplakia20
5545037774What are the 3 precancerous Lesions of the oral cavity?1) Leukoplakia 2) Erythroplakia 3) Speckled Leukoerythroplakia21
5545039456What is the term to describe any "white patch/plaque" that CANNOT be scraped off which CANNOT be clinically/pathologically characterized by any other disease? Pre-malignant or no?Leukoplakia **PREMALIGNANT22
5545047766Whats the precancerous lesion to describe "red velvety eroded area in the oral cavity?" What is it morphologically characterized by?Erythroplakia **SEVERE DYSPLASIA or CIS!!23
5545054549What lesion in the oral cavity is described as SEVERE DYSPLASIA and red velvety eroded area in the oral cavity?Erythroplakia24
5545056705Leukoplakia or Erythroplakia - which has a HIGHER risk of malignant transformation?Erythroplakia25
5545059128What is the term to describe the intermediate form w/ characteristics of both leukoplakia and erythroplakia?Speckled Leukoerythroplakia26
5545100215What type of carcinoma are 95% of the cancers in the head/neck?Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)27
5545269972What are the 2 MOST COMMON causative agents in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the oral cavity?1) Tobacco/Alcohol 2) HPV Type 16 - but in the OROPHARYNX (tonsils, base of tongue, pharynx)28
5545276423What is the 3 genetic mutations in tobacco-induced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the oral cavity?mutation in p53, p63, and NOTCH129
5545282720SCC in the OROPHARYNX (tonsils, base of tongue, pharynx) is caused mainly by what?? What are the 3 underlying genetic mutations in this?HPV Type 16 **genetics: 1) Overexpression of p16 2) Inactivation of p53 and RB (due to HPV's E6 and E7)30
5545288751Does HPV type 16 infections confer a WORSE or BETTER prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity?BETTER PROGNOSIS31
5545294176What is the "Field Cancerization" concept in relation to Squamous Cell Carcinoma?concept that Chronic Exposure to carcinogens in patients with SCC can develop MULTIPLE primary tumors in Oral/GI tract32
5545298804What are the 5 CLASSIC sites of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the oral cavity?1) Ventral Surface of the Tongue 2) Floor of the Mouth (FOM) 3) Lower Lip 4) Soft Palate 5) Gingiva33
5545305805SCC's of the oral cavity tend to invade LOCALLY BEFORE distant metastasis. What does it normally LOCALLY invade? What 4 places does it most commonly metastasize distally to?Locally = cervical lymph nodes distant = mediastinal lymph nods, lungs, liver, bones34
5545341282What are Odontogenic Cysts/Tumors derived from? Where in the oral cavity is it mainly found?remnants of odontogenic epithelium **arises on the JAW35
5545354886Where are Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC, type of Odontogenic Cyst) mainly found in the oral cavity? Aggressive or not? Males or females? What type of epi is it consistent of?POSTERIOR MANDIBLE **VERY AGGRESSIVE **in MEN **has keratinized stratified squamous epi36
5545381820What aggressive tumor of the oral cavity consists of keratinized stratified squamous epi, and is found in the posterior mandible, mainly in men of age 10-40? Why does it need to be completely removed?Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) **bc HIGH RECURRENT RATES!!37
5545395019A patient is diagnosed with Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) on the posterior mandible. What does this patient need to be evaluated for? **What mutation is this syndrome associated with?Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome) **associated with a mutation in PTCH38
5545403999What cyst/tumor is associated with Gorlin Syndrome (Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome)? What mutation is Gorlin Syndrome associated with?Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) **associated with a mutation in PTCH39
5546957743What is "dry mouth" - due to dec production of saliva?Xerostomia40
5546965642What are the 3 associated causes of Xerostomia? What are 2 complications from Xerostomia?1) Sjogren Syndrome 2) Radiation Therapy (side effect) 3) Medications (Side effect) Complicatons: 1) Dental Caries 2) Oral Candidiasis41
5546968214Sjogren Syndrome is an autoimmune disease causing what 2 manifestations? What are the antibodies against? (2)1) Xerostomia (Dry mouth) 2) Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (dry eyes) **antibodies against Ribonucleoprotein antigens, SS-A (Ro) and SS-B (La)42
5546971228Antibodies against Ribonucleoprotein antigens, SS-A (Ro) and SS-B (La) are diagnostic of what? What are the 2 manifestations?Sjogren Syndrome 1) Xerostomia (Dry mouth) 2) Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (dry eyes)43
5546975513What is the MOST COMMON VIRAL SIALADENITIS?Mumps (inflammation of the parotid gland)44
5546980528Sialadenitis: what is the MOST COMMON LESION in the Salivary Glands? What is the mechanism from which this occurs? Where in the lip does this mainly occur? What is this mainly caused by?Mucocele **MOA: blockage/rupture of the salivary gland duct → causing leakage of saliva into CT stroma **LOWER LIP **due to TRAUMA45
5546988620What is the consequence of blockage/rupture of the salivary gland duct which causes leakage of saliva into CT stroma? Where in the lip does this mainly occur? What is this mainly caused by?Mucocele (MOST COMMON lesion of the salivary glands) **lower lip **due to TRAUMA46
5546991843What are PSEUDOCYSTS with cyst-like spaces lined by inflammatory GRANULATION TISSUE which are filled with Macrophages?Mucoceles47
