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Thomas Jefferson Flashcards

Facts about Thomas Jefferson

1542427214	1801 - 1809 Years served as President	First President inaugurated in Washington. Jefferson walked to the Capital. We are all Federalist and Republics. Greeted guest in his slippers. Ended formal dinners allowed people to sit where ever they wanted to at the White House. Quiet but effective, Not a public speaker. He would send Congress written messages. Never responded to scandal by the press about affair with slave Sally Heming. Felt Federal government had too much power.	0
1542427215	Louisiana Purchase	Jefferson purchased it for 15 Million, used Federal government system to fund it. Lewis & Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson was criticized by Congress when asked to fund expedition.	1
1542461845	Re-elected in 1804 2nd term	England and France was at war, Jefferson didn't want to deal with them. Embargo Act 1807 - Stop all trade with foreign nation. American merchant prohibited from trading with England and France.This term felt like hell to Jefferson.	2
1542461846	1808	Jefferson aged greatly. Migraine headaches. Jefferson left the presidency title off his gravestone.He took the oath to change the Presidency and he did.	3

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Chapter 11.2-The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Flashcards

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1022033087	Jefferson	Who defeated Adams in the election of 1800?	0
1022033088	Jefferson and Burr tied in Electoral College (fixed with 12th Amendment)	What created flaw in election system	1
1022033089	House	According to the Constitution, where do ties in the electoral college go?	2
1022033090	controlled by Federalist who preferred Burr to Jefferson	What was the House's opinion of the election?	3
1022033091	few Federalist agreed to reframe from voting	What made the last decision?	4
1022033092	Adams was last Federalist president and the party completely disappears during Jackson's administration	What happened to the Federalists?	5
1022033093	Peaceful transfer of power	What was the revolution of 1800?	6

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AP Biology - Chapters 11 and 12 flashcards Flashcards

This is a set of ALL of the bolded terms in both chapters 11 and 12 of the Campbell biology book. All terms are in order from the Campbell book. If you have any questions or comments, or problems with the set, let me know. Enjoy, and good luck on the test.

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724847255	signal-transduction pathway	the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response	0
724847256	local regulator	a substance that influences cells in the vicinity	1
724847257	hormones	molecules that carry signals for longer distances	2
724847258	ligand	a small molecule that specifically binds to a larger one	3
724847259	G-protein-linked receptor	a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a G protein	4
724847260	tyrosine kinase	catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein	5
724847261	tyrosine-kinase receptors	membrane receptors that attach phosphates to protein tyrosines	6
724847262	ligand-gated ion channels	protein pores in the plasma membrane that open or close in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions, such as Na+ or Ca2+	7
724847263	protein kinase	general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein	8
724847264	protein phosphatases	enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins	9
724847265	second messengers	small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions - a component of signal transduction that is not a protein	10
724847266	cyclic AMP	is made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase, which then activates another protein, usually protein kinase A	11
724847267	adenylyl cylase	converts ATP to cAMP in response to a extracellular signal	12
724847268	DAG	diacylglycerol - stimulates a response, considered a second messenger	13
724847269	IP3	inositol triphosphate - one case in the book states that IP3 stimulates the release of Calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (FIG 11.14)	14
724847270	diacylglycerol	the full form of DAG, this will be memorized (see DAG)	15
724847271	inositol triphosphate	the full form of IP3, this will be memorized (see IP3)	16
724847272	scaffolding proteins	large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached	17
724847273	cell division	the reproduction of cells	18
724847274	cell cycle	the life of a cell from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two	19
724847275	genome	a cell's endowment of DNA, or genetic information	20
724847276	chromosomes	DNA is packaged into chromosomal packs	21
724847277	somatic cells	all body cells except the reproductive cells	22
724847278	How many chromosomes in somatic cells?	46	23
724847279	gametes	reproductive cells (not somatic cells)	24
724847280	How many chromosomes in gametes?	23	25
724847281	chromatin	DNA-protein complex in chromosome	26
724847282	sister chromatids	two chromatids with identical copies of the chromosome's DNA molecule	27
724847283	centromere	condensed part of the chromosome	28
724847284	mitosis	the division of the cell's nucleus	29
724847285	cytokinesis	the division of the cell's cytoplasm	30
724847286	mitotic (M) phase	includes both mitosis and cytokinesis - shortest part of cell cycle	31
724847287	interphase	during this phase the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division - 90% of the cell cycle	32
724847288	G1 Phase	the initial growth phase	33
724847289	S Phase	continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes	34
724847290	G2 Phase	grows more in preparation for cell division and then divides in M phase	35
724847291	prophase	chromatin become more coiled, the nucleoli disappears, spindle begins to form, centromeres move away from each other	36
724847292	prometaphase	the second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	37
724847293	metaphase	the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle	38
724847294	anaphase	the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle	39
724847295	telophase	the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes	40
724847296	mitotic spindle	an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.	41
724847297	centrosome	small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus	42
724847298	kinetochore	a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape	43
724847299	metaphase plate	an imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles	44
724847300	cleavage	the process by which cytokinesis occurs	45
724847301	cleavage furrow	the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate	46
724847302	cell plate	a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis	47
724847303	binary fission	a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	48
724847304	origin of replication	site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides	49
724847305	cell cycle control system	a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle	50
724847306	checkpoint (cell cycle)	critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle	51
724847307	cyclin	one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells - gets its name from its cyclic nature of concentration	52
724847308	cyclin-dependent-kinases	enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle - (CDks)	53
724847309	growth factor	a protein released by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide	54
724847310	density-dependent inhibition	the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another	55
724847311	anchorage dependence	the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface	56
724847312	transformation (cancer)	the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell	57
724847313	tumor	a mass of abnormal cells that develop when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably within normal tissue	58
724847314	benign tumor	a mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin	59
724847315	malignant tumor	a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs	60
724847316	metastasis	the spreading of a disease to another part of the body	61
724847317	Shreyas Tallamraju	Greatness	62

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AP Biology - Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

