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APUSH: Industrialization & Reform Flashcards

314449038	1870	John D. rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil	0
314449039	1876	Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone	1
314449040	1878	Knights of Labor becomes a national organization	2
314449041	1879	Thomas Edison invents the light bulb	3
314449042	1880	James A. Garfield elected President	4
314449043	1881	GArfield assassinated; Chester A. Arthur becomes president	5
314449044	1881	Helen Hunt Jackson publishes A Century of Dishonor	6
314449045	1882	Chinese Exclusion Act	7
314449046	1883	Pendleton Civil Service Act	8
314449047	1886	Haymarket Riot in Chicago	9
314449048	1886	American Federation of LAbor founded by Samuel Gompers	10
314449049	1887	Interstate Commerce Commission established to regulate railroads	11
314449050	1887	Dawes Act allows president to break Native American reservations into individual allotments	12
314449051	1890	BAttle of Wounded Knee; closing frontier	13
314449052	1890	Sherman Antitrust Act	14
314449053	1892	Homestead Steel Strike	15
314449054	1892	Ellis Island opens	16
314449055	1892	Populist party formed	17
314449056	1893	American economy suffers a major depression	18
314449057	1894	Eugene V. debs leads Pullman strike	19
314449058	1896	the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson establishes the constitutionality of segregation by state law	20
314449059	1901	McKinley assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt becomes President	21
314449060	1901	J. Pierpont Morgan buys Carnegie's steel holdings	22
314449061	1902	Roosevelt presidency attacks Northern Securities Company as illegal monopoly	23
314449062	1902	Roosevelt intervenes in anthracite coal strike	24
314449063	1906	Upton Sinclair's The Jungle is published	25
314449064	1906	The Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food & Drug Act	26
314449065	1908	William Howard Taft elected president	27
314449066	1909	Payne-Aldrich Tariff	28
314449067	1911	Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire	29
314449068	1912	Woodrow Wilson elected president	30
314449069	1913	Federal Reserve Act	31
314449070	1913	16th and 17th Amendments ratified	32
314449071	1914	Clayton antitrust act	33
314449072	1914	Federal Trade Commission established	34
314449073	1914	Keating-Owen Child Labor Act	35
314449074	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded a Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.	36
314449075	John D. Rockefeller	Entered into the oil refining business following the Civil War and in 1870 formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio; created the Standard Oil Trust and monopolized the industry for the next 30 years	37
314449076	Cornelius Vanderbilt	First made his fortune in steamship industry and acquired the nickname "Commodore"; built the New York Central Railroad and by 1869 had combined a group of small lines into one railroad system	38
314449077	J. Pierpont Morgan	Accumulated a fortune by buying into a business, reorganizing it, and making huge profits; bought out Carnegie and combined various steel companies to form US Steel Corporation	39
314449078	Henry Ford	Revolutionized auto manufacturing by using an assembly line that permitted the mass production of cars	40
314449079	Thomas Edison	invented the lightbulb, "Wizard of Menlo Park"	41
314449080	Alexander Graham Bell	invented the telephone	42
314449081	Herbert Spencer	English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903); wrote Social Studies	43
314449082	Horatio Alger	Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work	44
314449083	Henry George	He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.	45
314449084	Edward Bellamy	In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.	46
314449085	Henry Demarest Lloyd	He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.	47
314449086	Jacob Riis	A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.	48
314449087	Lincoln Steffens	Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.	49
314449088	Upton Sinclair	muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.	50
314449089	Ida Tarbell	A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.	51
314449090	Jane Addams	the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes	52
314449091	Uriah Stephens	U.S. labor leader. He led nine Philadelphia garment workers to found the Knights of Labor in 1869, a more successful early national union.	53
314449092	Terence V. Powderly	a highly visible national spokesman for the working man as head of the Knights of Labor from 1879 until 1893	54
314449093	Samuel Gompers	He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.	55
314449094	Eugene V. Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.	56
314449095	Theodore Roosevelt	26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War	57
314449096	William Howard Taft	27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.	58
314449097	Gifford Pinchot	head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them	59
314449098	Woodrow Wilson	28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize	60
314449099	Oliver H. Kelley	considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.	61
314449100	James B. Weaver	former Civil War general who ran for president with the Greenback Party (1880) and the Populist Party (1892).	62
314449101	William Jennings Bryan	an American politician, one of the best known orators and lecturers of the era, Because of his faith in the goodness and rightness of the common people, he was called "The Great Commoner."	63
314449102	Robert LaFollette	"Fighting Bob"; Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations	64
314449103	Booker T. Washington	Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."	65
314449104	W.E.B. DuBois	1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910	66
314449105	Susan B. Anthony	social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation	67
314449106	Carrie Chapman Catt	Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.	68
314449107	Alice Paul	Marched with the suffragist in England , was jailed and went on a hunger strike all to help British woman win the vote. returned home to support the cause of the suffrage for American woman	69
314449108	P.T. Barnum	the famous and unscrupulous showman, opened the American Museum in New York in 1842, not a showcase for art or nature, but a great freak show populated by midgets, Siamese twins, magicians, and ventriloquists, eventually launching his famous circus	70
314449109	"Buffalo-Bill" Cody	This former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows. The shows included re-enactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship and riflery	71

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World History CH15 Flashcards