5547002524What is the term to describe epithelial lined cysts due to a damaged sublingual gland? What is a complication of this when it gets VERY LARGE? What type of cyst is this?Ranula **can connect 2 bellies of myelohyoid *type of MUCOCELE48
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Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology - CNS Flashcards

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31218199599.1 Which one of the following statements is correct regarding benzodiazepines? A. Benzodiazepines directly open chloride channels. B. Benzodiazepines show analgesic actions. C. Clinical improvement of anxiety requires 2 to 4 weeks of treatment with benzodiazepines. D. All benzodiazepines have some sedative effects. E. Benzodiazepines, like other CNS depressants, readily produce general anesthesia.D0
31218296629.2 Which one of the following is a short-acting hypnotic? A. Phenobarbital. B. Diazepam. C. Chlordiazepoxide. D. Triazolam. E. Flurazepam.D1
31218391689.3 Which one of the following statements is correct regarding the anxiolytic and hypnotic agents? A. Phenobarbital shows analgesic properties. B. Diazepam and phenobarbital induce the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. C. Phenobarbital is useful in the treatment of acute intermittent porphyria. D. Phenobarbital induces respiratory depression, which is enhanced by the consumption of ethanol. E. Buspirone has actions similar to those of the benzodiazepines.D2
31218392199.4 A 45-year-old man who has been injured in a car accident is brought into the emergency room. His blood alcohol level on admission is 275 mg/dL. Hospital records show a prior hospitalization for alcohol-related seizures. His wife confirms that he has been drinking heavily for 3 weeks. What treatment should be provided to the patient if he goes into withdrawal? A. None. B. Lorazepam. C. Pentobarbital. D. Phenytoin. E. Buspirone.B3
31218473239.5 Which one of the following is a short-acting hypnotic and better for sleep induction compared to sleep maintenance? A. Temazepam. B. Flurazepam. C. Zaleplon. D. Buspirone. E. Escitalopram.C4
31218513789.6 Which of the following agents has a rapid anxiolytic effect and would be best for the acute management of anxiety? A. Buspirone. B. Venlafaxine. C. Lorazepam. D. Escitalopram. E. Duloxetine.C5
31218584659.7 Which of the following sedative-hypnotic agents utilizes melatonin receptor agonism as the mechanism of action to induce sleep? A. Zolpidem. B. Eszopiclone. C. Estazolam. D. Ramelteon. E. Diphenhydramine.D6
31218612149.8 All of the following agents for the management of insomnia are controlled substances and may have a risk for addiction or dependence except: A. Zaleplon. B. Flurazepam. C. Doxepin. D. Zolpidem. E. Triazolam.C7
31218640379.9 All of the following agents may cause cognitive impairment, including memory problems when used at recommended doses except: A. Diphenhydramine. B. Zolpidem. C. Alprazolam. D. Phenobarbital. E. Ramelteon.E8
31218640389.10 Which agent is best used in the Emergency Room setting for patients who are believed to have received too much of a benzodiazepine drug or taken an overdose of benzodiazepines? A. Diazepam. B. Ramelteon. C. Flumazenil. D. Doxepin. E. Naloxone.C9
312278129312.1 A 9-year-old boy is sent for neurologic evaluation because of episodes of apparent inattention. Over the past year, the child has experienced episodes during which he develops a blank look on his face and his eyes blink for 15 seconds. He immediately resumes his previous activity. Which one the following best describes this patient's seizures? A. Simple partial. B. Complex partial. C. Tonic-clonic. D. Absence. E. Myoclonic.D10
312278523312.2 A child is experiencing absence seizures that interrupt his ability to pay attention during school and activities. Which of the following therapies would be most appropriate for this patient? A. Ethosuximide. B. Carbamazepine. C. Diazepam. D. Carbamazepine plus primidone. E. Watchful waiting.A11
312279007512.3 Which of the following drugs is most useful for the treatment of absence seizures? A. Topiramate. B. Tiagabine. C. Levetiracetam. D. Lamotrigine. E. Zonisamide.D12
312279701812.4 A 25-year-old woman with myoclonic seizures is well controlled on valproate. She indicates that she is interested in becoming pregnant in the next year. With respect to her antiepilepsy medication, which of the following should be considered? A. Leave her on her current therapy. B. Consider switching to lamotrigine. C. Consider adding a second antiepilepsy medication. D. Decrease her valproate dose.B13
312280121112.5 A woman with myoclonic seizures is well controlled with lamotrigine. She becomes pregnant and begins to have breakthrough seizures. What is most likely happening? A. Her epilepsy is getting worse. B. Lamotrigine concentrations are increasing. C. Lamotrigine concentrations are decreasing. D. Lamotrigine is no longer efficacious for this patient.C14
312280815612.6 A 42-year-old man undergoes a neurologic evaluation because of episodes of apparent confusion. Over the past year, the man has experienced episodes during which he develops a blank look on his face and fails to respond to questions. Moreover, it appears to take several minutes before the man recovers from the episodes. Which one of the following best describes this type of seizure? A. Focal (simple partial). B. Focal (complex partial). C. Tonic-clonic. D. Absence. E. Myoclonic.B15