AP Biology flashcard for Mrs. Yonts / Mrs. Porter's class @ Edison High School, Huntington Beach. Terms are from the Campbell Biology AP Edition (Ninth Edition) textbook. If you want to edit this set the password is "thechemistryoflife"

REFERENCES:
protein structure: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ
pH explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xeuyc55LqiY

pH=-log[1 x 10^-7]

Terms : Hide Images

1676337963	Nonpolar	Equal sharing of electrons	0
1676338384	Polar	Unequal sharing of electrons	1
1676339933	Hydrogen Bond	Attraction between a slightly positive Hydrogen atom and a slightly negative Oxygen atom. Causes most properties of water.	2
1676341358	Polar Covalent Bond	A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity.	3
1676364595	Polar Molecule	A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule.	4
1676366314	Adhesion	Attraction between two different molecules.	5
1676368100	Cohesion	Attraction between like molecules.	6
1676369822	Kinetic Energy	Energy of motion	7
1676371007	Heat	A form of energy and a measure of the total kinetic energy.	8
1676373932	Specific Heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change by 1 degree Celsius.	9
1676379119	Organic Molecules	Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids	10
1676386902	Macromolecule	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.	11
1676398336	Monomer	A subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer.	12
1676407456	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.	13
1676417987	Dehydration Reaction	When two molecules are bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule.	14
1676419476	Hydrolysis	Essentially the reverse of a dehydration reaction. Breaks the bond between monomers by adding a water molecule. Also called digestion.	15
1676439361	Carbohydrates	Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio is always 2 to 1. Source of energy for most living organisms. There are three classes of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.	16
1676449107	Monosaccharides	Have a chemical formula of C6H12O6. They are the simplest sugar and carbohydrate.	17
1778119903	Disaccharides	Have a chemical formula of C16H22O11. They consist of two monosaccharides minus a water molecule, because of dehydration synthesis.	18
1778135579	Polysaccharides	Macromolecules, polymers of carbohydrates. They form as monosaccharides and are joined together by dehydration reactions.	19
1676456144	Lipids	A diverse class of organic compounds that includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. Made of fatty acids, which are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.. Used for long term energy storage. Work as chemical messengers and a large component of cell membranes. They are all hydrophobic.	20
1778225850	Fatty Acids	A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. Fatty acids exist in two varieties, saturated and unsaturated.	21
1778227955	Steroids	Lipids that do not have the same general structure as other lipids. Characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.	22
1676459696	Nucleic Acid	Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base. Store and transmit genetic information.	23
1676463280	Proteins	Made of amino acids.A protein itself is an expressed gene and make tissue like muscle and bone. Crucial in transport through your body, immune system, cell reaction and processes, and send chemical signals.	24
1676508424	Polypeptides	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. NOT the same as a protein! Think of it as the strand of yarn that goes into the sweater.	25
1676513197	Peptide Bonds	The bonds connecting amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.	26
1676568151	Primary Structure	The specific linear sequence of amino acids, like the order of letters in a word.	27
1676571495	Secondary Structure	The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages (not the side chains!).	28
1676573909	Tertiary Structure	The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.	29
1676574129	Quaternary Structure	The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.	30
1676595622	How many amino acids are there?	20	31
1676598502	How do hydrogen bonds affect the structure of the protein?	They cause the folds and coils that appear at regular angles.	32
1676628948	Alpha Helix	A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.	33
1676631032	Beta Sheet	One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.	34
1676665825	Hydrophobic Interaction	The molecules that don't want to touch the water because they are nonpolar so they end up in clusters at the core of the protein. They are much weaker than covalent bonds.	35
1676733214	Exergonic Reaction	A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.	36
1676734209	Endergonic Reaction	A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.	37
1676745936	Metabolism	All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.	38
1676766874	ATP	Releases energy when you remove a phosphate. Becomes ADP. Requires energy to add phosphate.	39
1676775510	Catabolic	Breaking down molecules and releasing energy	40
1676776349	Anabolic	Building Molecules and consuming energy	41
1676778797	Activation Energy	The energy necessary to break the bonds of the reactants.	42
1676816708	Why are catalysts used to speed up reactions instead of heat?	Because heat denatures enzymes and kills cells.	43
1715526217	Capillary Action	...	44
1715705050	Heat of vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from a liquid into a gas. Water has a high heat of vaporization as a result of its strong hydrogen bonds.	45
1715842292	pH	The power of hydrogen in a solution.	46
1716036772	Hydronium	H3O+	47
1716036773	Hydroxide	OH-	48
1716036774	pH equation	pH=-log[H+]	49
1716036775	If the pH is 7	1 in 10^7 are hydrogen ions.	50
1716036776	If the amount of hydrogen ions increases	the pH decreases.	51
1716036777	Conjugate base	the particle that remains when an acid has donated a hydrogen ion	52
1716036778	Conjugate acid	The particle formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion	53
1716036779	When an acid is added to a solution	The pH decreases because the amount of hydrogen ions is increased, but also the amount of hydroxide decreased as it tends to bind with hydrogen to create water.	54
1724751821	Ampipathic	Having both a a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region.	55
1725122120	Fluid Mosaic Model	A model that refers to how the lipid bilayer tends to act more like a liquid than a solid.	56
1725122121	Membranes	Membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins that define cell boundaries by separating the intracellular from the extracellular. They differ in structure and chemical composition depending on their purpose. They are made of a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Organelles also can have membranes, providing intracellular boundaries. Also allows for complex reactions.	57
1725122122	Phospholipid	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. This allows it to form a bilayer structure.	58
1725122123	Sterols	A type of lipid based on cholesterol; includes testosterone and estrogen. four carbon wings	59
1725122124	Peripheral Proteins	Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.	60
1725122125	Integral Protein	Integrated into the Phospholipid bilayer, they form membrane channels that regulate the passage of specific ions through the membrane.	61
1725122126	Glycoproteins	Carbohydrates attached to proteins.	62
1725122127	Membranes are held together by	hydrophobic interactions.	63
1725122128	aquaporins	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane.	64

