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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 10: Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, autotroph, heterotroph, chlorophyll, mesophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reactions, Calvin cycle, NADP+, photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, photons, spectrophotometer, absorption spectrum, action spectrum, carotenoids, photosytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex, primary electron acceptor, linear electron flow, cyclic electron flow, photorespiration, bundle-sheath cells, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
3. Define photosynthesis and write the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.
4. State which organisms undergo photosynthesis.
5. Distinguish between the site of photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the structure of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells and describe where in the chloroplast the photosynthetic pigments are located.
7. Distinguish between radiant energy and chemical energy and relate both to the process of photosynthesis.
8. Distinguish between the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum, and an absorption spectrum.
9. State which colors of the visible spectrum are absorbed by chlorophylls and which color is reflected.
10. State which chlorophyll is required for the process of photosynthesis and is therefore found in all photosynthetic organisms.
11. State which chlorophylls are found in all plants and which other photosynthetic pigments are commonly found in plants.
12. Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and describe the relationship between the two sets of reactions.
13. Relating to the light-dependent reactions (light reactions) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants):
a.

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1861241069	10.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food	...	0
1861241077	Autotrophic	...	1
1861241078	Chloroplasts	An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.	2
1861241070	Thylakoids	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	3
1861241079	Photosynthesis	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.	4
1861241080	Autotrophs	...	5
1861241081	Heterotrophs	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.	6
1861241082	Mesophyll	Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis.	7
1861241083	Stomata	...	8
1861241084	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	9
1861241085	Thylakoids	A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	10
1861241086	Chlorophyll	A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.	11
1861241087	What are the two stages of photosynthesis	...	12
1861241088	Light Reactions	The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.	13
1861241089	Calvin cycle	The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.	14
1861241090	NADP	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.	15
1861241091	Photophosphorylation	The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.	16
1861241092	Carbon Fixation	The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).	17
1861241093	10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to thee chemical energy of ATP and NADPH	...	18
1861241094	Wavelength	The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.	19
1861241095	Electromagnetic Spectrum	The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.	20
1861241096	Visible light	That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.	21
1861241097	Photons	A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.	22
1861241098	Spectrophotometer	...	23
1861241099	Absorption spectrum	...	24
1861241100	Chlorophyll a	A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.	25
1861241101	Chlorophyll b	An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.	26
1861241102	Carotenoids	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.	27
1861241071	Describe a chlorophyll molecule	...	28
1861241103	Photosystem	A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.	29
1861241104	Reaction-center complex	A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.	30
1861241105	Light harvesting complex	A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.	31
1861241106	Primary electron acceptor	In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them.	32
1861241107	Photo system II	One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.	33
1861241108	Photosystem I	A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.	34
1861241109	Cyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2.	35
1861241072	10.3 The Calvin Cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar	...	36
1861241110	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)	A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.	37
1861241111	What are the three phases of The Calvin cycle?	Carbon Fixation Energy Consumption and Redox Release of G3P; Regeneration of RuBP	38
1861241112	10.4 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates	...	39
1861241113	C3 plants	A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.	40
1861241114	Photorespiration	A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. Photorespiration generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco.	41
1861241115	C4 Plants	A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.	42
1861241116	Bundle-sheath cells	In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.	43
1861241117	PEP carboxylase	An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells of C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis.	44
1861241118	Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)	An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. In this process, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night; during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle.	45
1861241119	CAM plants	A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.	46
1861241120	Chromatography	...	47
1861241121	Word Roots: auto-	self; (autotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms)	48
1861241122	Word Roots: chloro-	green;	49
1861241123	Word Roots: electro-	= electricity;	50
1861241124	Word Roots: hetero-	= other (heterotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products)	51
1861241125	Word Roots: meso-	= middle (mesophyll: the green tissue in the middle, inside of a leaf)	52
1861241126	Word Roots: photo-	= light (photosystem: cluster of pigment molecules)	53
1861241127	Word Roots: -troph	= food (autotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms)	54
1861241128	Word Roots: -phyll	= leaf (chlorophyll: photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts)	55
1861241129	Word Roots: magnet-	= magnetic (electromagnetic spectrum: the entire spectrum of radiation)	56
1861241130	Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle NADPH → O2 → CO2 NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II	H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle	57
1861241131	Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. Only heterotrophs require oxygen. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. Only heterotrophs have mitochondria. Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment.	Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.	58
1861241132	Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? release of oxygen regeneration of the CO2 acceptor oxidation of NADPH consumption of ATP carbon fixation	release of oxygen	59
1861241133	Which process is most directly driven by light energy? creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules reduction of NADP+ molecules ATP synthesis carbon fixation in the stroma	removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules	60
1861241134	The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with	ATP and NADPH.	61
1861241135	How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?	In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.	62
1861241136	In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to	oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.	63
1861241073	Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2	6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.	64
1861241074	In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast Mitochondrion Ribosome Central vacuole Nucleus	Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.	65
1861241075	What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? Chlorophyll A thylakoid An electron transport chain A chain of glucose molecules The Calvin cycle	An electron transport chain	66
1861241076	What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? CO2 and O2 C6H12O6 and O2 C6H12O6 and RuBP ATP and NADPH G3P and H2O	ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.	67
1861241137	What provides electrons for the light reactions? CO2 The Calvin cycle H2O Light O2	H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Light provides the energy to excite electrons.	68
1861241138	What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? Sucrose (C12H22O11) RuBP Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) G3P (C3H6O3)	Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide initially combines with RuBP, and RuBP is regenerated to continue the Calvin cycle.	69
1861241139	What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADH NADPH An electron transport chain FADH2 Chlorophyll	NADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle. An electron transport chain conveys electrons from one photosystem to the other within the light reactions.	70
1861241140	The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. stroma; thylakoids thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; outer membrane chloroplasts; mitochondria mitochondria; chloroplasts	thylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.	71
1861241141	Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?	The Calvin cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions carried out in the stroma.	72
1861241142	Describe Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle	Three molecules of carbon dioxide are added to three molecules of a five-carbon sugar abbreviated RuBP. These molecules are then rearranged to form six molecules called 3-PGA, which have three carbons each.	73