312281621212.7 A 52-year-old man has had several focal complex partial seizures over the last year. Which one of the following therapies would be the most appropriate initial therapy for this patient? A. Ethosuximide. B. Levetiracetam. C. Diazepam. D. Carbamazepine plus primidone. E. Watchful waiting.B16
312281973312.8 A patient with focal complex partial seizures has been treated for 6 months with carbamazepine but, recently, has been experiencing breakthrough seizures on a more frequent basis. You are considering adding a second drug to the antiseizure regimen. Which of the following drugs is least likely to have a pharmacokinetic interaction with carbamazepine? A. Topiramate. B. Tiagabine. C. Levetiracetam. D. Lamotrigine. E. Zonisamide.C17
312282441012.9 Which of the following is a first-line medication for generalized tonic-clonic seizures? A. Ethosuximide. B. Felbamate. C. Vigabatrin. D. Ezogabine. E. Topiramate.E18
312282750512.10 A 75-year-old woman had a stroke approximately 1 month ago. She is continuing to have small focal seizures where she fails to respond appropriately while talking. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this individual? A. Phenytoin. B. Oxcarbazepine. C. Levetiracetam. D. Phenobarbital.C19
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AP Literature Sentence Structures Flashcards

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6040478761Loose Sentence (structure)Makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending0
6040482384Loose Sentence (example)We reached Denver/that morning/after a turbulent flight/and some exciting experiences.1
6040487199Periodic Sentence (structure)Makes sense only when the end of the sentence is reached2
6040490648Periodic Sentence (example)That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Denver.3
6040503162Balanced Sentence (structure)The phrases and clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length4
6040509424Balanced Sentence (example)He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters.5
6040514815Simple Sentence (structure)Contains one subject and one verb6
6040517329Simple Sentence (example)The singer bowed to her adoring audience.7
6040522186Compound Sentence (structure)Contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction or by a semicolon. Has two or more main, complete thoughts. Two or more simple sentences are joined, usually with "or," "but," or "and."8
6040535318Compound Sentence (example)The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores.9
6040540014Complex Sentence (structure)Has one simple sentence and one or more clauses. These clauses are connected to the simple sentence with words like "because," "while," "when," "if," "as," "although," "since," "unless," "after," "so," "which," "who," and "that."10
6040554571Complex Sentence (example)After she bowed to the audience, the singer sang an encore.11
6040559807Compound-Complex Sentence (structure)Contains two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses12
6040565736Compound-Complex Sentence (example)The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores.13
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AP English Literature Terms Review Flashcards

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6531017350accentthe stressed portion of a word0
6531024759aesthetic/aestheticsappealing to the senses/the study of beauty1
6531028618allegorya story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself (LOTF)2
6531035815alliterationthe repetition of initial consonant sounds3
6531056295allusiona reference to another work or famous figure4
6531780824anachronismmisplaced in time5
6531783685analogya comparison (usually two or more symbolic parts used to clarify an action or relationship.6
6531792244anecdotea short narrative7
6531794679antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause that a pronoun refers to or replaces8
6531800172anthropomorphisminanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena are given human characteristics9
6531810630anticlimaxwhen an action produces far smaller results then one had been led to expect10
6531818249antiheroa protagonist who is clearly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, etc.11
6531830518aphorisma short and usually witty saying12
6531833273apostrophean address to someone not present or to a personified object or idea13
6531836748archaismthe use of deliberately old-fashioned language14
6531840410asidea speech made an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage15
6531854815assonancethe repeated use of vowel sounds16
6531859265atmospherethe emotional tone of background that surrounds a scene17
6531863115attitudea speaker's, author's, or character's nature toward or opinion of a subject18
6531875293ballada long, narrative poem usually in a very regular meter and rhyme19
6531888121cacophonyusing deliberately harsh, awkward sounds20
6531890971cadencethe beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense21
6531897282cantoa section division in a long work of poetry; similar to chapters in a novel22
6531905288caricaturea portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality23
6531909649catharsisthe "cleansing" of emotion experience by the audience after having lived through the experiences presented on stage24
6531918973chorus(drama) the group of citizens who stand outside the main action on stage and comment on it25
6531925663classican accepted (literary) masterpiece26
6531931354classicalthe arts of ancient Greece and Rome and the qualities of those arts27
6531934881colloquialisma word or phrase used in everyday conversational English28