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AP BIO FRQS Flashcards

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1816090721	Asexual Reproduction	Example: Bacteria & Protists How they reproduce asexually: Binary Fission - splitting cell into two cells	0
1816090722	Evolutionary advantages of asexual reproduction	- Rapid & Efficient No genetic diversity is contributed. It is an exact replica of the single parent cell. - Don't need to waste time or energy to find a "mate"	1
1816090723	How sexual reproduction increases genetic variability	1) CROSSING OVER One small part of the DNA from one parent is exchanged with DNA from the other parent. The offspring will have DNA from both parents. 2) INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Homologous chromosomes randomly line up on the metaphase plate. This means there is a 50% chance that a particular daughter cell will get a maternal chromosome or a paternal chromosome from the homologous pair. 3) RANDOM FERTILIZATION Because each egg and sperm is different, as a result of independent assortment and crossing over, each combination of egg and sperm is unique. There is a nonspecific gamete selection for the offspring.	2
1816090724	Cross 1	Bronze is dominant and red is recessive BECAUSE All F1 /heterozygotes express dominant trait (bronze)	3
1816090725	Cross 2	Stunted is dominant and normal is recessive BECAUSE All F1 /heterozygotes express dominant trait (stunted).	4
1816090726	Cross 3	They are GENETICALLY LINKED and CROSSING OVER occurred BECAUSE • Not a 1:1:1:1 ratio (as predicted by independent assortment). • Not a 1:1 ratio/two recombinant phenotypes (unexpected).	5
1816090727	How a single base-pair mutant in DNA can alter the structure and the function of a protein	Define mutation; change in bases: A, C, G or T. • Mutations are changes in the genetic material of a cell. In this case, it is a change in the bases A, C, G or T of DNA. Describe altered protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. • The four levels of protein structure would be altered or denatured. PRIMARY STRUCTURE is supposed to have a unique sequence of amino acids joining. In SECONDARY STRUCTURE, a three dimensional shape, either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet are supposed to result from hydrogen bonding. TERTIARY STRUCTURE is supposed to result in a complex globular shape. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE is supposed to have an association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein. Protein shape is crucial to protein structure.	6
1816090728	Potential consequences of the production of a mutant protein to the structure and function of the cells of an organism	When a protein does not fold properly, its function is changed. This can be the result of a single amino acid substitution, such as that seen in the abnormal hemoglobin typical of sickle cell disease.	7
1816090729	Describe how the frequency of an allele coding for a mutant protein may increase in a population over time.	More born than will survive, variations in individuals, variations in gene pool, sexual selection, adaptations to environment--->differential reproductive success. It can be passed on from one generation to the next.	8
1816090730	FOUR organelles that should be present in eukaryotic organism	RIBOSOMES - site of protein synthesis MITOCHONDRIA - ATP synthesis NUCLEUS - contains heredity information/DNA GOLGI BODIES - protein modification	9
1816090731	How prokaryotic organisms carry out functions of organelles in eukaryotic organisms	*RIBOSOMES - site of protein synthesis MITOCHONDRIA - other membranes or molecules in the cytosol function in ATP synthesis NUCLEUS - heredity information/DNA is located in cytosol	10
1816090732	Describe THREE observations that support the endosymbiotic theory	• Mitochondria contain their own DNA. • Chloroplasts contain their own DNA. • Mitochondria can self-replicate. • Chloroplasts can self-replicate. • Mitochondrial chromosomes are circular. • Chloroplast chromosomes are circular.	11
1816090733	Interphase	G1 & G2: Cell growth S: DNA replication	12
1816090734	Prophase	Chromosomes begin to condense from chromatin; spindle apparatus assembled.	13
1816090735	Metaphase	Chromosomes reach maximum condensation and align on metaphase plate/plane.	14
1816090736	Telophase	Chromosomes disperse back to chromatin form, nuclear envelope reassembles, nucleoli reassemble.	15
1816090737	Anaphase	Two-chromatid chromosomes split into two daughter (one-chromatid) chromosomes; chromosomes move to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus.	16
1816090738	Cytokinesis	If this occurs, it is normally coordinated with telophase; cell division.	17
1816090739	Kinetochores	Located in centromeres of condensed chromosomes; microtubule attachment sites necessary for chromosome positioning and movement.	18
1816090740	Microtubules	Fundamental structural element of the spindle apparatus; framework on which chromosome motility is generated; define axis of division and cytokinesis.	19
1816090741	**Actin filaments	Assemble under the membrane at the cytokinesis site; interact with myosin motor proteins to generate force to pinch cell in two -also interact with astral microtubules of the spindle to position the spindle apparatus in the cell.	20
1816090742	How the cell cycle is regulated:	Cell Cycle Control System: G1 phase checkpoint: Most important because if it gets the go-ahead signal it will most likely complete the entire cell cycle division. If it does not get the go-ahead signal, it enters a non dividing phase called the G0 phase. The "go-ahead signal" is a CDK which is a protein enzyme that are active only when they are connected to cyclin proteins.	21