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378270401	Reconquista	reconquest; Christian struggle to take back the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims	0
378270402	Scandinavia	area in northern Europe that is made up of present-day Norway, Sweden and Denmark; it was home to the Vikings, whose raids terrified all of Europe	1
378270403	Aachen	the capital of Charlemagne's empire, which covered much of western and central Europe	2
378270404	Holy Roman Empire	territory ruled by Otto I; it included most of Germany and northern Italy	3
378270405	Clovis	king of the Franks who lived in the area that is now France; in AD 496 he became a Catholic	4
378270406	Charlemagne	known as Charles the Great, he became king of the Franks at age 29; his kingdom covered much of western and central Europe; the pope declared him the new Roman emperor; he realized the importance of an education	5
378270407	Otto I	one of the stronger kings of Germany who the Magyars and sent troops to Italy to protect the pope; the pope declared him emperor of the Romans in AD 962	6
378270408	Charles Martel	the most powerful of the Frankish mayors of the palace; he wanted to unite all the nobles under his rule; he stopped the Muslim advance into Europe and as a result, Western Europe remained Christian	7
378270409	Gregory the Great	pope who wanted to convert all of Europe to Christianity; in 597 he sent missionaries to Britain and they converted Ethelbert, ruler of the kingdom of Kent; by 1050 most people in Western Europe had become Catholic	8
378270410	Venice	city in Italy which became a major trading center in the Mediterranean by AD1000	9
378270411	Flanders	part of present-day Belgium, its towns became the center of trade for northern Europe; Flemish towns such as Bruges and Ghent became centers for making and trading cloth	10
378270412	Normandy	the part of western France that lies across the English Channel from England; it was named ater the Vikings or Norsemen who ruled it	11
378270413	Kiev	a city around which the Rus state was created by a Viking leader named Oleg around the year AD900	12
378270414	Moscow	city located at the crossroads of several important trade routes; also the headquarters for the Russian branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church	13
378270415	William the Conqueror	cousin of King Edward of England; when Edward died he defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and was crowned king of England	14
378270416	King John	son of Henry II of England; English nobles forced him to sign a document of rights called the Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the king	15
378270417	Phillip II	king of France from 1180-1223; he went to war against England and conquered most of the territories of western Europe	16
378270418	Saladin	Muslim leader and brilliant commander who became ruler of Egypt in 1174; he defeated the Christians and captured Jerusalem in 1187	17
378270419	Bologna	city in Italy which was the site of one of the first European universities	18
378270420	Francis of Assisi	founder of the first order of friars known as Franciscans	19
378270421	Thomas Aquinas	Dominican friar and priest who is best known for combining Church teachings with the ideas of Aristotle; about 1276 he wrote Summa Theologica, a summary of knowledge on theology; he was made a saint in 1323	20
378270422	Crecy	site of the first major battle of the 100 Years War after Edward invaded France	21
378270423	Orleans	city where the French army, led by Joan of Arc, defeated the English and began driving them out of France	22
378270424	Joan of Arc	French peasant woman whose faith inspired the French army to capture the city of Orleans from the English	23
378270425	Isabella of Castile	princess of Castile who married Prince Ferdinand of Aragon, thus uniting the 2 kingdoms into one country called Spain; together they tried to make Spain Catholic by driving out the Jews and then the Muslims	24
378270426	Ferdinand of Aragon	prince of Aragon, a kingdom on the Mediterranean Coast; he married Isabella of Castile, thus uniting the 2 kingdoms into one county called Spain; together they tried to make Spain Catholic by driving out the Jews and then the Muslims	25
378270427	fjord	steep sided valled that is an inlet of the sea	26
378270428	missionary	person who travels to carry the ideas of religion to others	27
378270429	excommunicate	to declare that a person or group no longer belongs to a church	28
378270430	concordat	agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country	29
378270431	feudalism	political system based on bonds of loyalty between the lords and vassels	30
378270432	vassal	in feudalism, a noble who held land from and served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection	31
378270433	fief	under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty	32
378270434	knight	in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback	33
378270435	serf	peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble	34
378270436	guild	medieval business group formed by craftspeople and merchants	35
378270437	grand jury	group that decided whether there was enough evidence to accuse a person of a crime	36
378270438	trial jury	jury that decided whether the accused person was innocent or guilty	37
378270439	clergy	religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services	38
378270440	mass	Catholic worship service	39
378270441	heresy	belief that differs from or contradicts the accepted teachings of a religion	40
378270442	anti-Semitism	hatred of Jews	41
378270443	theology	the study of religion and God	42
378270444	scholasticism	medieval way of thinking that tried to bring together reason and faith in studies of religion	43
378270445	vernacular	everyday language used in a country or region	44
378270446	plague	disease that spreads quickly and kills many people	45
378270447	Pepin the Short	son of Charles Martel who became king of the Franks when Martel died; he defeated the Lombards who were threatening the pope and gave the land he won to the pope; those lands became the papal states	46
378270448	Alfred the Great	Britain king who drove away the Vikings by uniting the Anglo-Saxons thus making one kingdom known as Angleland - England; founded schools & hired Latin scholars to write books in the Anglo-Saxon language	47
378270449	Harold Godwinson	became King of England after Edward died; lost his kingdom to William the Conqueror	48
378270450	King Richard	The Lion Hearted led part of the third crusade with Saladin Neither won signed a 5 year treaty	49
378270451	Pope Urban II	Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades	50
378270452	Henry IV	Holy Roman emperor who refused to obey Gregory VII's rule that high ranking church officials could not be appointed by the king; he declared that Gregory was no longer the pope; he was excommunicated fought Rome and named a new pope	51
378270453	code of chivalry	a code of behavior that governed the aspect of all knights behavior	52
378270454	Black Death	the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe	53
378270455	Magna Carta	document signed by King John in 1215 that took away some of the king's powers; helped establish the idea that people have rights and that the power of government should be limited	54
378270456	lord	in feudalism, the lord protected the vassel and served the king; gave land to people to keep them loyal; one step below the nobles	55
378270457	Battle of Tours	Charles Martel led the Franks and defeated the Muslims in AD732; this stopped the Muslim advance into Europe keeping Christianity western Europe's major religion	56
378270458	Battle of Hastings	in 1066, William the Conquerer defeated Harold to become king of England	57
378270459	Concordat of Worms	agreement between the German king and the new pope that said only the pope could choose bishops, but only the emperor could give them jobs in government	58
378270460	Crusade	holy war 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims	59
378270461	Inquisition	A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy	60
378270462	Phillip IV	taxed clergy to pay for a war; after much conflict with the Pope, he called the Estates General to request support	61
378270463	100 Years War	conflict between France and England in the 14th/15th centuries introduced new forms of warfare (crossbow) French victory	62

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AP Euro; 9 The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Flashcards

Mid Sixteenth Century-Late Eighteenth Century

A selection of the bolded terms in the 2008 Princeton Review.

Chapter 8- AP Euro; 8 The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States

