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AP world history set #2 Flashcards

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5155797317Central Asian/Oxus civilizationA major First Civilization that emerged around 2200 B.C.E. in Central Asia along the Oxus or Amu Darya river in what is now northern Afghanistan. An important focal point for a Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and cultural exchange, it faded away about 1700 B.C.E.0
5155809553Code of HammurabiA series of laws publicized at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d.1750 B.C.E.). Not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order. (See the excerpt of the code in Document 2.2, pp. 95-97.)1
5155816708Egypt: "the gift of the Nile"Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible.2
5155825536Epic of GilgameshThe most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.3
5155830436HatshepsutAncient Egypt's most famous queen; reigned 1472-1457 B.C.E. (pron. hat-shep-soot)4
5155838026Mohenjo Daro/HarappaMajor cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E. (pron. moehen-joe DAHR-oh) (pron. hah-RAHP-uh)5
5155843759Norte Chico/CaralNorte Chico is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E. Caral was the largest of some twenty-five urban centers that emerged in the area at that time.6
5155849882NubiaA civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major ironworking industry by 500 B.C.E.7
5155856810Olmec civilizationAn early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E.8
5155866185patriarchyLiterally "rule of the father"; a social system of male dominance.9
5155873508pharaohA king of Egypt. The term literally means "the palace" and only came into use in the New Kingdom, but it is generally employed in reference to all ancient Egyptian rulers.10
5158939857rise of the stateA process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership11
5158939858UrukThe largest city of ancient Mesopotamia. (pron. OOH-rook)12
5158939859Bronze AgeThe Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. 3500 BCE - 1300BCE. Bronze is made through mixing copper with an alloy such as tin. It is stronger and more durable than copper.13
5158939860Iron AgeThe start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BCE to 600 BCE, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history.14
5158939861Assyriansa major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Middle East, existed as an independent state from perhaps as early as the 2600 BCE, until its collapse between 612 BCE and 599 BCE15
5158939862Akkaddianswas the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests by its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE). Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states.16
5158939863Hittitesa member of an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria that flourished from circa 1700 to circa 1200 BC.17
5164984365Shang Dynasty(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.18
5164991402Zhou Dynastythe longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.19
5164993121CuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.20
5164999972AlphabetA set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language21
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AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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301457857Compare & Contrasta rhetorical strategy that examines two or more elements in relation to each other0
631499419AsyndetonA stylistic device used to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases in a sentence1
604448677Polysyndentona stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an effect{often emphasis}2
866450525Antithesisa rhetorical device which places opposite ideas in parallel structure3
406789480Analogya comparism in which an idea or thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it4
67083793Cause & Effecta rhetorical strategy that focuses on consequences; something happens or someone encounters a situation, then somebody reacts or a new situation develops5
147806962Anaphorarepetition of a word at the beginning of successive clauses6
1035078727SynedocheA literary device in which a part of something represent the whole or vice versa7
758605122Epanalepsisrepetition of a word at the beginning and end of a sentence8
424959490ParallelismStructurally similar sentences for balance, rhythm and flow; often uses repetition9
207331205Process & chronologya rhetorical strategy that explains how to get from Point A to Point B, either in action or time10
372288858Anecdote & Examplea rhetorical strategy that starts by focusing on an individual situation and then gives way to a larger point11
32202207Enumerationsa collection of items that is a complete, ordered listings12
723048328Epistropherepetition of a word at the end of successive clauses13
655098519metonymya figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something elses with which it is closely associated14
908075195Narrativea story-telling passage15
563938888Descriptivea passage that relies heavily on details and imagery, often accomplished with figures of speech (metaphore, simile, personification, and others)16
61656828informative aka expositiona passage that deals primarily with informing the reader17
372375430persuasivea passage with an obvious goal of persuading the reader18
94333717Classification & Definitiona rhetorical strategy in which the author takes on a huge subjects, breaking those subjects down into parts, and then explaining19
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AP Language and Composition Terms Flashcards

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4825238638AlliterationThe repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.0