1816090743	Abnormal cell cycle regulation	-Apoptosis, which is programmed cell death. -It is a timely suicide of cells. -Neighboring cells quickly engulf and digest the membrane-bounded remains of the cell, leaving no trace.	22
1816090744	THREE properties of water	High Heat Capacity - heat absorption without temperature change Adhesion - Attraction to other molecules that are polar or have charge Cohesion - Attraction to water molecules due to polar nature of water/surface tension.	23
1816090745	High Heat Capacity	heat absorption without temperature change	24
1816090746	Adhesion	Attraction to other molecules that are polar or have charge	25
1816090747	Cohesion	Attraction to water molecules due to polar nature of water/surface tension.	26
1816090748	The role of water as a medium for the metabolic processes of cells	Osmosis—movement of water across membranes due to water potential differences Diffusion—allows for movement of materials through an aqueous solution down the concentration gradient	27
1816090749	Ability of water to moderate temperature within living organisms and in their environments	Specific heat—moderates climates, maintains stable temperature in cells, constant internal environment & Ice forming and acting as insulator for lakes, keeping water in liquid state	28
1816090750	Water from the roots to the leaves of plants	-Transpiration—moving water away from leaves due to water potential differences/evaporation through stomata -Capillary action of water due to adhesion and cohesion	29
1816090751	Describe the structure of the ATP or the GTP molecule.	**adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates	30
1816090752	How chemiosmosis produces ATP	-ATP synthases or channel proteins generate ATP. -H+ pumped to one side of the membrane, photosynthesis—inside thylakoid, respiration—outside cristae -Electron transport, for example, linked to proton pumps, coenzymes, NADH.	31
1816090753	TWO specific cell processes that require ATP and explain how ATP is used in each process.	TRANSPORT - Active transport or transport against gradient; sodium-potassium pump; endocytosis or exocytosis HOW ATP IS USED: ATP → ADP + P connected to process, e.g., phosphorylating the transport protein MECHANICAL - Muscle, sliding filament; cilia or flagella, propulsion; chromosome movement in mitosis or meiosis HOW ATP IS USED: ATP → ADP + P connected to process or energy coupling, e.g., conformational change in myosin head	32
1816090754	Trophic levels	1 - Producer or autotroph 2 - Consumer or herbivore 3 - Consumer **Example: Algae → zooplankton → small fish → shark	33
1816090755	Why the energy available at the top layer of the pyramid is a small percentage of the energy present at the bottom of the pyramid	Energy transferred due to metabolic activities, heat, work, entropy Mentioning without explaining 10% energy transfer between trophic levels is insufficient	34
1816090756	Describe THREE types of chemical bonds/interactions found in proteins	Hydrogen - H-O or H-N interactions α helix, β sheet; secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure Hydrophobic - nonpolar R groups - tertiary or quaternary structure Ionic - charged R groups - tertiary or quaternary structure	35
1816090757	Structure of a protein effects	Regulation of enzyme activity - Shape change caused by - pH or temperature changes. - Feedback control. Cell signaling - receptor-ligand binding ------Ligand binds specifically to receptor and the receptor structure is altered by binding, transducing signal through membrane. ------Gap junctions: shape of junctions allows for passage of regulatory ions or molecules.	36
1816090758	Explain the genetic basis of the abnormal hemoglobin	Point mutation in DNA; base substitution leading to a different amino acid in the hemoglobin. • Changing glutamate (glutamic acid) to valine (in β-globin).	37
1816090759	Why the sickle cell allele is selected for in certain areas of the world	-Sickle cell condition protects against or resists malaria. -Changed hemoglobin leads to oxygen-deprivation minimizing malarial infection.	38
1816090760	A eukaryotic chromosome	Unit Structure—Organization/Assembly (must demonstrate organization to a chromosome): • Describe nucleotides (or later structure in the sequence) → DNA → nucleosomes* → chromosome *around histones (non-DNA) • Describe levels of folding → heterochromatin → condensed chromosome • Describe DNA (or later structure in the sequence) → functional sequences (introns/exons/spacers) → genes → regulatory elements → chromosome Function/Benefit: • Package DNA	39
1816090761	An inner membrane of a mitochondrion	Unit Structure—Organization/Assembly (must demonstrate organization to inner membrane): • Phospholipids and proteins (or component later in sequence)—describe at least one • → organization of proteins (specific respiratory molecules together) → folding → membrane (cristae must be uniquely mitochondrial) Function/Benefit: Electron transport	40
1816090762	An enzyme	Unit Structure—Organization/Assembly (must demonstrate organization to enzyme): • Amino acid (or component later in the sequence) described Function/Benefit: Lowers activation energy	41
1816090763	Components of water potential	water potential = pressure potential + solute potential	42
1816090764	Importance of water potential	- Ensures water moves into plant root - Helps movement of water within plant - Cell wall allows for increased pressure	43
1816090765	Prediction of water potential	It will gain water/swell Explanation: -Cell is hypertonic to sucrose solution -Sucrose solution is hypotonic to the cell It will lose water/shrivel Explanation: -Cell is hypotonic to sucrose solution -Sucrose solution is hypertonic to the cell	44