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APWH Stearns - Chapter 10 Flashcards

A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

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1065526384	Middle Ages	W Europe between fall of Roman Empire and 15th century	0
1065526385	Gothic	13th-14th c w Europe architecture w/pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	1
1065526386	Vikings	8th-11th c, Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal Europe Pushed across Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America Formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	2
1065526387	Manorialism	Rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during Middle Ages Peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	3
1065526388	Serfs	Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	4
1065526389	Moldboard	Adjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during Middle Ages Permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils	5
1065526390	Three-field system	Dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage (manure)	6
1065526391	Clovis	King of the Franks who converted to Christianity	7
1065526392	Carolingians	Royal house of Franks 8th-10th century	8
1065526393	Charles Martel	First Carolingian king of Franks Defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	9
1065526394	Charlemagne	800, Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany	10
1065526395	Holy Roman emperors	Political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany Claimed title of emperor, but no centralized monarchy	11
1065526396	Feudalism	Middle Ages, greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	12
1065526397	Vassals	Members of the military elite who got land from lord in return for military service and loyalty	13
1065526398	Capetians	French dynasty ruling from 10th century Developed strong centralized monarchy	14
1065526399	William the Conqueror	1066, invaded England from Normandy Established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	15
1065526400	Magna Carta	1215 charter issued by King John of England Represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers, feudal aristocracy, and supremacy of law	16
1065526401	Parliaments	Bodies representing privileged groups Institutionalized principle that kings ruled with advice and consent of their subjects	17
1065526402	Hundred Years War	1337-1453, conflict between England and France	18
1065526403	Pope Urban II	1095, organized first Crusade Appealed to Christians to free Holy Land from Muslim control	19
1065526404	Investiture	Appointment of bishops Pope Gregory tried to stop it, leading to conflict with Holy Roman emperor Henry IV	20
1065526405	St. Clare of Assisi	13th c founder of woman's monastic order Represented new purity and dedication to Catholic church	21
1065526406	Gregory VII	11th c Pope who tried to free church from secular control Quarreled with Holy Roman emperor Henry IV over investiture	22
1065526407	Peter Abelard	Author of Yes and No University scholar who applied logic to theological problems Demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine	23
1065526408	St. Bernard of Clairvaux	Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic Stressed importance of mystical union with God Drove Abelard from universities	24
1065526409	Thomas Aquinas	Creator of a great synthesis of medieval learning Taught at University of Paris Author of Summas Believed that through reason, could learn much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	25
1065526410	Scholasticism	Dominant medieval philosophical approach Named because of base in schools or universities Based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	26
1065526411	Troubadours	14th c s France poets who gave new value to love in Western tradition	27
1065526412	Hanseatic League	N German and Scandinavian cities establish a commercial alliance	28
1065526413	Jacques Coeur	15th c French marchet Banker to French monarchy, showed new course of medieval commerce	29
1065526414	guilds	Associations of workers with the same job in a city Stressed security and mutual control Limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship Held privileged place in cities	30
1065526415	Black Death	14th c Europe Bubonic plague that reduced population and affected social structure	31

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APWH Stearns - Chapter 9 Flashcards

Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

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532022814	Justinian	6th c Byzantine emperor Failed to reconquer western empire, but rebuilt Constantinople and codified Roman law Hagia Sophia - Great domed church constructed during Justinian's reign	0
532022815	Body of Civil Law	Justinian's codification of Roman law Reconciled Roman edicts and decisions Made Roman law coherent basis for political and economic life	1
532022816	Belisarius	505 - 565 military commander during Justinian's attempted reconquest of western Europe	2
532022817	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of chemical mixture that ignited when exposed to water Used to drive back Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	3
532022818	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom in Balkans that put constant pressure on Byzantine Empire Defeated by Basil II in 1014	4
532022819	Icons	Images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	5
532022820	Iconoclasm	Breaking of images Religious controversy of 8th century Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	6
532022821	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium Resulted in loss of empire's rich Anatolian territory	7
532022822	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans Created Slavic written script called Cyrillic	8
532022823	Kiev	Commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century Became center for kingdom that flourished until 12th century	9
532022824	Rurik	Legendary Scandinavian regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	10
532022825	Vladimir I	980-1015 ruler of Kiev Converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	11
532022826	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	12
532022827	Yaroslav	975-1054, last great Kievan monarch Codified laws which were based on Byzantine codes	13
532022828	Boyars	Russian land-holding aristocrats that had less political power than their western European counterparts Tatars - Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century Left Russian church and aristocracy intact	14

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Campbell Biology Ch 23 Flashcards

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257626977	microevolution	evolutionary change below the species level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations, caused by natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow (p 469)	0
257626978	genetic variation	differences among individuals in the composition of the genes or other DNA segments; only phenotypes determined by genes can have evolutionary consequences (ex/ bodybuilders do not pass on muscles)	1
257626979	distinct, quantitative	_____ characters can be classified on an either-or basis, determined by a single gene locus with different alleles that produce distinct phenotypes; _____ characters vary along a continuum within a population, resulting from the influence of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character	2
257626980	average heterozygosity	the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous (heterozygous = 2 different alleles for a given locus, homozygous = 2 identical alleles) (p 470)	3
257626981	gene (variability), nucleotide (variability)	_____ is variation at whole-gene level, which is greater variability than _____, genetic variation at the molecular level of DNA;	4
257626982	geographic variation	differences in the genetic composition of separate populations or population subgroups	5
257626983	cline	a graded change in a character along a geographic axis (p 471); ex/ frequency of a certain allele in fish decreases from Maine to Georgia	6
257626984	mutation, gene duplication, rapid reproduction, sexual reproduction	sources of genetic variation (4) (p 471)	7
257626985	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	8
257626986	gene pool	all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population; also--the aggregate of alleles for just one or a few loci in a population (p 473)	9
257626987	Hardy-Weinberg principle	the principle that states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work (equilibrium)	10
257626988	Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	when genotype frequencies are p² + 2pq +q² = 1; remains constant after mating randomly over generations; only happens when: 1) no mutations 2) random mating 3) no natural selection 4) extremely large population/no genetic drift 5) no gene flow; deviation from this could cause evolution	11
257887692	genetic drift	a process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next, leading to a loss of genetic variation and possibly fixed harmful alleles; effects of this are most pronounced in small populations	12
257887693	founder effect	genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population	13
257887694	bottleneck effect	genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.	14
257887695	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes, modifies population's allele frequencies in next generation (p 479) ex/ when insects pollinate plants within different gene pools	15
257887696	relative fitness	the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population (p 481)	16
257887697	directional selection	natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals, shifting a population's frequency curve for the character in one direction or the other, common when environment changes or after migration	17
257887698	disruptive selection	natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes	18
257887699	stabilizing selection	natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes	19
257887700	natural selection	the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution	20
257887701	sexual selection	a form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates (p482)	21
257887702	sexual dimorphism	a difference between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics	22
257887703	intrasexual selection	selection in which there is direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex	23
257887704	intersexual selection (mate choice)	selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex	24
257887705	neutral variation	genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage	25
257887706	balancing selection	natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population	26
257887707	heterozygote advantage	greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes (therefore defined in terms of genotype); tends to preserve variation in a gene pool	27
257887708	frequency-dependent selection	selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population	28
257887709	existing	natural selection/evolution does not lead to perfect organisms because 1) selection can only act on _____ variations 2) it is limited by historical constraints 3) adaptations are often compromises 4) chance, natural selection, and the environment interact	29

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MHS 6400 Theories of Counseling and Personality: Chapter 5 Flashcards