4825238639AllusionAn indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.1
4825238641AnalogyAn extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.2
4825238643AnaphoraThe repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.3
4825238644AnecdoteA short account of an interesting event.4
4825238645AnnotationExplanatory or critical notes added to a text.5
4825238646AntecedentThe noun to which a later pronoun refers.6
4825238647AntithesisParallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.7
4825238648AphorismA short, astute statement of a general truth.8
4825238649Archaic dictionThe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.9
4825238650ArgumentA statement put forth and supported by evidence.10
4825238651Aristotelian triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle).11
4825238652AssertionAn emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.12
4825238654AssumptionA belief or statement taken for granted without proof.13
4825238655Asyndetonleaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.14
4825238656AttitudeThe speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.15
4825238657AudienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.16
4825238658AuthorityA reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.17
4825238659Biasprejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue18
4825238661CiteIdentifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.19
4825238662ClaimAn assertion, usually supported by evidence.20
4825238663Close readingA careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.21
4825238664ColloquialismAn informal or conversational use of language.22
4825238665Common groundShared beliefs, values, or positions.23
4825238666ConcessionA reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.24
4825238667ConnotationThat which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation).25
4825238669ContextWords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.26
4825238670CounterargumentA challenge to a position; an opposing argument.27
4825238672DeductionReasoning from general to specific.28
4825238673DenotationThe literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.29
4825238674DictionWord choice.30
4825238675EpigramA brief witty statement.31
4825238676EthosA Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).32
4825238679Figurative languageThe use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.33
4825238680Figure of speechAn expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.34
4825238684HyperboleExaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.35
4825238685ImageryVivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).36
4825238686InductionReasoning from specific to general37
4825238687InversionA sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.38
4825238688IronyA contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.39
4825238689JuxtapositionPlacement of two things side by side for emphasis.40
4825238690LogosA Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) .41
4825238691MetaphorA figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.42
4825238692MetonymyUse of an aspect of something to represent the whole.43
4825238697OccasionAn aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.44
4825238699OxymoronA figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.45
4825238700ParadoxA statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.46
4825238701ParallelismThe repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.47
4825238702ParodyA piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.48
4825238703PathosA Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).49
4825238704PersonaThe speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.50
4825238705PersonificationAssigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.51
4825238707PolysyndetonThe deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.52
4825238708Premisemajor, minor, Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. [Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).]53
4825238709PropagandaA negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.54
4825238710PurposeOne's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.55
4825238711RefuteTo discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.56
4825238713RhetoricThe study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."57
4825238714Rhetorical modesPatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.58
4825238715Rhetorical questionA question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.59
4825238716Rhetorical triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle).60
4825238717SatireAn ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.61
4825238718SchemeA pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.62
4825238719Sentence patternsThe arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.63
4825238720Sentence varietyUsing a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.64
4825238721SimileA figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.65
4825238722SourceA book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.66
4825238723SpeakerA term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.67
4825238726StyleThe distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.68
4825238727SubjectIn rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.69
4825238728SyllogismA form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).70
4825238731SyntaxSentence structure.71
4825238732SynthesizeCombining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.72
4825238733ToneThe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.73
4825238734TropeArtful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.74