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1817266775	Events leading to the scientific revolution	1. Discovery of the New World 2. Invention of the Printing Press 3. Rivalry among Nation-States 4. Reformation 5. Renaissance Humanism	0
1817266776	scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	1
1817266777	Copernicus	Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe	2
1817266778	Brahe	Amassed nearly 20 years worth of astrological data that eventually led to the disproval of the geocentric theory.	3
1817266779	Kepler	German astronomer and mathematician. Considered the founder of modern astronomy. Three Laws of Planetary Motion	4
1817266780	Principia	Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.	5
1817266781	Issac Newton	British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, invented differential calculus, and wrote "Principia"	6
1817266782	Galileo	constructed the telescope.	7
1817266783	Bacon	Inductive Reasoning. (observation,experiment, hypothesis, and conclusion)	8
1817266784	Descartes	Used deductive reasoning (reasoning through previously know facts) "I think, therefore I am"	9
1817266785	Pascal	French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662)	10
1817266786	Hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote Leviathan	11
1817266787	Leviathan	written by English professor Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignity is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contraction.	12
1817266788	absolutism	The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.	13
1817266789	Locke	Human Personalities developed through experience. Believed each person entered the word as a blank page (tabula rusa)	14
1817266790	social contract	an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society, individual surrenders liberty in return for protection	15
1817266791	Two Treatises on Government	Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.	16
1817266792	tabula rasa	John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.	17
1817266793	Immanuel Kant	influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804) "Dare to Know"	18
1817266794	philosophes	Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.	19
1817266795	Voltaire	Challenged the Catholic Church and Christian religious doctrines. Deist	20
1817266796	Montesquieu	French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755), wrote spirit of laws 1. republics for small states, 2. Monarchies for medium states. 3, Despotism for large empires	21
1817266798	Diderot	Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.	22
1817266799	Rousseau	(1712-1778) process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract	23
1817266800	general will	According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.	24
1817266802	Hume	Treatise on Human Nature (truth can only come through evidence and factual observation)	25
1817266803	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790), wrote "wealth of Nations" (physiocrat)	26
1817266804	salons	aristocratic and upper middle class urban elite women were involved. Hosted by women so they could learn.	27
1817266805	Wollstonecraft	feminist advocated equal education for women, wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women"	28
1817266806	Enlightened Absolutist	Absolutist monarchs who incorporated Enlightenment ideas without giving up their control	29
1822800296	Handel	composed operas such as Orfeo and oratorios such as Messiah	30
1822800297	Deism	belief centered around a God who had created the universe, set it to operation, and stepped aside and let it run. Rational, Orderly God	31
1822904982	Fontenelle	sought to make new science entertaining to a mass audience-- (skepticism towards divine right)	32
1822924413	Catherine the Great	extended Russia's territorial holdings at the expense of the Crimean Tatar	33

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APUSH Enduring Vision Chapter 18 Flashcards