Used Theory and Design in Counseling and Psychotherapy by Susan X Day

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1817100572	Abstinence:	means that they do not participate in client's fantasies or desires, to protect against fulfilling the analysts' own needs instead of the clients.	0
1817100573	Analytical psychology:	Jung added another level of the unconscious; the personal unconscious consisted of memories and feeling that could be accessible to awareness.	1
1817100574	Anima:	represents the feminine side of a man	2
1817100575	Animus:	represents the masculine side of a woman	3
1817100576	Anonymity:	means that the analysts' personal selves and lives are not topics for discussion.	4
1817100577	Anxiety:	caused by the conflicts the ego has to mediate.	5
1817100578	Archetypes:	which are universal characters that make up part of our personalities.	6
1817100579	Attachment theory:	which concerns the way in which infant and caretaker form ties of affection and securing and in this relationship forge the infant's sense of self.	7
1817100580	Borderline personality disorder:	Otto Kernberg developed an "expressive psychoanalytical approach" to this disorder; this disorder is considered extremely difficult to change; is marked by instability of interpersonal relationships (friends and romantic partners are never kept long but are very intense while they exist), unstable sense of self (lots of changes in opinions and plans), impulsivity (especially self-destructive actions), and drastic mood swings.	8
1817100581	Collective unconscious:	beneath personal unconscious; which holds the experience of our species throughout history, all the way back to animal precursors.	9
1817164698	Confession:	(Jungian Therapy) Reveal conscious and unconscious secrets, shared secret = beneficial / private = destructive; first of four stages of psychotherapy according to Jung	10
1817164699	Corrective emotional experience:	the therapist functions as a person in a close relationship in order to provide this for the client; the therapist attempts to establish a relationship that can weather the client's frustrations and outbursts without punishment or abandonment.	11
1817164700	Countertransference:	When the therapist puts their emotional baggage on the client; how I respond to the transference that was laid on me; the reaction says something about the other party, since the way one person responds to someone else is very likely the way other people do too.	12
1817164701	Defense mechanisms:	when you are anxious your ego works out your favorite _____ _____ in order to redefine your reality to make it less threatening.	13
1817164702	Denial:	commonly used defense mechanism; you simply do not see the bad things that are going on. Parents of child who is bullied at school may be blind to the signs of sever social problem for their child. They are protected from having to confront the ugly reality.	14
1817164703	Deterministic:	psychoanalytic viewpoint; it maintains that our personality and behavior were fixed by the time you were about 6 years old. You do not have freewill.	15
1817164704	Displacement:	commonly used defense mechanism; for various reason, you cannot act out your hostility to the person you are really angry at, so you take it out on someone less threatening. The classic story is the worker who gets yelled at by his boss and comes home to yell at his family and kicks the dog.	16
1817164705	Dream analysis:	is frequently used in all four stages of Jung's psychotherapy; Jung saw dreams as revealing more than concealing meaning; not only can they reflect wishes and fears- they also might suggest solutions to a client's current dilemma, or enact in archetypal characters and stories the clients psychological state.	17
1817164706	Dream interpretation:	Freud wrote that dreams were the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind; he was certain that the underlying meanings of dreams represent forbidden instinctual wishes; person's needs, fears, and characteristic ways of being are reflected in the dream.	18
1817164707	Drives:	much of determinism has to do with the fact of basic ____, which are sex and aggression (in other terms, love and death); biological and inborn	19
1817164708	Education:	third stage of four stages of psychotherapy according to Jung; the therapist helps translate the insights into responsible action in everyday life.	20
1817164709	Ego:	the mediator between the superego and id; reality principle	21
1817164710	Ego ideal:	the idea of what one would be like if perfection were attainable; the idealized parent is incorporated as the superego	22
1817164711	Ego psychology:	improved reality testing and judgment are emphasized; one important goal is seeing the outside world as it is, without too much distortion from inner distress and transference.	23
1817164712	Ego strength:	the capacity of the ego to pursue its healthy goals in spite of threat and stress (or perceived thread and stress)	24
1817164713	Electra complex:	girls between the ages 3 and 6, want the opposite-sex parent all to themselves and hate the same-sex parent for monopolizing their love object.	25
1817164714	Elucidation:	second stage of four stages of psychotherapy according to Jung explanation; clarification; shed light on darkness (Ex: "wow you sound really mad at what I just said.", "yeah, bc.......); which uses something like the Freudian processes of interpreting transference and countertransference, and achieving insight	26
1817164715	Emotional insulation:	commonly used defense mechanism; you mask your pain by believing that you do not really care. The unconscious version, in contrast the conscious version of pretending you don't really care and knowing that you are pretending.	27
1817164716	Empathy:	cornerstone of self psychology; the counselor is nonjudgmentally trying to enter the client's world encourages the client to describe feeling that he otherwise hides from self and others, and to identify the ways in which he hides them (frequently, rage and withdrawal).	28
1817164717	Fantasy:	commonly used defense mechanism; you escape a real world that is aversive or boring by dreaming of a better situation.	29
1817164718	Free association:	(psychoanalysis) person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing, in order to explore the unconscious	30
1817164719	Grandiose self:	mirroring helps build this part of self; conveys to the child that he or she is perfect and the center of attention	31
1817164720	Humanism:	an awareness of the values, capacities, and worth of people; and away from the strictly Freudian view of people as creatures motivated by sex and aggression and shaped by their attempts to fend off anxiety	32
1817164721	id:	represents the drives in their raw, uncontrolled state; works according to the pleasure principle	33
1817164722	Idealization:	second psychological need; the child needs to see the parents as all-powerful and flawless; builds second component of the self, the inner representation of the idealized parent	34
1817164723	Identification:	commonly used defense mechanism; you get satisfaction and overcome inferiority feelings by allying yourself psychologically with a powerful, successful entity. Being a fan of a winning team is a mild example. Becoming a Nazi is a serious one.	35
1817164724	Insight:	bringing into awareness conflicts and feelings that previously were inaccessible.	36
1817164725	Interpretation:	consists of drawing inferences from what the client is saying, feeling, and enacting.	37