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AP Bio: Ch.20: DNA Technology and Genomics Flashcards

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1158754357	genetic engineering	the process of manipulating genes and genomes	0
1158754358	biotechnology	the process of manipulating organisms or their components for the purpose of making useful products	1
1158754359	restriction enzymes	used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (called restriction sites/sequences); they are derived from bacteria	2
1158754360	when a DNA molecule is cut by restriction enzymes, the result will always be a set of	restriction fragments which will have at least one single-stranded end, called a sticky-end	3
1158754361	sticky-ends can form	hydrogen bonds with complementary single-stranded pieces of DNA; these unions can be sealed with the enzyme DNA Ligase	4
1158754362	recombinant DNA	DNA that is artificially made, using DNA from different sources--and often different species; for example: the introductions of a human gene into an E. Coli bacterium	5
1158754363	gene cloning	the process where scientists can produce multiple copies of specific segments of DNA; they can then work within the lab	6
1158754364	plasmids	extra small, circular, double-stranded pieces of DNA found in viral, yeast, or bacterial cells used extensively in biotechnology and recombinant DNA	7
1158754365	the plasmids serve as a	"vehicle" for transporting genes from one organism to another (transformation) so multiple copies can be made (gene cloning)	8
1158754366	gene cloning yields	multiple copies of a gene or other DNA segments	9
1158754367	the cloning of DNA occurs in how many steps	5	10
1158754368	step 1	identify and isolate the gene of interest and a cloning vector; the vector of the plasmid (usually bacterial) that will carry the DNA sequence to be cloned	11
1158754369	step 2	cut both the gene of interest and the vector with the same restriction enzyme; this gives the plasmid and the human gene matching sticky-ends	12
1158754370	step 3	join the 2 pieces of DNA from recombinant plasmids by mixing the plasmids with the DNA fragments; the human DNA fragments can be sealed into the plasmid using DNA ligase	13
1158754371	step 4	get the plasmid vector carrying the gene of interest into the host cell; the plasmids are taken up by bacterium by transformation	14
1158754372	step 5	select for cells that have been transformed; the bacterial cels carrying the clones must be identified or selected; this can be done by linking the gene to an antibiotic resistance gene or a reporter gene such as GFP (green flourescent protein)	15
1158754373	In the transformation lab, we will use	ampicillin-resistant plasmid; any bacterial cells that did not pick up the plasmid by transformation will be killed when grown on agar with the antibiotic ampicillin	16
1158754374	what are 3 example applications	insulin production, human growth hormone production, and the production of other proteins that make crops resistant to pests	17
1163508300	gene can't be above a certain size or a plasmid	won't work	18
1163508301	mRNA must not need splicing to remove introns because	we are placing it directly into a cell to be expressed (bacteria can't remove introns	19
1163508302	but if we still want a bacterial cell to make a human protein that does not need mRNA processing, we can make a	cDNA copy of the gene and insert that instead	20
1163508303	cDNA is created using	reverse transcriptase to turn a processed mRNA (coding for a certain protein) back into a DNA to insert into the bacterial plasmid	21
1163508304	another biotechnology tool we use is	PCR	22
1163508305	PCR (polymerase chain reaction)	a method used to greatly amplify a particular piece of DNA without the use of cell	23
1163508306	PCR is used to amplify DNA when the source is	impure or scanty (as it would be at a crime scene--a little amount of DNA)	24
1163508307	what are the steps for PCR	heat up, add primer, add Taq polymerase and let it cool to continue the cycle to make more copies	25
1163508308	Taq polymerase is good at withstanding	high temperatures	26
1163508309	DNA technology allows us to study the	sequence, expression, and function of a gene	27
1163508310	Gel electrophoresis	a lab technique that is used to separate macromolecules (anything with a negative charge), primarily DNA and proteins, on the basis of their size and charge with the use of an electrical current	28
1163618296	in separating DNA, (that has been cut into fragments with restriction enzymes), the negative charges on phosphates in the molecule cause DNA to	move more toward the positive pole	29
1163618297	the gel allows smaller molecules to move	more easily than larger fragments of DNA. The DNA fragments are separated by size	30
1163618298	you have to use the _______restriction enzyme on each	small; person	31
1163618299	the smaller the fragment, the	faster it moves down	32
1163618300	the dye is used to	visualize the fragments of DNA	33
1163618301	what are 3 forensic applications	links suspect bodily to the crime scene, but doesn't prove they committed the crime, results take much longer than TV shows, and analysis of old evidence is reversing some sentences	34
1163618302	cloning organisms may lead to production of	stem cells fro reseach and other applications	35
1163618303	in animal cloning, the nucleus of an egg is	removed and replaced with the diploid nucleus of a body cell, a process termed nuclear transplantation	36
1163618304	the ability of a body cell to successfully form a clone	decreases with embryotic development and cell differentiation	37
1163618305	the major goal of most animal cloning is	reproduction, but not for humans	38
1163618306	in humans, the major goal is the production of	stem cells	39
1163618307	a stem cell can both	reproduce itself indefinitely and, under the proper conditions, produce other specialized cells; stem cells have enormous potential for medical applications	40
1163618308	the practical applications of DNA technology affect our lives in	6 ways	41
1163618309	1.Diagnosis of disease: if the sequence of a particular virus' DNA or RNA is known, PCR can be used to	amplify patient's blood samples to detect even small traces of the virus	42
1163618310	different alleles have different DNA	sequences	43
1163618311	these different sequences can be found using	restiction enzymes that yield different lengths of DNA fragments or restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)	44