Important terms, people, events, etc

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1099106718	Rebate	A cash refund given for the purchase of a product during a specific period	0
1099106719	Pool	An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits; one was set up by Rockefeller to establish production quotas and fix prices	1
1099106720	Horizontal Integration	A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. It is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.	2
1099106721	Entrepreneur	A person who risks time and money to start and manage a business	3
1099106722	Yellow-Dog Contracts	Employers required workers to sign these to promise not to strike or join a union while working at that company	4
1099106723	Injunction	Court order	5
1099106724	Bread and Butter Unionism	The belief that unions should focus on improving working conditions and pay for skilled workers rather than political reform; practiced by American Federation of Labor	6
1099106725	John D. Rockefeller	Rushed to riches, but gradually became dominant; had a passion for cost-cutting and efficiency like Carnegie; head of Standard Oil Company; scrutinized all aspects of its operation; in mass-production, small changes saved thousands; realized that what controlled the shipment could dominate the industry, so he bought his own tanker cars and got rebates and kickbacks; set up his own massive interregional pipeline network; priced his products below competitors' to ruin them; people ganged up against him so he set up a pool that established production quotas and fixed prices; decided to eliminate competitors completely --> Standard Oil Trust; integrated petroleum industry vertically and horizontally	7
1099106726	Standard Oil	Established in 1870, it was an integrated, multinational oil corporation led by Rockefeller; first of great industrial trusts	8
1099106727	J. Pierpont Morgan	He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks; owner of Federal Steel, but bought out Carnegie steel and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation; took over weakened systems, reorganized the administration, refinanced the debts, and built intersystem alliances	9
1099106728	Railroad Strikes of 1877	On Baltimore and Ohio Railroads, created by wage cuts after Panic of 1873, started by Knights of Labor, closed nearly two-thirds of railroads due to wildcat strikes; President Hayes sent in federal troops to suppress it; tension turned deadly	10
1099106729	Pullman Strike	1894; when depression hit wages were slashed without rent being reduced and workers joined American Railway Union, went on strike, and were led by Eugene V Debs; most systematic use of troops to smash union power: General Managers' Association called for a federal injunction against the strikers for allegedly refusing to move RR cars carrying US mail, injunction secured, Debs refused to order workers back to work, Debs arrested, federal troops poured in, a iron occurred in which freight cars were burned and people died-->the strike was crushed	11
1099106730	Lester Frank Ward	Challenged William Sumner's ideas in his own "Dynamic Sociology"; geologist; said that the laws of nature could be circumvented by human will; argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence, which was capable of shaping society as it wished	12
1099106731	Edward Bellamy	Author of "Looking Backward"; Massachusetts newspaper editor; cast a glimpse into future, tells of future being perfect with government-run economy in 2000; everyone works for common welfare; conflict-free society where all equally enjoy benefits of industrialization; people formed groups to make his dream a reality	13
1099106732	Looking Backward	Book written by Edward Bellamy; described experience of a young Bostonian who slept in 1887 and woke up in 2000 to find the social order changed, large trusts that had grown grew and combined to create one big one that would distribute the wealth among everyone, and eliminated class divisions--called it nationalism	14
1099106733	Henry George	Author of "Progress and Poverty"; newspaper editor and theorist; proposed to solve the nation's uneven distribution of wealth through the 'single tax'; noted that speculators repaid huge profits from land they neither worked nor improved; tax this "unearned increment" for government to get money to better the misery caused by industrialization; factored around the country; very popular	15
1099106734	Progress and Poverty	Written by Henry George, critical of entreprenuers, after studying poverty in America, determined that rich didn't pay fair share of taxes and proposed "Single Tax" on incremental value of land to better misery caused to industrialization	16
1099106735	Henry W. Grady	Southern newspaper editor of "Atlanta Constitution"; championed this doctrine that said the South's rich coal and timber resources plus cheap labor make the south a natural site for industrial development (perfect place for industry); the New South idealism	17
1099106736	New South Creed	Phrase used to describe the South's supposed emergence from the Civil War as a region no longer dependent upon slave labor because it was industrializing, and that it's natural resources and cheap labor make it a perfect place for industrialization	18
1099106737	Terence V. Powderly	Head of Knights of Labor after Stephens; leader of the "horney-fisted sons of toil"; eloquent and successful in clashes, so he attracted members; opposed strikes ("a relic of barbarism") and organized producer and consumer cooperatives; urged temperance and advocated admission of blacks into segregated local KOL unions; welcomed women; supported restricted immigration and a total ban on Chinese immigration	19
1099106738	Knights of Labor	Dream of a labor movement that combined skilled and unskilled workers lived on with this Noble and Holy Order; led by Uriah Stephens and then Terence Powderly; began as secret society modeled after Masonic Order; welcomed all, or former, wage earners; excluded bankers, doctors, lawyers, etc; demanded equal pay for women; wanted end to cooperative employer-employee ownership of industries; called for graduated progressive tax on all earnings (so higher earners pay more); grew slowly at first, but then membership shot up when Powderly took over; many members opposed Powderly's anti-strike view, led a series of random strikes; conflict with Gould and Wabash Rail ->victory; turned to political action and elected mayors and judges, and secured passage of bans on convict labor and passed federal laws against foreign imported contract labor; it's strength decreased after failed strikes in 1886	20
1099106739	William H. Sylvis	In 1863 he was was elected president of the Iron Moulder's International Union. He traveled the country encourage iron molders to organize. In 1866 his dream of a nationwide union to represent all works, he called a convention in Baltimore that formed the National Labor Union (NLU)	21
1099106740	National Labor Union	Formed with help of William Sylvis; represented all workers; endorsed 8-hour day; called for end of convict labor, establishment of a federal dept of labor, and currency/banking reform; support cause of working women and elected one as one of their national officers; urged blacks to organize in racially separate unions; faded quickly when Sylvis died	22
1099106741	William Graham Sumner	Shared Carnegie's disapproval of government interference in business; "What Social Classes Owe Each Other"; applied evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin and Social Darwinism to human society; survival of the fittest; the state owed its citizens nothing but law, order, and basic political rights	23
1099106742	Social Darwinism	The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies; applied by William Graham Sumner	24
1099106743	Samuel Gompers	Creator of American Federation of Labor; pursued Bread and Butter unionism; an immigrant cigar maker who believed higher wages were not an end goal but a stepping stone to a working-class family existing decently with respect; said labor, to stand up to corporations, would have to harness the bargaining power of skilled workers that couldn't be easily replaced and then concentrate on practical goals of higher wages and reduced hours; knew AFL gave independence, so he would have to persuade people to join forces without violating their autonomy	25
1099106744	American Federation of Labor	1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, and working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent; Bread and Butter Unionism; later platform demanded 8-hour day, liabilities for injuries, and mine-safety laws; began to exclude women because Gompers thought they undercut men's wages	26
1099106745	United Mine Workers	The 1902 strike by this union in eastern Pennsylvania threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time); led by Mother Jones; staged parades and dramatized importance of militant mothers fighting for their families; successful: wage reductions restored bc no big company dominated the industry and owners needed to continue production	27
1099106746	Mother Jones	Persuaded coal miners in PA to join United Mine Workers of America; campaigned for better working conditions, hours, and pay	28
1099106747	Interstate Commerce Act	1887; established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices; banned monopolistic activity like rebates, pooling, and discriminatory short-distance rates; passed in response to Supreme Court ruling that states can't control interstate commerce	29
1099106748	Interstate Commerce Commission	Established by Interstate Commerce Act; made up of 5-members; to oversee interstate railroads; federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition	30
1099106749	Philip Armour and Gustavus Swift	Chicago meatpackers who used every part of the animal in trying to reduce production costs; pioneered high-efficiency meatpacking	31
1099106750	Horatio Alger	Author of "Ragged Dick"; Unitarian minister turned novelist; told adventures of poor but honest men who rose through initiative and self-discipline; RAGS TO RICHES; poor boys became successful businessmen	32
1099106751	Marxism	The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded	33
1099106752	New Immigrants	Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe; replaced Irish immigrants who did horse-carting and construction	34
1099106753	James B. Duke	Had American Tobacco Company; used trading cards, circulars, boxtops, prizes, and scientific endorsements to convert Americans to cigarette smoking; made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South; a wealthy tobacco industrialist; monopolized tobacco	35
1099106754	Wildcat Strikes	Walking off a job without union authorization because of cut pay rates or intolerable conditions; often exploded into violence	36
1099106755	Vertical Integration	Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution; done by Rockefeller	37
1099106756	Trust	A group of corporations that unite in order to reduce competition and control prices in a business or an industry; Rockefeller set one up for Standard Oil that replaced the pool with something of legal status that created an umbrella corporation that ran them all; created an oligopoly where a small number of people control prices	38
1099106757	Boycott	A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies	39
1099106758	Anarchist	A person who seeks to overturn the established government; an advocate of abolishing authority	40
1099106759	Laissez-Faire	Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs; "hands-off"; defenders of capitalism preached this by saying that the government should never try to control business; promoted by Carnegie and Spencer who cited Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"	41
1099106760	Andrew Carnegie	Founder of Carnegie Steel; embodied the close connection between RR expansion and the growth of corporations; "the world's richest man"; took over as head of western decision of Pennsylvania RR; daring innovator who used complex cost analysis techniques to over double the rail's mileage and quadruple its traffic; slashed commuter fares to keep cars full and developed cost-cutting techniques; decided to build his own steel mill that was promised success because of his connections to the RR business; used strict cost-accounting while limiting wages to lower production and travelers' costs below that of competitors; used vertical integration	42
1099106761	Jay Gould	RR entrepreneur of Union Pacific Railroad; faced huge financial and organizational problems; with others, raised money for RRs with generous land and loan subsidies from governments and by selling stocks and bonds	43
1099106762	Thomas Edison	Perfected the lightbulb; made it possible to shop after work; epitomizes inventive impulse and a capacity for creating new consumer products; "Wizard at Menlo Park"; vision of a large, interconnected industrial system resting on the foundation of technological innovation; started working with the telegraph and then invented the phonograph and set off to develop incandescent light bulbs; build complex lightbulb system with support of JP Morgan; _____ Illuminating Company opened power plant in NYC; put out invention after invention; his lab at Menlo Park served as a model for later industrial research labs and demonstrated that the systematic use of science paid a lot; led to invention becoming a big business	44
1099106763	Homestead Strike	1892 at Carnegie Steel Company; to destroy the union, managers cut wages and locked out the workers; when workers fired on the armed men who came to protect the plant, a battle broke out and 10 people died; National Guardsmen were sent to stop the battle and the union was crushed	45
1099106764	Eugene V. Debs	Led the Pullman Strike; promised to "strip the mask of hypocrisy from the pretended philanthropist and show him to the world as an oppressor of labor"; refused to switch Pullman cars and refused to order workers back to work after injection; arrest for the strike	46
1099106765	Alexander Berkman	Russian immigrant anarchist who, in 1892, tried to assassinate Henry Clay Frick (manager of Carnegie's Homestead Steel Works); wanted a new social order but got a long prison sentence confirmed the business stereotype of "labor agitators" as lawless and violent	47
1099106766	Chinese Exclusion Act	1882; passed by Congress and placed a ten-year postponement of Chinese immigration into the US; ban extended in 1902 and repealed in 1943	48
1099106767	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	1890; after Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust, Congress feared that trusts would stamp out all competition; under the leadership of John Sherman, passed this that outlawed trusts and other monopolies that fixed prices in restraint of trade and slapped violators with fines and prison sentences; failed to clearly define "trust" or "restraint of trade" --> LOOPHOLES	49
1099106768	Haymarket Square Bombing	1886; a protest rally in Cincinnati where someone threw a bomb form a nearby building and killed 7 policemen; police fired wildly into crowd and killed 4 protestors; public reaction to this was immediate; 8 men arrested and all convicted of murder; animosity toward labor unions intensified	50
1099106769	US vs E.C. Knight Company	Supreme Court further disabled Congressional anti-trust efforts by interpreting the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in ways favorable to big business; federal government against sugar trust; argued that the Knight firm, which controlled over 90% of US sugar refining, operated in illegal restraint of trade; saying that manufacturing wasn't interstate commerce and ignoring the company's vast distribution network that enabled it to dominate, the Court threw out the suit	51