1817164726	Introspection:	cornerstone of self-psychology; process where we look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives (we assume that we know ourselves best, that we have all the answers).	38
1817164727	Mirroring:	First psychological need; to have their activities and efforts accurately noticed by the parents and admired lavishly or lamented empathetically; thus this refers to the accurate reflection of what the child is doing or feeling.	39
1817164728	Narcissistic personality disorder:	is a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy that occurs across contexts.	40
1817164729	Neutrality:	means that their interpretations are based not on personal opinion but on analytical thought.	41
1817164730	Object constancy:	the ability to keep an image of the good object, even when frustrated by it	42
1817164731	Object relations psychology:	views the relationship between self and objects as the organizing principle of the psyche; main psychoanalytic approach used in family therapy; is to revise impaired object representations.	43
1817164732	Objects:	are mental representations of other people; Freudians who wanted to emphasize that at a certain point for infants, other people are merely objects for gratifying needs- objects are mental representations of the self and other people, and these mental representations of others are not to be confused with the actual person, who may not be accurately represented.	44
1817215595	Oedipal stage:	boys between the ages 3 and 6, want the opposite-sex parent all to themselves and hate the same-sex parent for monopolizing their love object.	45
1817215596	Penis envy:	a driving force in girls' and women's psychology is their disappointment that they do not have penises, first discovered when they notice their brothers', fathers', or schoolmates' appendages.	46
1817215597	Persona:	An individual's pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting (can be false/mask like in order to fit in)	47
1817215598	Pleasure principle:	id works through this; when the id is in charge we eat too much, drink too much, have sex promiscuously, beat each other up when angry, seek oblivion in reckless drug use, and basically act like we are constantly on spring break.	48
1817215599	Projection:	commonly used defense mechanism; you attribute to others you own characteristic ways of being. For example: an insanely jealous person might see everyone else as driven by jealousy. Can also project positive aspects onto people; this defense mechanism could either normalize your own state or entail denying your own characteristic while accusing others of it excessively.	49
1817215600	Psychoanalytic:	usually refers to a system that is strictly Freudian or extremely close to Freudian	50
1817215601	Psychodynamic:	later version of Freudians; neo-Freudian; it involves certain premises and techniques that were later given up, even by therapists who still worked from a Freudian basis.	51
1817215602	Rationalization:	commonly used defense mechanism; you create a logical reason to explain a painful experience and thus remove it from the sphere of feelings.	52
1817215603	Reaction formation:	commonly used defense mechanism; you act and speak in opposition to impulses you wish you didn't have.	53
1817215604	Reality principle:	the peacemaker, ego, works according to this principle which says; you can't act out your id urges but you can't live up to your superego in the real world either.	54
1817215605	Regression:	commonly used defense mechanism; you behave as though you are at an earlier stage of development. Children with new baby siblings often revert to thumb sucking, bed-wetting, clinging, and other habits they have outgrown. Adults who return to their parent's home for a visit sometimes return to less mature behavior than they display elsewhere.	55
1817215606	Relational theories:	which apply in counseling a range of normal people with various disturbances in social connectedness; object relations is foundational; put the need for connection with other people at the center of case conceptualization; the need for relatedness must make room for another basic motivation, agency- the need for mastery and autonomy	56
1817215607	Repression:	commonly used defense mechanism; you forget painful experiences and situation. Trauma victims, in the past decade, have been subjects of investigation about repression of traumas such as wartime horrors and child sexual abuse. Repression is an unconscious process, some theorist think that if an experience is repeatedly suppressed (a conscious effort to forget about something) it can become repressed.	57
1817215608	Resistance:	struggle to accept something; no matter how distressing, the territory we know is less threatening than the territory we haven't explored.	58
1817215609	Schizoid personality disorder:	as lack of desire for human intimacy, and constricted expression and experience of emotions. Fairbairn's theory included schizophrenic, schizoid, and "high percentage of anxiety states and of paranoid, phobic, hysterical and obsessional symptoms" in the schizoid category; he believed the basis for all these was a disintegration of the ego; involving a failure to integrate opposites like loving and hating, active and passive, into a coherent self.	59
1817215610	Secure base distortions:	children with selective but very disturbed attachments	60
1817215611	Self:	expression of unity of personality; An individual's awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning; difficult to define yet we use it everyday; unifies all the others in a whole, healthy psyche, is the most important archetype	61
1817215612	Self-actualization:	means living up to our full potential as individuals and as members of society, and it is a concept that continues in the thinking of humanist psychologists.	62
1817215613	Shadow:	our unacceptable urges and desires or darker self that is usually hidden from others.	63
1817215614	Splitting:	when a mature view of positive and negative qualities does not gel, the person doing this vies self and others as all good or all bad.	64
1817215615	Sublimation:	commonly used defense mechanism; you transform sexual and aggressive drives into a socially acceptable form. For example, teaching school and coaching sports are both exercises of power and can satisfy aggressive urges. Other types of work and creative expression may also absorb id energy.	65
1817215616	Superego:	the angel on your shoulder; is the internalized civilization message from our parents- we often call it the conscience.	66
1817215617	Suppression:	a conscious effort to forget about something	67
1817215618	Termination:	final stage; the end of sessions with a client denotes a process of ending or completing, not quitting or stopping	68
1817215619	Transference:	therapist becomes the object of a patient's emotional attitudes toward an important person in their life (ex: parent); is the current repetition of old patters of relationships that are firmly rooted in the personality.	69
1817215620	Transformation:	third stage of four stages of psychotherapy according to Jung; actualizing of true self; self actualization is pursued and the therapist and client become equals in the pursuit.	70
1817215621	Unconscious:	an area of mental life that is outside of awareness and perception, yet still affects the way we think, feel, and behave.	71
1817215622	Working-through process:	material from the initial stage is gone over again at this more conducive, evolving stage; middle stage.	72