4825238735UnderstatementLack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.75
4825238736VoiceIn grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.76
4825238737ZeugmaA construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.77
4826629973AntimetaboleThe repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.78
4826632437Complex sentenceA sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.79
4826634622CoordinationGrammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as "and", or "but."80
4826636801Cumulative sentenceAn independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.81
4826638815Declarative sentenceA sentence that makes a statement.82
4826640829DocumentationBibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.83
4826642755ElegiacMournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.84
4826644717Imperative sentenceA sentence that requests or commands.85
4826648039PolemicAn argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.86
4826650110Simple sentenceA statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.87
4826651856Straw manA logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.88
4826653553Subordinate clauseCreated by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.89
4826655226SubordinationThe dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.90
4826657300ThesisThe central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.91
4826661056Thesis statementA statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.92
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Endosymbiosis Flashcards

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5355916753Endosymbiosis theoryA relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism (host)0
5372765567Primary endosymbiosis1
5372769760Secondary endosymbiosisred and green algae ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote 1.2
5361586232Protists1. eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi 2. most are unicellular 3. Some are heterotrophs and some are heterotrophs3
5355917052Serial endosymbiosismitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger cells 1. similar in size 2. replication of mito. and chloroplasts resemble binary fission 3. inner membrane 4. ribosomes similar 5. have circular DNA which lack histones4
5355917053Mitochondria1. evolved before plastids are derived from prokaryotes that were engulfed by the ancestors of early eukaryotic cells 2. it's suggested that mitochondria arose once over the course of evolution since5
5365419887Plastids 色素体An organelle found in the cells of plants, green algae, red algae, and certain other protists. Like mitochondria, plastids have an inner and outer membrane, and contain their own DNA and ribosomes. Some plastids, such as the chloroplasts in plant leaves, contain pigments.6
5372751711Plastid lineage1. evolved later from a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote 2. evolved into photosynthetic protists, red and green algae7
5355917406Chloroplasts8
5355917407Elysia chloroticaFeeds by sucking the cell content from the intertidal algae Vaucheria.9
5361690485Excavata 古虫界1. a clade originally proposed based on morphological studies of the cytoskeleton 2. Include the diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans (all monophyletic)10
5365898764Euglenozoans1. protists include predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites 2. presence of a rod with either a spiral or a crystalline structure inside flagella11
5355917789Kleptoplastidy1. A group of euglenozoans that has a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called kinetoplast 2. Example: Trypanosoma -> cause human sleeping sickness, a neurological disease, Chaga's disease (transmitted by bloodsucking in sects and can lead to congestive heart failure)12
5355917790Chlorarachiniophytes1. a protist likely evolved when a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a green alga 2. engulfed cell, which contains a tiny vestigial nucleus, called nucleomorph13
5355918163Mixotrophcan use chloroplasts to undergo photosynthesis if light is available or as as a heterotroph by absorbing organic nutrients from the environment (ex. euglena)14
5372818139Three ecological categories of protistsprotozoa, fungus-like and algae15
5355918164protozoaingestive, animal-like nutrition16
5355918165fungus-likeabsorptive nutrition17
5372812597algaephotosynthetic, plant-like nutrition18
5355918600Eukaryotic Cilium or Flagellum1. eukaryotic flagella are not homologous to those of prokaryotes 2. they are extensions of the cytoplasm with a support of the 9+2 microtubule system19
5372824971cystresistant cells formed by protists that can survive in harsh conditions20
5355918975plankton 浮游生物communities of mostly microscopic organisms that drift in currents near the water's surface21
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plast Flashcards

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3233990476absorbverb; To absorb something is to take it in or soak it up. A sponge can absorb water, a brain can absorb information, and an activity can absorb your time. If something absorbs your attention, it holds your attention completely. (The adjective absorbed means "deeply interested or involved.")0
3233993528broodnoun or verb; As a noun, brood refers to a family of young animals or children. It is most often used to refer to a group of young birds that all hatched at the same time. As a verb, brood means to sit on your eggs and incubate them1
3233997340cacophonynoun; A mix of harsh, loud, unpleasant sounds that makes you want to block your ears: that's cacophony.2
3234004227flaxax is a type of plant. It is made into the fabric called linen. People and certain animals eat the seeds of flax, which are called3