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Unit 3: Regional and Trans-Regional Interactions: 600 CE-1450 CE Flashcards

AP World History: 600 CE-1450 CE
Regional and Transregional Interactions

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1899197394	caliph	a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government	0
1899197395	chivalry	a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle	1
1899197396	civil service	the group of people who carry out the work of the government, selected by an exam in China	2
1899197397	credit	arrangement for deferred payment for goods and services	3
1899197398	decentralized	governmental power is spread among more than one person or group	4
1899197399	dowry	money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage	5
1899197400	Eastern Orthodox	this Christian religion broke away from the Roman church when it would not accept the authority of the Pope as the head of the church	6
1899197401	fiefs	pieces of land given to vassals by their lord	7
1899197402	Garrisons	military bases on the Silk Road to protect travelers on their journey	8
1899197403	Gothic	relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires	9
1899197404	Hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah	10
1899197405	heresy	a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion	11
1899197406	heretic	a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church	12
1899197407	hijab	a headscarf worn by Muslim women	13
1899197408	illegitimate	contrary to or forbidden by law	14
1899197409	infrastructure	the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area	15
1899197410	interaction	the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)	16
1899197411	Inquisition	a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy	17
1899197412	interrogation	formal questioning by persons in authority, especially in the church	18
1899197413	Islam	the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran	19
1899197414	literate	able to read and write	20
1899197415	matriarch	a female head of a family or tribe	21
1899197416	medieval	relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages	22
1899197417	meritocracy	the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth	23
1899197418	Middle Ages	the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance	24
1899197419	migration	the movement of persons from one country or locality to another	25
1899197420	monetary system	system of coins and bills to create a standard value of wealth	26
1899197421	mosque	a Muslim house of worship	27
1899197422	Muslim	a believer or follower of Islam	28
1899197423	nation-state	a country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity	29
1899197424	orthodox	adhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion	30
1899197425	patriarch	the male head of family or tribe	31
1899197426	patriarchal	male led society and household	32
1899197427	persecution	the abuse of a person or group because of their beliefs or appearance	33
1899197428	pilgrims	people on a religious journey	34
1899197429	pilgrimage	a journey to a sacred place	35
1899197430	primogeniture	right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son	36
1899197431	Roman Catholic	the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy	37
1899197432	schism	division of a group into opposing factions	38
1899197433	secluded	hidden from general view or use	39
1899197434	serfs	men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection	40
1899197435	submissive	willing to submit without resistance to authority	41
1899197436	subordinate	rank or order as less important or consider of less value	42
1899197437	trans-continental	spanning or crossing a continent	43
1899197438	tribute systems	allowed reciprocal trade under both imperial protection and imperial regulation and barred entry into this trade by those who did not participate	44
1899197439	Baghdad	capital city of Iraq; as heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E.	45
1899197440	Black Death	the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe	46
1899197441	Bubonic Plague	disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.	47
1899197442	Chang-an	capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.	48
1899197443	Constantinople	previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.	49
1899197444	Crusades	a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims	50
1899197445	Empress Wu	the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.	51
1899197446	European feudalism	was made up of a king, the next level was church officials and nobles, then knights, peasants, finally merchants	52
1899197447	Japanese feudalism	emperor (has no real power) -> shogun (has the real power) - hereditary -> daimyo (the lower nobles under the shogun) -> samurai (knights)	53
1899197448	foot-binding	practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household	54
1899197449	Franks	a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s	55
1899197450	Charlemagne	king of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning	56
1899197451	Ghengis Khan	Mongol leader who led their conquest westward and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness.	57
1899197452	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.	58
1899197453	Hundred Years War	the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.	59
1899197454	Code of Justinian	compilation of the complex system of Roman laws; became the system of laws for the Byzantine Empire	60
1899197455	Magna Carta	the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215	61
1899197456	Mansa Musa	this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa	62
1899197457	neo-Confucianism	a philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements	63
1899197458	sacking of Constantinople	1453; sacked becuse it was the most logical place to rule. Mehmet the conqueror; Solidly Christian; considered a huge blow to western Christianity	64
1899197459	St. Cyril	a missionary in the 9th century who invented an alphabet for the Slavic language	65
1899197460	cyrillic alphabet	an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages	66
1899197461	Schism in Christianity	the medieval division between Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church	67
1899197462	schism in Islam	the Shia / Sunni split which occurred in the decades immediately following the death of the Prophet Mohammed in 632	68
1899197463	Shintoism	the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma	69
1899197464	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	70
1899197465	Tenochitlan	Aztec capital city (now the site of Mexico City)	71
1899197466	William the Conqueror	duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England	72
1899197467	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of Muhammad	73
1899197468	animism	the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls	74
1899197469	Bedouins	small groups of nomadic people in Arabia	75
1899197470	Black Stone	meteorite placed in shrine (Ka'ba) in Mecca, Muslims pay homage to it	76
1899197471	caliphate	the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph	77
1899197472	Five Pillars of Faith	five steps to take to become less evil, part of the Islam religion; affirmation, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage	78
1899197473	"golden age"	period of great cultural achievement	79
1899197474	hadith	(Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions	80
1899197475	harem	living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household	81
1899197476	jihad	Islamic holy war	82
1899197477	jinns	desert spirits (associated w/ demonic shaitans)	83
1899197478	Ka'ba	the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth	84
1899197479	madrasas	Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century.	85
1899197480	minaret	the tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day	86
1899197481	Muhammad	the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)	87
1899197482	The Night Journey	Muhammad's supreme mystical experience, woken by Gabriel, went to heaven and saw prophets, told by Allah to pray five times a day	88
1899197483	People of the Book	what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god	89
1899197484	Qur'an	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	90
1899197485	Seal of the Prophets	Muhammad's name for himself, signifying that he was the final prophet of Allah.	91
1899197486	Seljuk Turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader	92
1899197487	shari'a	the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed	93
1899197488	Shi'ites	Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali	94
1899197489	Sunni	a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	95
1899197490	Sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	96
1899197491	sultan	the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)	97
1899197492	The Thousand and One Nights	a popular Muslim literature that included collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends	98
1899197493	ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.	99
1899197494	Umayyad Dynasty	established by Muawiya, moved capital from Medina to Damascus, that action split Islam (Shi'ites & Sunnites)	100
1899197495	umma	the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan	101