1163618312	The difference in banding patterns after electrophoresis allows for diagnosis of the	disease, or even a carrier of the disease	45
1163618313	2. Gene therapy: the alteration of an afflicted individual's	genes; gene therapy holds a great potential for treating disorders traceable to a single, defective gene, such as cystic fibrosis	46
1163618314	3. the production of pharmaceuticals:	gene splicing and cloning can be used to produce large amounts of particular proteins in the lab	47
1166770366	4. forensic applications	DNA samples taken from the blood, skin cells, or hair of alleged criminal suspects can be amplified with PCR and compared to DNA collected from the crime scene. DNA fingerprints (electrophorotic bands that are unique to each individual) can be compared and used to identify people at the crime scene	48
1166770367	5. environmental cleanup	scientists engineer metabolic capabilities into microorganisms, which are then used to treat environmental problems such as removing heavy metals from toxic mining sites, or engineering bacteria to digest oil	49
1166770368	6. Agricultural applications	certain genes that produce desirable traits have been inserted into crop plants to increase their productivity and efficiency, we have genetically engineered rice to contain vitamin A, saving about 60,000 children in Asia per year from death due to this deficiency	50
1166770369	An organism that has acquired by artificial means one or more genes from another species or variety is termed a	genetically modified organism (GMO)	51

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Psychology: Themes and Variations Chapter 6 vocab Flashcards

Learning
on pages 214 to 257

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1134549023	Learning	Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience.	0
1134549024	Phobias	Irrational fears of specific objects or situations.	1
1134549025	Classical conditioning	A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.	2
1134558639	Pavlovian conditioning	A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.	3
1134549026	Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.	4
1134549027	Unconditioned response (UCR)	An unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.	5
1134549028	Conditioned stimulus (CS)	Previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.	6
1134549029	Conditioned response (CR)	A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.	7
1134558640	Elicit	To draw forth.	8
1134549030	Trial	In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.	9
1134549031	Acquisition	The initial stage of learning something.	10
1134549032	Extinction	The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.	11
1134549033	Spontaneous recovery	The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.	12
1134549034	Stimulus generalization	Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds to the original stimulus.	13
1134549035	Stimulus discrimination	Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus.	14
1134549036	Higher-order conditioning	A conditioned stimulus functions as if it was an unconditioned stimulus.	15
1134549037	Operant conditioning	A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.	16
1134558641	Instrumental learning	A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.	17
1134549038	Law of effect	If a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.	18
1134549039	Reinforcement	Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.	19
1134549040	Operant Chamber	A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.	20
1134549041	Skinner box	A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.	21
1134549042	Emit	To send forth.	22
1134549043	Reinforcement contingencies	The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcement.	23
1134549044	Cumulative recorder	A graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time.	24
1134549045	Shaping	The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.	25
1134549046	Resistance to extinction	When an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated.	26
1134549047	Discriminative stimuli	Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response.	27
1134549048	Primary reinforcers	Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.	28
1134549049	Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers	Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.	29
1134549050	Conditioned reinforcers	Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.	30
1134549051	Schedule of reinforcement	Determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer.	31
1134549052	Continuous reinforcement	When every instance of a designated response is reinforced.	32
1134549053	Intermittent reinforcement	When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.	33
1134549054	Partial reinforcement	When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.	34
1134549055	Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule	The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.	35
1134549056	Variable-ratio (VR) schedule	The reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses.	36
1134549057	Fixed-interval (FI) schedule	The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.	37
1134549058	Variable-interval (VI) schedule	The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.	38
1134549059	Positive reinforcement	Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.	39
1134549060	Negative reinforcement	Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.	40
1134549061	Escape learning	An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.	41
1134549062	Avoidance learning	An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring.	42
1134549063	Punishment	When an event is following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.	43
1134549064	Instinctive drift	When an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes.	44
1134549065	Latent learning	Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.	45
1134549066	Observational learning	When an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.	46
1134549067	Behavior modification	A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.	47
1134549068	Behavioral contract	A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavioral modification program.	48
1134549069	Evaluative conditioning	Efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS.	49