3234007765groggilyGroggily is the adverb form of the adjective groggy, which means confused or foggy-headed4
3234010617mercenarynoun; A mercenary is a soldier who is paid by a foreign country to fight in its army. Soldiers who are not mercenaries often fight out of loyalty to their country or for a cause. A mercenary, on the other hand, fights only to get paid.5
3234012496musketnoun; A musket is a type of long gun that soldiers used from the 16th to 18th centuries, before the invention of the rifle.6
3234017683raptadjective; Rapt means "showing complete delight or interest." If you are watching something with rapt attention, you are completely focused on it—even carried away by it.7
3234025272witchingnoun; This old-fashioned expression refers to the time of night when creatures such as witches, demons, and ghosts are believed to be at their most powerful. Today, witching hour is usually used as a synonym for midnight.8
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AP Language Spring Terms Flashcards

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2202363005argumentationA writer's attempt to prove the validity of an idea through logic, reason, and evidence. Some arguments attempt only to prove a point, while others go beyond proving to inciting the reader to action. : A writer's attempt to prove the validity of an idea through logic, reason, and evidence. Some arguments attempt only to prove a point, while others go beyond proving to inciting the reader to action.0
2202366075persuasion:Argument with the addition of an emotional element. Persuasion often urges some form of action.1
2202368251logos, or logical appealthe appeal to reason; the use of logic, reasons, and evidence; used to prove a point2
2202369843pathos, or emotional appealthe appeal to emotion; playing on the emotions and interests of the audience; used to move an audience3
2202371386ethos, or ethical appealthe appeal to the credibility of the speaker or writer; used to gain the audience's trust4
2202375844Usage noteLogos, pathos, and ethos are all nouns—not adjectives. In other words, one can point out the use of logos or logical appeal, but never a "logos appeal." Pay close attention to this usage, as using these terms incorrectly will make you come across as "not smart."5
2202377559logical fallacyan error in logical argument, sometimes used to dupe an audience6
2202379336straw mana logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position7
2202380792assumptionsomething taken for granted, presumed to be true without need for further explanation or proof8
2202384274concessiona reluctant acknowledgement or yielding9
2202384275qualificationA limiting modification10
2202386081qualifyTo modify or limit (as in qualify a claim or assertion)11
2202386082refuteTo prove wrong by argument or evidence; discredit (as in refute a claim or assertion)12
2202388430deductive reasoning (deduction)starts with a claim and then provides evidence13
2202389992inductive reasoning (induction)provides evidence then moves to a conclusion14
2202390989assertionan emphatic statement or declaration claim: an assertion, usually supported by evidence15
2202392590anecdotal evidenceevidence based on the experiences of a few people rather than on scientific research16
2202392706polemican argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion17
2202395314appeal to authoritycalling on an expert to give validity to an argument18
2202397729antithesisthe juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure19
2202397730supportTo uphold or defend as valid or right; advocate (as in support a claim or assertion)20
2202398532generalizationA statement that asserts some broad truth based on a knowledge of specific cases.21
2202398698counterargumentan opposing argument22
2202400131biasprejudice toward one side of an issue23
2202401759propagandaa negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information24
2202401760juxtapositionplacement of two things side by side for emphasis25
2202428612onomatopoeiathe use of words with sounds that suggest or mimic their meaning (such as buzz, hiss, murmur, rustle)26
2202425982understatementa statement that says less than is meant or which uses less force than is warranted27
2202433984concrete language (or diction)words that refer to things that can be perceived through the senses28
2202425983ironyA contrast, contradiction, or incongruity. This could be a contrast or incongruity between what is expected to happen and what actually happens (situational irony). Verbal irony occurs when someone state one thing but means another. Less relevant to nonfiction is dramatic irony, which occurs when readers know more about a situation than the characters do.29
2202427028hyperbole (overstatement)deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis, humor, or to reveal truth30
2202424595abstract language (or diction)words that refer to ideas, conditions, or qualities that cannot be perceived through the senses31
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AP Language Final Terms Flashcards

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5730563047Analogycomparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification0
5730563048Analysisdetailed examination of the elements or structure of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation.1
5730563049Argumentan exchange of diverging views2
5730565619Clichéa phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought3
5730568699Comparisonthe act or instance of comparing4
5730568700Contrastthe state of being strikingly different from something else5
5730568764Definitionthe act of defining something6
5730573569Humorthe quality of being amusing7
5730573570Ironythe expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite8