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Personality Flashcards

Conceptualizing and Measuring Personality
Determining How Personality Develops
Resolving the Person-Situation Debate

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1706620964	Personality	the distinguishing pattern of psychological characteristics--thinking, feeling, and behaving--that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across situations	0
1706620965	Trait	a stable predisposition to act or behave in a certain way	1
1706620966	projective test	A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger proaction of one's inner dynamics.	2
1706620967	unconscious	According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.	3
1706620968	Id	a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasures principle, demanding immediate gratification.	4
1706620969	Ego	the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.	5
1706620970	Superego	the part of personality that according to Freud, represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.	6
1706620971	defense mechanisms	In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.	7
1706620972	collective unconscious	Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history	8
1706620973	self-concept	an organized set of perceptions we hold about our abilities and characteristics	9
1706620974	positive psychology	the idea that we value what others think of us and that we constantly seek others' approval, love, and companionship	10
1706620975	self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth	11
1706620976	free association	In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.	12
1706620977	pyschoanalysis	Frued's theory of peronality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconcious motives and conflicts, the techiniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeding to expose and interpret uncounsciousness	13
1706620978	identification	the process by which, according to Freud, children in corporate their parents values into their developing superegos.	14
1706620979	psychosexual stages	The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.	15
1706620980	fixation	According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	16
1706620981	oedipus complex	According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father	17
1706620982	repression	In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	18
1706620983	self concept	All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	19
1706620984	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.	20
1706620985	spotlight effect	Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders	21
1706620986	regression	A return to a prior stage after a person has progressed through the various stages of development; caused by anxiety.	22
1706620987	reaction formation	Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate.	23
1706620988	projection	a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else	24
1706620989	rationalization	Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.	25
1706620990	displacement	Defense mechanism by which people divert sexual or aggressive feelings for one person onto another person.	26
1706620991	thematic apperception test	A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.	27
1706620992	rorschach inkblot test	A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure	28
1706620993	terror management theory	The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem.	29
1706620994	self actualization	According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential	30
1706620995	unconditional positive regard	according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person	31
1706620996	personality inventory	A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.	32
1706620997	external locus of control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate	33
1706620998	internal locus of control	The perception that one controls one's own fate	34
1706620999	learned happiness	memory of facts and experiences one can know and consciously declare	35
1706621000	self serving bais	Our success is due to our personal qualities and our failure is due to circumstances	36

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Angles Flashcards

acute angle An angle that measures less than 90 degrees.
right angle An angle that measures exactly 90 degrees.
obtuse angle An angle that measures betwwen 90 and 180 degrees.
straight angle An angle that measures exactly 180 degrees.
An angle that measures exactly 180 degrees.
Angles whose measure adds up to 90 degrees.
supplementary angles Angles whose measure adds up to 180 degrees.
vertical angles Angles opposite one another at the intersection of two lines.
adjacent angles Angles that have a common side and a common vertex (corner point).
vertex A point where two or more straight lines meet.
congruent angles Angles that have the same measure