1899197496	vizier	a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries	102
1899197497	barter	exchange goods without involving money	103
1899197498	Benedictine Rule	a collection of rules or guidelines for monks and monasteries; named for Benedict of Nursia; widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages	104
1899197499	Byzantine Empire	empire that grew from the eastern part of the former Roman Empire; lasted until around 1400	105
1899197500	caesaropapism	the dual role of the state and leader of the church in which a temporal ruler extends his own powers to theological and ecclesiastical matters	106
1899197501	canon law	the Church's own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals	107
1899197502	Carolingian family	a group of Frankish nobles that took control of the Frankish empire	108
1899197503	Clovis	king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy	109
1899197504	excommunication	the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church	110
1899197505	interdict	an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district	111
1899197506	ghettos	sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.	112
1899197507	guilds	an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards	113
1899197508	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	114
1899197509	Holy Roman Empire	loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	115
1899197510	Justinian	Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians	116
1899197511	manorialism	economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.	117
1899197512	missi dominici	agents of Emperor Charlemagne who traveled throughout the empire to check the condition of the roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice was done	118
1899197513	pogroms	organized violence against Jews	119
1899197514	Renaissance	the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world	120
1899197515	Saladin	(1137-1193) powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem	121
1899197516	Sassanid Empire	the name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years.	122
1899197517	scholasticism	a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	123
1899197518	Theodora	the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.	124
1899197519	usury	the act of lending money at an exorbitant rate of interest	125
1899197520	vernacular languages	everyday speech that varies from place to place	126
1899197521	Vikings	one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.	127
1899197522	ayllus	in Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler	128
1899197523	Aztecs	also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.	129
1899197524	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	130
1899197525	chinampas	floating farming islands made by the Aztec	131
1899197526	classical Mesoamerica	period of the Mayan and the Teotihuacan, low population, simple government.	132
1899197527	Inca	a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s	133
1899197528	khipus	recording devices used in the incan empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region	134
1899197529	Maya	extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar	135
1899197530	mit'a	Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.	136
1899197531	Moche	civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	137
1899197532	Quechua	Andean society also known as the Inca	138
1899197533	Quetzalcoatl	an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent	139
1899197534	slash and burn agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	140
1899197535	stelae	large memorial pillars to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Maya rulers.	141
1899197536	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	142
1899197537	Toltecs	powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica.	143
1899197538	Topiltzin	most influential Toltec leader; dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl	144
1899197539	bakufu	military-style government of the Japanese shogun	145
1899197540	Du Fu	a famous chinese poet who wrote "spring landscape" and his poems were base on the suffering of his own life	146
1899197541	equal fields system	equal land distribution, certain amt. of land after death of family member re distributed (for $), allowed for more revenue (want peasants to invest in civil service exam)	147
1899197542	Fujiwara family	Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	148
1899197543	hegemony	the domination of one state over its allies	149
1899197544	Heian Era	high level of culture and learning, court structure and court intrigue, Imperial families and their courts, women and male roles in Japan	150
1899197545	Il-Khan	a khanate expanding through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran,	151
1899197546	Jagadai	khanate situated between all other 3 khanates, most famous ruler was Timur, who expanded this khanate by conquering India and attempting to capture China as well	152
1899197547	Khanate of the Golden Horde	the Mongol empire, that, after the fall of Kiev, ruled all of southern Russia for 200 years	153
1899197548	Khanate of the Great Khan	also known as the Yuan dynasty, included Mongolia and China	154
1899197549	Koryo Dynasty	ruled Korea from the late 9th century to 1892	155
1899197550	kowtow	a Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission	156
1899197551	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271	157
1899197552	Li Bo	most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.	158
1899197553	Liao Empire	916-1121. Mongolia and Northern China. Ceramics, painting, armies (cavalry and seize craft). 1110- Song made alliance with Jurchens (neighbors). Song took over.	159
1899197554	Mencius	major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects.	160
1899197555	"The Middle Kingdom"	Chinese belief that they were the center of the world	161
1899197556	Ming Dynasty	succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	162
1899197557	Alexander Nevskii	prince of Novgorod; submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240	163
1899197558	Osman	most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans	164
1899197559	Ottoman Turks	Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire that lasted from about 1300 to 1922. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.	165
1899197560	Pax Mongolica	era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire	166
1899197561	samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy	167
1899197562	shogun	the head of the military government of Japan in the era of the samurai	168
1899197563	Silla Dynasty	the dynasty in Korea that rallied to prevent Chinese domination in the seventh century CE.	169
1899197564	Song Dynasty	the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy	170
1899197565	Sui Dynasty	the short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China	171
1899197566	The Tale of Genji	written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.	172
1899197567	Tang Dynasty	dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria	173
1899197568	Temujin	birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227)	174
1899197569	Uighurs	Turkic empire of the steppes; flourished in eighth century CE	175
1899197570	Xi Xia Empire	kingdom of the Tangut people that was north of Song kingdom in mid-11th century that collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry	176
1899197571	Yuan Dynasty	dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)	177
1899197572	Africanity	perceived unity of the sub-Saharan cultures.	178
1899197573	communal cities	- sameness - represent the culture around them - move native to the city - homogenous with a sense of purpose (ex. agriculture) - lots of these in Europe	179
1899197574	convergent cities	- people from all over make up the cities - Indian Ocean area - combine under the goal of trade - seen in China and the Islamic world	180
1899197575	Delhi Sultanate	centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders.	181
1899197576	Ghana	the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade	182
1899197577	Great Zimbabwe	in southeastern Africa the Shona people established this city which grew into an empire built on the gold trade. By 1450, this city was mysteriously abandoned.	183
1899197578	griots	a west African storyteller	184
1899197579	Hausa	a group of people named after the language they spoke. They first emerged in what is today northern Nigeria between 1000 and 1200.	185
1899197580	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.	186
1899197581	Mali	empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.	187
1899197582	Marco Polo	Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)	188
1899197583	Songhai	a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591	189
1899197584	stateless society	a group of independent villages organized into clans and led by a local ruler or clan head without any central government	190
1899197585	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	191
1899197586	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'	192
1899197587	postclassical Mesoamerica	era of Aztecs	193
1899197588	Gunpowder Empires	Islamic empires of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed firearms, especially cannon and small arms, to create their empires between the fourteenth and the late seventeenth centuries.	194