6531941311conceita startling or unusual metaphor or one developed and expanded upon over several lines29
6532004361denotationthe literal meaning of a word30
6532007314connotationthe emotional suggestions of a word31
6532010458consonancethe repetition of consonant sounds within words (as opposed to the beginning of words which is alliteration)32
6532018791coupleta pair of lines that end in rhyme33
6532027259dictionauthor's choice of words34
6532027421syntaxthe ordering and structuring of words35
6532032452dirgea song for the dead36
6532034328dissonancethe grating of incompatible sounds37
6532037267doggerelcrude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme38
6532041868dramatic ironywhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not39
6532046890dramatic monologuewhen a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience40
6532053901elegya poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner41
6532062387elementsthe basic techniques of each genre of literature42
6532066113short story elementscharacters, irony, theme, symbol, plot, setting43
6532070648poetry elementsfigurative language, symbol, imagery, rhythm, rhyme44
6532074769drama elementsconflict, characters, climax, conclusion, exposition, rising action, falling action, sets, props45
6532283102enjambmentthe continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause46
6532295261epica long narrative poem on a serious theme and written in dignified style47
6532299222epitaphlines that commemorate the dead at their burial place48
6532303013euphemisma word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality49
6532312567euphonywhen sounds blend harmoniously50
6532316428explicitto say or write something directly and clearly51
6532319742farcea funny play; broad humor52
6532327021feminine rhymelines rhymed by their final two syllables53
6532332961figurative languagewriting that uses words to mean something other than their literal meaning54
6532339824foila secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast55
6532347171footthe basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry56
6532351325foreshadowingan event or statement the suggests a larger event that comes later57
6532355853free versepoetry written without a regular rhyme scheme or metrical pattern58
6532365269gothic, gothic novelmysterious, gloomy literature59
6532370643hubrisexcessive pride or ambition that leads to the main character's downfall60
6532374457hyperboleexaggeration or deliberate overstatement61
6532376780imageryan author's use of figurative language, images, or sensory details that appeal to the reader's sentences62
6532383893implicitto say or write something that implies or suggests but never says so directly63
6532388772in medias resin the middle of things64
6532393725interior monologuewriting that records the mental talking that goes on inside a character's head65
6532400196juxtapositionplacing two or more concepts, places, characters, or their actions together for the purpose of comparison or contrast66
6532412141lamenta poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved on or over some other intense loss67
6532416667lampoona satire68
6532420584loose sentencea sentence complete before its end69
6532424562periodic sentencea sentence that is not grammatically complete until it has reached its final phrase70
6532440132lyricpoetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world71
6532444316masculine rhymea rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable (what you think of when you think of a rhyme)72
6532449512melodramaa form of "cheesy" theater in which the hero is excessively good, the villain very mean and rotten, and the heroine incredibly pure73
6532460098metaphora comparison or analogy that states one thing IS another74
6532467100similea comparison often using like or as75
6532476067metonyma word that is used to stand for something else that it has attributes of or is associated with (crown for queen)76
6532483624motifa recurring symbol77
6532487940narrative techniquesthe methods employed in the telling of a story78
6532493100narrative techniques - examplespoint of view, manipulation of time, dialogue, internal monologue79
6532497670nemesisthe protagonist's archenemy80
6532512646onomatopoeiawords that sound like what they mean81
6532514295oxymorona phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction82
6532518705parablea story that instructs (similar to fables or allegories)83
6532522692paradoxa statement that seems to contradict itself but on closer inspection does not84
6532531934parallelismrepeated syntactical similarities used for effect85
6532538229parodya work that makes fun of another work by exaggerating many of its qualities to ridiculousness86
6532543215pastorala poem set in tranquil nature; often a poem about shepherds87
6532626741personathe narrator in a non-first-person novel88
6532631293personificationgiving an inanimate object human qualities or form89
6532634320plainta poem or speech expressing sorrow90
6532639715point of viewomniscient narrator, limited omniscient narrator, first-person narrator, stream of consciousness, objective narrator91
6532649885objective narratorthird-person narrator who only reports on what would be visible to a camera; the objective narrator does NOT know what a character is thinking unless the character speaks of it92
6532659499preludeany introductory poem to a longer work of verse93
6532662195protagonistthe main character of a play or novel94