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GJ Embalming Chapter 7 Embalming Chemicals Flashcards

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508034000	Arterial & Cavity Fluids sold in	concentrated form in 16 oz plastic bottles	0
508034001	Preservative arterial fluids are diluted with	water and/or supplemental arterial chemicals	1
508034002	Cavity fluids are	used undiluted	2
508034003	Embalmer must make final determination as to	1. type of arterial fluid(s) to use 2. strength of arterial solution 3. volume of arterial solution to inject	3
508034004	Strength and volume of initial arterial solution is determined by	preembalming analysis	4
508034005	Subsequent solution strength and volume is determined	during the arterial injection of the body	5
508034006	Primary Dilution	1. mixture of arterial fluid w water and /or supplemental fluids 2. takes place in embalming tank. Embalmer has total control.	6
508034007	Secondary Dilution	1. in tissue spaces, arterial solution is further diluted. 2. Takes place in the body. Body fluids basically neutralize primary dilution.	7
508034008	Always anticipate	Secondary Dilution....meaning reaction NBQ	8
508045288	PreInjection	add anticoagulant...trying to expand vein...blood thinner. Do not add formaldehyde at this point.	9
508045289	Humectant	retards dehydration has powdered gum - pulls moisture in and around dehydrated cells	10
508045290	Coinjection	more than just one chemical	11
508045291	Preservative Vascular Fluid	aka arterial fluids. concentrated embalming fluid that contains following types of chemicals: preservatives, germicides, vehicles, dyes, perfuming and modifying agents	12
508045292	Concentrated arterial fluid	is added to water to form the arterial solution called Primary dilution	13
508045293	Coinjection Fluid	supplemental fluid that is mixed and injected along with the arterial solution.	14
508045294	Coinjection Fluid is designed to	enhance the distribution and effectiveness of arterial solution. Supplemental fluid that is mixed and injected along w arterial solution	15
508045295	Water is vehicle in	Arterial Fluids	16
508045296	Alcohol is vehicle in	Cavity Fluids	17
508045297	Vehicles or Carriers	transporation agent. ie water or alcohol	18
523174679	Wear eye protection when handling	embalming chemicals. Safety googles,a face shield or some type of protective eye covering should be used at all times.	19
523174680	Wear protective clothing during	embalming.	20
523174681	Wear gloves when working with embalming chemicals.	if chemicals are splashed or spilled unto skin, flush areas w cold running water.	21
523174682	When using chemicals,	be certain that ventilation systems are in operation and if necessary wear a mask.	22
523174683	Dilute any spillage immediately with	cool water.	23
523174684	Formaldehyde can be neutralized by	applying a small amount of household ammonia to the spill.	24
523174685	Do NOT use formaldehyde-based chemicals as an	antiseptic. These chemicals are not for use on living tissue.	25
523174686	Keep chemical material safety data sheets available as well as	chemical manufacturer's first aid information.	26
523174687	Be certain that bottles that are destroyed are	first flushed out with water	27
523174688	Keep machine tanks and fluid bottles covered and capped at all times to	help reduce fumes	28
523174689	Be certain that formaldehyde is removed from the area as much as possible before working with disinfectants containing strong oxidizers, ie: sodium hypochlorite (laundry bleach)	can be a carcinigen. Bleach and Formaldehyde don't mix.	29
523174690	Pouring arterial fluid into the tank after it has been filled with water	reduces formaldehyde exposure. Keep machine lids on.	30
523174691	Strong Index (preservative formaldehyde arterial fluids)	26 to 36	31
523174692	Medium Index (preservative formaldehyde arterial fluids)	16 to 25	32
523174693	Low Index (preservative formaldehyde arterial fluids)	5 - 15 (jaundice chemical 5 - 9 %)	33
523174694	Non-cosmetic (preservative formaldehyde arterial fluid)	fluids that contain little or no active dye and do not color the tissues	34
523174695	Cosmetic (preservative formaldehyde arterial fluid)	those fluids that contain an active dye that colors the tissues	35
523174696	Fast firming	those fluids buffered to firm tissues rapidly	36
523174697	Slow firming	those fluids buffered to firm body tissues slowly	37
523174698	Soft (degree of firmness)	those fluids that are buffered and contain chemicals to control the preservative reaction to produce very little firming of the tissues.	38
523174699	Mild (degree of firmness)	those fluids that are buffered and contain chemicals to control the preservative reaction to produce a medium firming of tissues	39
523174700	Hard (degree of firmness)	those fluids that are buffered and contain chemicals to control the preservative reaction to produce very definite and hard firming of the tissues	40
523174701	Humectants	those fluids that contain large amounts of chemicals that act to add and retain tissue moisture	41
523174702	Nonhumectants	those fluids that do not contain chemicals that add or retain moisture	42
523174703	Fluid labels may contain an	Index #	43
523174704	Index	the amount of formaldehyde, measured in grams, dissolved in 100mL of solution. (it is the strength of formaldehyde in a solution)	44
523174705	If jaundice and edema	always treat jaundice first	45
523174706	4 types of embalming	Surface/Topical/Osmotic Arterial Cavity Hypodermic	46
523174707	Surface Embalming ie:	put a cloth (surface pack) soaked in cavity fluid on top of an IV bruise or reg bruise to treat and dry out	47
523174708	Heart is the	center of blood circulation	48
523174709	Arch of the Aorta	center of embalming circulation. sometimes called "the tree"	49
523174710	128 oz =	1 gallon	50
523174711	64 oz =	1/2 gallon	51
523174712	Arterial Fluid Dilution formula	C + V = C1 + V1	52
523174713	Low Solution Strength	.50% - 1.7%	53
523174714	Medium Solution Strength	1.8% - 2.5% most common range, average person, ship out	54
523174715	High Solution Strength	2.6% - 2.8% hypertonic, decomp, burn victim, edema	55
523174716	Preservative Vascular Fluid aka Arterial Fluids	1. concentrated embalming fluid that contains: preservatives, germicides, vehicles, dyes, perfuming and modifying agents	56
523174717	added to water to form the aterial solution: called Primay Dilution	Preservative Vascular Fluid aka Aterial Fluids	57
523233821	Preinjection Fluid	supplemental fluid that may be injected before the injection of the preservative arterial solution	58
523233822	Purpose of Preinjection Fluid	1. to expand the vascular system 2. promote drainage 3. prepare tissues for reception of the preservative arterial solution	59
523233823	Jaundice Fluids (special purpose aterial fluids)	those fluids compounded to cover or remove the discoloration of jaundice	60
523233824	High Index special purpose arterial fluids	a group of chemicals w index (indices) greater than 30 used in preparation of extreme cases - such as: bodies w edema, those dead from renal failure, bodies dead for a long time and bodies evidencing decomp	61
523233825	Tissue Gas fluids (special purpose arterial fluids)	fluids designed to arrest and control the causative agent (clostridium perfringens) of tissue gas	62
523233826	Special Purpose Arterial Fluids:	Jaundice Fluid High Index Fluids Tissue Gas Fluids	63
523233827	Tritton 28	has reaction w tissue gas example of Tissue gas fluid	64
523233828	Intravascular Resistance Factors	1. Drainage 2. Coagulated blood 3. Liquid blood 4. Vascular changes ie: Arteriosclerosis 5. Fractional Drag - how fast a chemical or blood goes thru a vessel 6. Surface Tension - surfactant	65
523233829	Extravascular Resistance Factors	1. Weight - turn body on side to get buttocks & massage 2. Gas pressure - puncture transverse colon or stomach 3. Rigormortis* worst * 4. Edema 5. New Growths - tumor 6. Surface pressure ie: body weight on table	66
523233830	Signs of Distribution	1. Tissue Fixation - firming action 2. Blood disappears 3. Vessel distension (expand) 4. Bleaching or mottling of skin (dehydration lines) 5. loss of skin elasticity 6. lip distension 7. large removal of blood	67