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Unit 3: 600 CE to 1450 CE Vocabulary Flashcards

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1066187997	Black Death	*epidemic of the bubonic plague which killed approximately 30-60% of Europe's population in the 14th century; led to breakdown of the feudal system	0
1066187998	Bushido	"the way of the warrior"; Japanese word for the Samurai life ; Samurai moral code was based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death	1
1066187999	Caliphate	1st form of state system, imperial state headed by Muslim leader, lead by a Caliph.	2
1066188000	Chinampa	Artificial gardens on floating islands/farms that surrounded Tenochtitlan. Built because of lack of available farmland	3
1066188001	Chivalry	A code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion	4
1066188002	Christendom	A term that modern historians have given to the thorough merging of Christianity and culture that took place in Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries.	5
1066188003	Civil service exam system	Examination system that produced qualified scholar officials.	6
1066188004	Crusades	1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade	7
1066188005	Dar al-Islam	House of Islam, refers to countries where Muslims can practice Islam freely, Muslims' goal is to increase Dar al-Islam by conquering people	8
1066188006	Diffusion of scientific and technological traditions	influenc of greek and indian mathematics on muslim scholars, spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from east asia into the islamic empires and western europe	9
1066188007	Entrepot	A trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties.	10
1066188008	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	11
1066188009	Decentralized government	when more power tends to exist amongst the aristocracy instead of the king/monarch/centralized government	12
1066188010	Aristocracy	(n) 1. a class of persons holding special rank and privileges, especially the hereditary nobility	13
1066188011	Bureaucracy	A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives	14
1066188012	Fiefs	Pieces of land given to vassals by their lord.	15
1066188013	Gentry	In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel	16
1066188014	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	17
1066188015	Great Warming Period	A period of unnaturally warm weather in the medival times that lasted from about 800 CE- 1300 CE. 600 CE-1450 CE.	18
1066188016	Griots	Storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa who carried on oral traditions and historians	19
1066188017	Guilds	An association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards.	20
1066188018	Hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	21
1066188019	Hanseatic League	A group of trading cities located mostly around the Baltic Sea that engaged in extensive trade relations during the late medieval period.	22
1066188020	Khan	Mongol leader	23
1066188021	Kow tow	kneeling 3x and bowing head to the floor each time then presenting gifts to the emperor in return for land; similar to the tribute system	24
1066188022	Little Ice Age	Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.	25
1066188023	Manorialism	An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.	26
1066188024	Mit'a	Mit'a was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor. In the Inca Empire, public service was required in community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network. Military service was also mandatory	27
1066188025	Neoconfucianism	This religious, political, and social movement encouraged a return to Confucian values as a way to strengthen society and the state. It became an official state belief system during the Song dynasty as a result of an anti-Buddhism campaign and the increasing Mongol threat. Incorporated Buddhist ideas, combining them with a Confucian emphasis on traditional family rituals and gender roles. It also placed value on the civil service exam.	28
1066188026	Daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai	29
1066188027	Zamindars	a local official in Mongul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government	30
1066188028	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.	31
1066188029	Quipu	An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.The knots and their position on the string indicated numbers. Additionally, the colors of the strings represented different categories of information important to the government. For example, red strings were used to count warriors; yellow strings were used to count gold.	32
1066188030	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	33
1066188031	Serfs	People who gave their land to a lord and offered their servitude in return for protection from the lord.	34
1066188032	Sharia	Codified Islamic law which is ethically based on the Qur'an and the Hadith.	35
1066188033	Shia	a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam	36
1066188034	Southernization	Developments that were first made in Southern Asia and then spread to other places through trade and conquest	37
1066188035	Sufi	A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with God through mystical means	38
1066188036	Sultan	Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country	39
1066188037	Swahili	A Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast	40
1066188038	Tax farming	A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount	41
1066188039	Terraces	Broad platforms cut into hillsides to raise crops	42
1066188040	Synthesized	made by bringing together different elements	43
1066188041	Tribute collection	The payment of money, gifts, or even people to a ruling authority.Tributes could be made by eudal vassal to his lord or by rulers or nations, to acknowledge their submission to another ruler or to cover the coast of protection.	44

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AP World History-Unit 3 (600 CE-1450 CE), Section 2 Flashcards

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464588936	Kinship Groups	A family, clan, or other group based on kinship	0
464588937	Age Grades	A number of people or things classified together as being of similar age	1
464588938	Stateless Societies	A society that does not have its own state or government controlling the supreme power to make and enforce rules	2
464588939	Southernization	A series or process of developments (the idea of mathematics, spices, technologies, and cultivated products) that were first made in Southern Asia and then diffused to other places through trade and conquest	3
464588940	Chola Kingdom	850 CE-1267 CE An post-classical Indian dynasty that was based on maritime power, was not highly centralized, and existed within the southern region of India	4
464588941	Angkor Wat	c. 1100 CE The largest Hindu temple in the world, built by King Suryavarman II in present-day Angkor, and dedicated to the Hindu god of Vishnu	5
464588942	Melaka (Melacca)	c. 1300 CE A state of Malaysia (near present-day Singapore) founded by a Sumatran prince that was dominated by maritime trade routes and converted to Islam	6
464588943	Bantus	A general label for the 300 to 600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages, distributed from western Africa to central and eastern Africa to southern Africa	7
464588944	Sundiata	c. 1217 CE-c. 1255 CE The founder of the Mali Empire, a celebrated hero of the Mandinka people of West Africa, and also known as "The Lion King"	8
464588945	Mansa Musa	1312 CE-1337 CE The tenth ruler of Mali, and devout Muslim, whose extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world	9
464588946	Great Zimbabwe	c. 1250 CE-c. 1450 CE A ruined city that was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, contained many stone structures, and was a trading center and the capital of a large state	10
464588947	Axum	c. 400 BC- c. 900 CE A city in northern Ethiopia that was the original capital of the Kingdom of Axum, was a naval and trading power that ruled the region, and adopted Christianity	11
464588948	Tang Taizong	627 CE- 649 CE The second emperor of the Tang Dynasty	12
464588949	Zheng He	1405 CE-1433 CE A Muslim Hui-Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral who commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, Somalia, and the Swahili coast	13
464588950	Uighurs	c. 744 CE-c. 840 CE A Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia	14
464588951	Ibn Battuta	1304 CE-1369 CE A Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time, who wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan	15
464588952	Marco Polo	A Venetian merchant and traveler whose accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade	16
464588953	Mehmed II	1444 CE-1446 CE and 1451 CE-1481 CE The sultan of the Ottoman Empire who conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire at age 21	17
464588954	Tamerlane	1370 CE-1405 CE A Turkic ruler who conquered most of Asia, founded the Timurid dynasty, and was a military genius	18
464588955	Aztecs/Mexica	c. 1200 CE An indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico, known today as the rulers of the Aztec empire	19
464588956	Motecuzoma	1440 CE-1469 CE The fifth Aztec emperor, or king, of Tenochtitlan	20
464588957	Block-Printing	A technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia, originating in China in antiquity, as a method of printing on textiles and later paper	21
464588958	Bushido	A traditional code of the Japanese Samurai which stressed courage, loyalty, self-discipline, and simple living	22
464588959	Civil Service Examinations	A series of examinations implemented in various countries for admission into the civil service and as a method to achieve an effective, rational, public administration on a merit system	23
464588960	Equal-Field System	A system based on the idea that all land was owned by the government, which would then assign it to individual families	24
464588961	Fast-Ripening Rice	A form of rice acquired by the Chinese through trade with Vietnam, which ripens twice a year, allowing farmers to harvest more crops, and permitting the Chinese population to increase	25
464588962	Flying Cash	A paper currency of Tang Dynasty, enabling merchants to deposit goods or cash at one location and withdraw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China	26
464588963	Foot Binding	The Chinese custom of painfully binding the feet of young girls to prevent further growth	27