Terms : Hide Images

1832927572	right angle	angle that measures exactly 90 degrees.	0
1832927573	obtuse angle	angle that is >90 degrees and <180 degrees.	1
1832927574	straight angle	angle that measures exactly 180 degrees.	2
1832927575	complimentary angles	Two angles whose measures have a sum of 90 degrees.	3
1832927576	supplementary angles	Two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 degrees.	4
1832927577	vertical angles	Angles opposite one another at the intersection of two lines.	5
1832927578	adjacent angles	Angles that have a common side and a common vertex (corner point).	6
1832927579	vertex	A point where two or more straight lines meet.	7
1832927580	congruent angles	Angles that have the same measure	8
1832927581	acute angle	An angle whose measure is between 0 degrees and 90 degrees	9
1832927582	scalene triangle	A triangle with no two congruent sides	10
1832927583	equilateral triangle	A triangle where all sides are congruent or equal. All angles are equal. Each angle measures 60 degrees	11
1832927584	isosceles triangle	a triangle or trapezoid with two congruent sides	12
1832927585	degrees	a unit for measuring angles	13
1832927586	protractor	A tool used to measure angles	14
1832927587	angle	The figure formed by two rays with the same endpoint.	15
1832927588	The basic unit by which angles are measured	degree	16
1832927589	The intersection of two sides of an angle is called the angle's	vertex	17
1832927590	The small at the vertex of a right angle indicates that it is a	Right angle	18
1832927591	Two angles with the same measure are said to be	congruent	19
1832927592	The two rays that form an angle are called the _____ of the angle	sides	20
1832927593	A polygon with three sides	triangle	21
1832927594	A polygon with four sides	quadrilateral	22
1832927595	A polygon with 5 sides	pentagon	23
1832927596	A polygon with 8 sides	octagon	24
1832927597	A polygon with 10 sides	Decagon	25
1832927598	A polygon with ll sides congruent	equilateral	26
1832927599	A triangle with a 90 degree angle is a	Right triangle	27
1832927600	A parallelogram	...	28

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Angles Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1832927572	right angle	angle that measures exactly 90 degrees.	0
1832927573	obtuse angle	angle that is >90 degrees and <180 degrees.	1
1832927574	straight angle	angle that measures exactly 180 degrees.	2
1832927575	complimentary angles	Two angles whose measures have a sum of 90 degrees.	3
1832927576	supplementary angles	Two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 degrees.	4
1832927577	vertical angles	Angles opposite one another at the intersection of two lines.	5
1832927578	adjacent angles	Angles that have a common side and a common vertex (corner point).	6
1832927579	vertex	A point where two or more straight lines meet.	7
1832927580	congruent angles	Angles that have the same measure	8
1832927581	acute angle	An angle whose measure is between 0 degrees and 90 degrees	9
1832927582	scalene triangle	A triangle with no two congruent sides	10
1832927583	equilateral triangle	A triangle where all sides are congruent or equal. All angles are equal. Each angle measures 60 degrees	11
1832927584	isosceles triangle	a triangle or trapezoid with two congruent sides	12
1832927585	degrees	a unit for measuring angles	13
1832927586	protractor	A tool used to measure angles	14
1832927587	angle	The figure formed by two rays with the same endpoint.	15
1832927588	The basic unit by which angles are measured	degree	16
1832927589	The intersection of two sides of an angle is called the angle's	vertex	17
1832927590	The small at the vertex of a right angle indicates that it is a	Right angle	18
1832927591	Two angles with the same measure are said to be	congruent	19
1832927592	The two rays that form an angle are called the _____ of the angle	sides	20
1832927593	A polygon with three sides	triangle	21
1832927594	A polygon with four sides	quadrilateral	22
1832927595	A polygon with 5 sides	pentagon	23
1832927596	A polygon with 8 sides	octagon	24
1832927597	A polygon with 10 sides	Decagon	25
1832927598	A polygon with ll sides congruent	equilateral	26
1832927599	A triangle with a 90 degree angle is a	Right triangle	27
1832927600	A parallelogram	...	28

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Angles Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1832927572	right angle	angle that measures exactly 90 degrees.	0
1832927573	obtuse angle	angle that is >90 degrees and <180 degrees.	1
1832927574	straight angle	angle that measures exactly 180 degrees.	2
1832927575	complimentary angles	Two angles whose measures have a sum of 90 degrees.	3
1832927576	supplementary angles	Two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 degrees.	4
1832927577	vertical angles	Angles opposite one another at the intersection of two lines.	5
1832927578	adjacent angles	Angles that have a common side and a common vertex (corner point).	6
1832927579	vertex	A point where two or more straight lines meet.	7
1832927580	congruent angles	Angles that have the same measure	8
1832927581	acute angle	An angle whose measure is between 0 degrees and 90 degrees	9
1832927582	scalene triangle	A triangle with no two congruent sides	10
1832927583	equilateral triangle	A triangle where all sides are congruent or equal. All angles are equal. Each angle measures 60 degrees	11
1832927584	isosceles triangle	a triangle or trapezoid with two congruent sides	12
1832927585	degrees	a unit for measuring angles	13
1832927586	protractor	A tool used to measure angles	14
1832927587	angle	The figure formed by two rays with the same endpoint.	15
1832927588	The basic unit by which angles are measured	degree	16
1832927589	The intersection of two sides of an angle is called the angle's	vertex	17
1832927590	The small at the vertex of a right angle indicates that it is a	Right angle	18
1832927591	Two angles with the same measure are said to be	congruent	19
1832927592	The two rays that form an angle are called the _____ of the angle	sides	20
1832927593	A polygon with three sides	triangle	21
1832927594	A polygon with four sides	quadrilateral	22
1832927595	A polygon with 5 sides	pentagon	23
1832927596	A polygon with 8 sides	octagon	24
1832927597	A polygon with 10 sides	Decagon	25
1832927598	A polygon with ll sides congruent	equilateral	26
1832927599	A triangle with a 90 degree angle is a	Right triangle	27
1832927600	A parallelogram	...	28