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Enviromental Science Flashcards

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692525159	Salinity	a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid	0
692525160	carbon source	A body or process that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere	1
692525161	climate change	long-term significant change in the weather patterns of an area	2
692525162	global warming	a rise in average global temperatures	3
692525163	anthropogenic	Human-induced changes on the natural environment	4
692525164	global prevailing winds	winds that move over a large area of Earth	5
692525165	deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.	6
692525166	Earth's energy budget	the balance between the amount of energy coming in from the Sun and going back out into space	7
692525167	fossil fuel	fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content	8
692525168	Ppm	Parts per million- measuring system for the amount of substance present	9
692525169	Ppb	(parts per billion) A unit used to express the concentration in a solution	10
692525170	ice core	a drill core of ice that can help tell the climates of the past	11
692525171	sedimentary rock	rock formed from consolidated clay sediments	12
692525172	carbon footprint	refers to the amount of harmful greenhouse gases that a firm emits throughout its operations, both directly and indirectly	13
692525173	albedo	the fraction of solar radiation that is reflected off the surface of an object	14
692525174	milankovitch cycle	theory that says every 100,000 years the earth naturally cools down and goes into an ice age caused by the wobble of the earth's axis and change of shape of earth orbit.	15
692525175	ice age	any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface	16
692525176	carbon sinks	A natural environment that absorbs and stores more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than it releases, which offsets greenhouse gas emissions.	17
692525177	conduction	the transmission of heat or electricity or sound	18
692525178	ecoregion	An environmental area characterized by specific land uses, soil types, surface form, and potential natural vegetation	19
692525179	positive feedback loop	Situation in which a change in a certain direction provides information that causes a system to change further in the same direction.	20
692525180	negative feedback loop	Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving	21
692525181	continental drift	the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)	22
692525182	kyoto protocol	Controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries	23
692525183	interglacial period	A period of warmer temperatures between two ice ages.	24
692525184	eccentricity	strange and unconventional behavior	25
692525185	El nino	a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time	26
692525186	La nina	a cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other weather patterns.	27
692525187	precission	The theory that the earth axis wobbles. Believed to have caused the most recent ice ages. AKA- wobbling	28
692525188	ozone	a form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of two. protects us from dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun	29
692525189	greenhouse gases	Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.	30
692525190	greenhouse effect	natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases	31
692525191	infrared radiation	electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves	32
692525192	thermoline circulation	deep-ocean circulation driven by variations in water density.	33
692525193	ippc	...	34
692525194	thermal energy	the total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a substance.	35
692525195	plate tectonics	The theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape	36
692525196	westerlies	prevaling winds that blow from west to east between 30 degrees & 60degrees latitude in the hemisphere.	37
692525197	troposphere	the layer closest to Earth, where almost all weather occurs; the thinnest layer	38
692525198	stratoshere	the layer of the atmosphere in which ozone is present	39
692525199	mesosphere	The middle layer of Earth's atmosphere; the layer in which most meteoroids burn up.	40
692525200	exosphere	The outer layer of the thermosphere, extending outward into space.	41
692525201	ozone layer	Layer of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone; absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation	42
692525202	shallow rain effect	...	43
692525203	ultraviolet radiation	a type of energy that comes to Earth from the Sun, can damage skin and cause cancer, and is mostly absorbed by the ozone layer	44
692525204	solar radiation	energy from the sun that shines on earth	45
692525205	Great ocean conveyer	a global circulation pattern in which water cycles throughout ocean basins.	46
692525206	glaciers	huge, slow moving sheets of ice	47
692525207	ice caps	very wide,thick sheets of ice that cover large areas of land	48
692525208	sea ice	ice formed by the freezing of the surface of the sea	49
692525209	water cycle	the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back	50
692525210	hydrologic cycle	the natural process by which water is purified and made fresh through evaporation and precipitation. The cycle provides all the fresh water available for biological life.	51
692525211	atmoshere	the thin layer of gases that surround the earth and help regulate temperatur	52
692525212	doldrums	calm, windless part of the ocean near the equator	53
694273651	troposphere	In the ________ layer of the atmosphere will be found weather conditions.	54
694273652	Stratosphere	The very stable, calm layer of the atmosphere is the ________ layer.	55
694273653	Methane	________ absorbs more infrared radiation than does carbon dioxide.	56
694273654	lost, condensies	As warm air rises in the atmoshere, heat is ________ and water vapor _______.	57
694273655	stratoshere	The _______ layer contains the ozone layer.	58
694273656	Warm, moist	Rain frequently results whenever_____, _____ air rises	59
694273657	weather	Climate in a region is the long term, prevailing _____ conditions	60
694273658	more	Latitude strongly influences climate because _____ solar energy falls on areas that are closer to the equator than to the poles.	61
694273659	Phyto plankton, plants, oceans	Name 3 natural conditions that reduces carbon dioxide in the atmosphere	62
694273660	cold	La Nina is the _____ phase of the El Nino-southern Oscillation cycle.	63
694273661	increased	Earth's average temperature has _____ during the 20th century	64
694273662	sulfur dioxide	A gas that can reach the upper atmoshere after a large scale volcanic eruption is _____	65
694273663	Lattitude	the position with respect to the equater, measured in degrees north or south.	66
694273664	winter	during the summer in the Southern Hemishere, the Northern Hemisphere experiences _____	67
694273665	warm water	During an El Nino event, winds in the western PacificOcean strengthen and push _____ _____ eastward	68
694273666	skin cancer	A possible consequence to humans from a thinning ozone layer is _____ _____.	69
694273667	ultraviolet	as the amount of ozone in the stratospere decreases, more _______ light is able to reach Earth's surface	70
694273668	Phytoplankton	Tiny, shrimp-like animals that many other marine animals depend on for food is the ______	71
694273669	human activity	Most of the warming that has been observed over the 20th century can be attributed to _____ _____	72
694273670	decreases	elevation is a factor in climate because under most conditions, temperature _____ as elevation increases.	73
694273671	Chlorofluoro carbons	Compounds that contain chlorine and cause ozone destruction in the upper atmosphere is called ________ ______	74
695750699	air pollution	when harmful substances build up in the air to unhealthy levels	75
695750701	primary pollutant	pollution that is directly emitted into the atmosphere	76
695750703	secondary pollutant	pollutant formed by the chemical reactions of other primary or secondary pollutants	77
695750705	smog	air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog	78
695750707	temperature inversion	atmospheric condition in which warm air traps cooler air near the earth's surface	79
695750709	sick-building syndrome	headaches, allergies, chronic fatigue and other symptoms caused by poorly vented indoor air contaminated by pathogens or toxins	80
695750711	Asbestos	silica fiber product used for insulation that has been found to cause cancer	81
695750713	Decibel	unit of measurement for the loudness of sounds	82
695750715	acid precipitation	rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water	83
695750717	Ph	a value that indicated the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0-14, based on the proportion of H+ ions.	84
695750719	Acid shock	Rapid change in a body of water's acidity	85
695750722	surface water	Water above the surface of the land, including lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, floodwater, and runoff.	86
695750724	River system	a river and all the tributaries that flow into it	87
695750726	watershed	the land area that supplies water to a river system	88
695750728	Ground water	underground water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks	89
695750729	aquifer	underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells, springs, etc	90
695750731	porosity	the volume of open spaces in rock or soil	91
695750734	permeability	The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.	92
695750736	recharge zone	An area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer.	93
695750739	potable	any liquid suitable for drinking	94
695750741	pathogen	a virus or organism that can cause disease	95
695750743	irrigation	a way of supplying water to an area of land	96
695750745	dam	a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out the sea	97
695750748	reservoir	a lake that stores water for human use	98
695750750	desalination	process of removing salt from salt water	99
695750752	water pollution	The addition of any substancethat has a negative affect on water or the living things that depend on the water.	100
695750754	point-source pollution	pollution that comes from a specific site	101
695750757	non-point source pollution	water pollution that does not have a specific point of origin	102
695750759	wastewater	water mixed with waste matter	103
695750762	Artificial eutrophication	A process that increases the amount of nutrients in a body of water through human activities, such as waste disposal and land drainage.	104
695750763	Thermal pollution	harm to lakes and rivers resulting from the release of excessive waste heat into them	105
695750764	biomagnification	buildup of pollutants at higher levels of the food chain	106

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Biology chapter 1 Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

Terms : Hide Images

1663886123	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
1663886178	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
1663886124	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
1663886125	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
1663886126	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
1663886179	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
1663886180	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
1663886127	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
1663886130	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	8
1663886131	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	9
1663886132	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	10
1663886133	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	11
1663886134	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	12
1663886135	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	13
1663886136	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	14
1663886137	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	15
1663886138	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	16
1663886139	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	17
1663886140	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	18
1663886143	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	19
1663886181	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	20
1663886152	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	21
1663886155	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	22
1663886161	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	23
1663886166	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	24
1663886167	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	25
1663886184	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	26
1663886185	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	27
1663886186	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	28
1663886187	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	29
1663886188	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	30
1663886177	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	31