5730577588Narrationthe action or process of narrating a story9
5730577589Paradoxa statement that is self contradictory because it often contains two statements that are both true, but in general, cannot both be true at the same time10
5730577590Personificationthe representation of an abstract quality in human form11
5730581053Persuasionan attempt to influence a person's beliefs12
5730691231Should Ms. G curve the final even more?13
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AP Language Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

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2198115719anecdotea brief recounting of a relevant episode to develop a point or inject humor0
2198116874antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun1
2198121295dictionword choice, particularly as an element of style2
2198124046connotationthe associations suggested by a word; implied meaning rather than literal meaning3
2198126170denotationthe literal, explicit meaning of a word4
2198127072adagea folk saying with a lesson5
2198128556aphorisma terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle6
2198130740figurative languagewriting that is not meant to be taken literally7
2198132059analogya comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables for the purpose of teaching8
2198135112juxtapositionplacing things side by side for the purpose of comparison in order to make a point9
2198157732paradoxa seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true10
2198159679parallelismsentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other or repeats identical grammatical patterns11
2198171325parodyan exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes (similar to allusion and satire)12
2198180127personathe fictional mask or narrator that tells a story13
2198183636rhetoricthe art of effective communication14
2198188791Aristotle's rhetorical trianglethe relationships, in any piece of writing, between the writer, the audience, and the subject; all analysis of writing is essentially an analysis of the relationships between the points on the triangle15
2198208009rhetorical questionquestion not asked for information but for effect16
2198209704satirea work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect; targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions; has three layers: serious, humorous, serious17
2198219907syntax/sentence varietygrammatical arrangement of words (syntax=grouping of words; diction=selection of individual words)18
2198223148thesisthe sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition19
2198234344tonea writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization20
2198237363understatementthe ironic minimizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is21
2198244363argumenta piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion22
2198245681premisestatements offered as reasons to support a conclusion23
2198246547conclusionthe end result of the argument24
2198248751Aristotle's appealsall means of persuasion (appeals): ethos, pathos, and logos25
2198256048ethos (credibility)being convinced by the credibility of the author26
2198257313pathos (emotional)persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions27
2198257991logos (logical)persuading by the use of reasoning28
2198258694concessionaccepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint; used to make one's own argument stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even if it is presented by the opposition29
2198276536fallacyan attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning30
2198277665ad hominempersonally attacking your opponents instead of their arguments31
2198279553appeal to authoritythe claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be right32
2198283024appeal to the bandwagonthe claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or used to believe it, or do it33
2198285191appeal to emotionan attempt to REPLACE a logical argument with an appeal to the audience's emotions34
2198289099bad analogyclaiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren't35
2198292260cliché thinkingusing as evidence a well-known saying as if it is proven or as if it has no exceptions36
2198294423false causeassuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one37
2198297963hasty generalizationa generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data38
2198300047non sequitura conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument39
2198300942slippery slopethe assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme possible outcome40
2198306316apatheticindifferent due to lack of energy or concern41
2198306954cynicalquestioning the basic sincerity and goodness op people42
2198393588condescendinga feeling of superiority43
2198393589callousunfeeling, insensitive to feelings of others44
2198394632contemplativestudying, thinking, reflecting on an issue45
2198395451contemptuousshowing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect46
2198398641earnestintense, a sincere state of mind47
2198399633fancifulusing the imagination48
2198399634forthrightdirectly frank without hesitation49
2198400835intimatevery familiar50
2198407338maliciouspurposely hurtful51
2198408519patronizingair of condescension52
2198409197pessimisticseeing the worst side of things; no hope53
2198409199reflectiveillustrating innermost thoughts and emotions54
2198410367sarcasticsneering, caustic55
2198410368sardonicscornfully and bitterly sarcastic56
2198413239satiricridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point, teach57
2198415812sincerewithout deceit or pretense; genuine58
2198416860solemndeeply earnest, tending toward sad reflection59
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