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Ch.19 AP World History (Early Latin America) Flashcards

The Early Modern Period, 1450-1750: The World Shrinks
Ch.19 : Early Latin America

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1501280895	Pedro Valdivia	Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541.	0
1501280896	Pope Alexander VI	This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America	1
1501280897	Ferdinand of Aragon	Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.	2
1501280898	Isabella of Castile	Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.	3
1501280899	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima, took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532 .	4
1501280900	Iberians	The natives or inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula, where Spain and Portugal are located. They conquered much of Latin America between 1450 and 1750. During this time the Catholics kicked the Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula in the Reconquista.	5
1501280901	Sultanate of Granada	The Muslim kingdom that Spain later conquested. In 1502, the Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or be expelled or killed.	6
1501280902	Francisco Cordoba	Explorer who arrived in Yucatan by orders of Velazquez, credited with founding Nicaragua. Was captured and beheaded.	7
1501280903	Ponce de Leon	Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth, The place where he first landed was later settled by the Spanish. In 1565, St. Augustine became the first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States. It is the oldest city in our country.	8
1501280904	St. Augustine	Founded in 1565, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory	9
1501280905	Hispaniola	First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.	10
1501280906	Ecomienda	In the spanish colonies, the grant to a spanish settler of a certain number of indian subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor.	11
1501280907	Encomendero	The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. Was responsible for their integration into the church.	12
1501280908	Santo Domingo	Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon's dreams of a vast New World empire, now known as Haiti.	13
1501280909	Tainos	Also called the Caciques. A people indigenous to the Caribbean, and the largest people living there for a while. They were pretty chill; they were into woodcarving, big houses, hammocks, and ceremonial ballgames instead of war.	14
1501280910	Caribbean	First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.	15
1501280911	Caribs	A people indigenous to the Caribbean. They were pretty aggressive. They were known for their dug-out canoes, which made them a seafaring people. When the Europeans arrived in the 16th century, they had pretty much intermarried with the Tainos.	16
1501280912	Bartolome de Las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population of Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights, He convinced Charles I to signs the "New Laws" prohibiting Indian slavery and attempted to put an end to the encomienda system by limiting ownership of serfs to a single generation.	17
1501280913	New Laws	A royal edict that helped establish that Indians were human, capable of salvation, and worthy servants of the Crown. It happened in 1542, and helped outlaw Indian slavery as well. It is significant because it determined the human aspect of the Indians as well as freeing them, or helping to, from slavery.	18
1501280914	Hernan Cortes	Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan	19
1501280915	Moctezuma II	Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.	20
1501280916	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.	21
1501280917	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	22
1501280918	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.	23
1501280919	Francisco Coronado	A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.	24
1501280920	Araucanians	The indigenous group native to chile, resisted many attempts made by the more organized incas to conquer them, and also killed Pedro de valdivia when he tried to take over chile. The ___ held off the Spanish for a considerable amount o time	25
1501280921	Ines Suarez	Mistress of the conqueror of Chile, fundamental in attacks on indigenous populations (Pedro Valdivia)	26
1501280922	Juan Sepulveda	He was the adversary of Bartolomé de las Casas in the Valladolid Controversy in 1550 concerning the justification of the Spanish Conquest of the Indies.Was the defender of the Spanish Empire's right of conquest, of colonization, and of evangelization in the so-called New World.	27
1501280923	Mita	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	28
1501280924	Potosi	Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.	29
1501280925	Huancavelica	Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí.	30
1501280926	Zacatecas	A major silver mine of Mexico opened in 1540s	31
1501280927	Consulado	Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return.	32
1501280928	Treaty of Tordesillas	Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain.	33
1501280929	Haciendas	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.	34
1501280930	Letrados	University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions	35
1501280931	Line of Demarcation	An imaginary line that the Pope Alexander VI drew through the New World. The land east of the line belonged to Portugal; the land west of the line belonged to Spain.	36
1501280932	Recopilacion	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies.	37
1501280933	Council of the Indies	Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.	38