6532664356punthe usually humorous use of a word to suggest two or more meanings95
6532667938refraina line of set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem96
6532670815requiema song of prayer for the dead97
6532672514resources of languagelinguistic devices, such as: diction, syntax, figurative language, and imagery98
6532678705rhapsodyan intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise99
6532682586rhetorical questiona question that suggests an answer100
6532690983stylethe manner in which an author writes that distinguishes him/her from other writers101
6532696573style: examples of techniquesdiction, syntax, figurative language, imagery, selection of detail, sound effects, tone, and voice102
6539479671subjunctive moodan "if . . . were" grammatical form103
6539486279suspension of disbeliefthe acceptance of an audience's or reader's incidents of plot104
6539495553symbolsomething that refers to itself while simultaneously representing something else105
6539504512syncopecontracting, or shortening, a word by removing internal sounds, syllables, or letters and inserting an apostrophe "heav'n" "ev'ry"106
6539515274synecdochefigure of speech in which a part represents the whole (sail to refer to a ship)107
6539522898techniquethe tools of the author (not elements); for example, in poetry, onomatopoeia is a technique within the element of rhythm108
6539536986themethe main idea of the overall; the central idea109
6539540234thesisthe main position of an argument110
6539542474tonethe manner in which an author expresses his or her attitude about a subject111
6539545770tragic flawthe weakness of a character in an otherwise good (or even great) individual that ultimately leads to his demise112
6539553745verisimilitudethe appearance of being real or true113
6539555983zeugmathe use of a word to modify two or more words but used for different meanings. Ex: He closed the door and his heart on his lost love.114
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AP Language Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

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6289546230expletiveIndeed; in fact0
6289546231parallelismI came. I saw. I conquered.1
6289546232antithesisThat's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. Give me liberty or give me death.2
6289546233anaphoraTo think on death it is a misery, / To think on life it is a vanity; / To think on the world verily it is, / To think that here man hath no perfect bliss. -Peacham3
6289546234hypophoraBut it is certainly possible to ask, How hot is the oven at its hottest point, when the *average* temperature is 425 degrees? We learned that the peak temperatures approached...4
6289546235metonymyThe orders came directly from the White House. The checkered flag waved and victory crossed the finish line.5
6289546236apostrophe"O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?"6
6289546237alliterationDone well, alliteration is a satisfying sensation.7
6289546238chiasmusHe labors without complaining and without bragging rests8
6289546239allusionIf you take his parking place, you can expect WWII all over again. Plan ahead: it wasn't raining when Noah built the ark.9
6289546240synedocheIf I had some wheels, I'd put on my best threads and ask for Jane's hand in marriage.10
6289546241epithet"Richard the Lion-Hearted" for Richard I "Man's best friend" for a dog11
6289546242hyperboleThere are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy12
6289546243oxymoronThe cost-saving program became an expensive endeavor. A wise-fool.13
6289546244understatementThe 1906 San Francisco earthquake interrupted business somewhat in the downtown area.14
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AP Literature Flashcards

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6426037035allegorystory or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning0
6426037036alliterationbeginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words1
6426037037allusionindirect of passing reference2
6426037038anaphorarepetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning3
6426037039antagonista hostile person who is opposed to another character4
6426037040apostrophefigure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character5
6426037041approximate rhymewords in rhyming pattern that sound alike6
6426037042asidewhen a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage7
6426037043assonancerepetition of vowel sounds8
6426037044blank versepoetry written in meter without an ending rhyme9
6426037045cacophonyblend of unharmonious sounds10
6426037046caesurapause in the middle of a line11
6426037047catharsisthe release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse)12
6426037048flat characterstory character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic13
6426037049round charactercharacter who has complex personality: contradicted person14
6426037050dynamic characterchanges throughout the story, through major conflict15
6426037051static characterperson who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality16
6426037052characterizationprocess of revealing characters personality17
6426037053climaxpoint where conflict hits its highest point18
6426037054comedydrama that is amusing or funny19
6426037055conflictstruggle between opposing forces20
6426037056connotationsecondary meaning to a word21
6426037057consonancerepetition of same consonant in words close together22
6426037058couplettwo rhyming lines in a verse23
6426037059denotationthe literal meaning of a word24
6426037060denouementfinal outcome of the story25
6426037061deus ex machinaresolution of a plot by chance or coincidence26
6426037062didactic writingwriting with a primary purpose to teach or preach27
6426037063direct presentation of characterauthor telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story28
6426037064double rhymerhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)29
6426037065dramatic expositionprose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world30
6426037066end rhymerhymes occurring at the end of line31
6426037067end stopped lineline ending in regular punctuation32
6426037068English sonneta sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg33
6426037069epiphanywhen a character receives a spiritual insight into they life34
6426037070euphonysmooth choice and arrangement of sounds35
6426037071extended figureA figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.36
6426037072falling actionEvents after the climax, leading to the resolution37
6426037073feminine rhymelines rhymed by their final two syllables38
6426037074figurative languageLanguage that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.39
6426037075figure of speecha way of saying something other than the ordinary way40
6426037076footbasic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables41
6426037077formexternal pattern or shape of a poem42
6426037078free versePoetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme43
6426037079hamartiatragic flaw which causes a character's downfall44
6426037080imageryDescription that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)45
6426037081indirect presentation of characterthe personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says46
6426037082internal rhymeA word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line47
6426037083ironyA contrast between expectation and reality48
6426037084verbal ironyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant49
6426037085dramatic ironyIrony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.50
6426037086irony of situationrefers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended51
6426037087italian sonnetA sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd52
6426037088masculine rhymeA rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable53
6426037089melodramaa play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally54
6426037090metaphorA comparison without using like or as55
6426037091meterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry56
6426037092metonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it57
6426037093motivationA need or desire that energizes and directs behavior58
6426037094narratorPerson telling the story59
6426037095octave8 line stanza60
6426037096onomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.61
6426037097hyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor62
6426037098oxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.63
6426037099paradoxA contradiction or dilemma64
6426037100paraphraseA restatement of a text or passage in your own words.65
6426037101personificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes66
6426037102plotSequence of events in a story67
6426037103point of viewThe perspective from which a story is told68
6426037104omniscient point of viewThe point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.69
6426037105third person limited point of viewnarrator tells the story from only one character's pov70
6426037106first person point of viewa character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself71
6426037107objective point of viewa narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.72
6426037108protagonistMain character73
6426037109quatrainA four line stanza74
6426037110rhythmA regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.75
6426037111rhyme schemeA regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem76
6426037112rising actionEvents leading up to the climax77
6426037113sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt78
6426037114satireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.79
6426037115scansionAnalysis of verse into metrical patterns80
6426037116sestet6 line stanza81
6426037117settingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.82
6426037118simileA comparison using "like" or "as"83
6426037119soliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage84
6426037120sonnet14 line poem85
6426037121stanzaA group of lines in a poem86
6426037122stream of consciousnessprivate thoughts of a character without commentary87
6426037123syllabic verseVerse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.88
6426037124symbolA thing that represents or stands for something else89
6426037125synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa90
6426037126synesthesiadescribing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")91
6426037127tercet3 line stanza92
6426037128terza rimaa verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.93
6426037129themeCentral idea of a work of literature94
6426037130toneAttitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character95
6426037131tragedyA serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character96
6426037132truncationUtilizing a melody with part of the end omitted.97
6426037133understandmentthe deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis98
6426037134verseA single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme99
6426037135vilanellea nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.100
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