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AP World History-Unit 3 (600 CE-1450 CE), Section 1 Flashcards

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455308110	Bedouin	A member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs	0
455308111	Muhammad	c.570 CE-632 CE Arab prophet and founder of Islam. 610 CE: Received the first of a series of revelations that, as the Qur'an, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam 622 CE: Was forced, with his small group of supporters, to flee to Medina, leading his followers into a series of battles against the Meccans. In 630 CE, 630 CE: United most of Arabia.	1
455308112	Khadija	c. 555-619 CE A wealthy widow who became the first wife of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad	2
455308113	Abu Bakr	The first prophet, and Muhammad's friend, who was chosen by the umma to replace Muhammad's leadership role after his death and ascent to heaven	3
455308114	Ibn Rushd (Averroes)	An Andalusian Muslim polymath, a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics	4
455308115	Sufi(s)	A Muslim ascetic and mystic	5
455308116	Caliph	The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad, who is chosen by the members of his umma "Deputy"	6
455308117	Dar-al-Islam	An area where Muslims are in the majority "House of Islam"	7
455308118	Imam	The person who leads prayers in a Islamic mosque	8
455308119	Shari'a	The code of law derived from the Qur'an and from the teachings and example of Muhammad	9
455308120	Jizya	A tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue the practice of their own religion	10
455308121	Shi'ite Muslims	The smaller of the Islamic sects who believe that the caliph should be from the direct line of descent of Muhammad	11
455308122	Sunni Muslims	The larger of the Islamic sects who believe that the caliph be anyone who is chosen by the entire umma	12
455308123	Lateen Sail	A triangular fore-and-aft sail used especially in the Mediterranean	13
455308124	Bhakti	The devotional worship directed to one supreme deity, usually Vishnu or Shiva, by whose grace salvation may be attained by all, regardless of gender, caste, or class	14
455308125	Dhow	A lateen-rigged ship with one or two masts, used in the Indian Ocean	15
455308126	Deccan	A plateau in southern India, bounded by the Malabar Coast, the Coromandel Coast, and the Vindhaya mountains	16
455308127	Raja	The prince or king of India	17
455308128	Sultanate of Delhi	1206 CE-1526 CE five short-live dynasties that were all based in Delhi 1206 CE-1290 CE: Mamluk Dynasty 1290 CE-1320 CE: Khilji Dynasty 1320 CE-1414 CE: Tughlaq Dynasty 1414 CE-1451 CE: Sayyid Dynasty 1451 CE-1526 CE: Afghan Lodi Dynasty	18

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AP Human Geography: The Cultural Landscape: Chapter 6 Vocabulary Flashcards

Religion vocabulary definitions for Chapter 6 of The Cultural Landscape (10th Edition) by James M. Rubenstein for AP Human Geography.

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1132019296	Animism	Beliefs that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	0
1132019297	Autonomous Religion	A religion that doesn't have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.	1
1132019298	Branch	A large and fundamental division within a religion.	2
1132019299	Caste	The class of distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.	3
1132019300	Cosmogony	A Set of religious beliefs concerning origin of the universe.	4
1132019301	Denomination	A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body.	5
1132019302	Ethnic Religion	A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.	6
1132019303	Fundamentalism	Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).	7
1132019304	Ghetto	During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressures	8
1132019305	Hierarchical Religion	A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.	9
1132019306	Missionary	An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.	10
1132019307	Monotheism	The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.	11
1132019308	Pagan	A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.	12
1132019309	Pilgrimage	A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.	13
1132019310	Polytheism	Belief in or worship of more than one god.	14
1132019311	Sect	A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.	15
1132019312	Solstice	Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator., Astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth's axis is most inclined toward or away from the Sun, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to reach its most northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year.	16
1132019313	Universalizing Religion	A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular religion and seeks new followers.	17

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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 14 Flashcards

Mendel and the Gene Idea

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1200526019	character	Heritable feature that varies among individuals	0
1200526020	trait	genetically determined variant of a characteristic	1
1200526021	true breeding	term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate	2
1200526022	hybridization	the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties	3
1200526023	P generation	parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross	4
1200526024	F1 generation	the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms	5
1200526025	F2 generation	the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation	6
1200526026	alleles	different forms of a gene	7
1200526027	dominant	observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait	8
1200526028	recessive	The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism.	9
1200526029	law of segregation	first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed	10
1200526030	Punnet square	A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross	11
1200526031	homozygous	having two identical alleles for a trait	12
1200526032	heterozygous	having two different alleles for a trait	13
1200526033	genotype	the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism	14
1200526034	phenotype	physical characteristics of an organism	15
1200526035	test cross	the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype	16
1200526036	monohybrid cross	a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits	17
1200526037	dihybrid cross	a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene	18
1200526038	law of independent assortment	the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis	19
1200526039	multiplication rule	The rule that states that to determine the probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another	20
1200526040	addition rule	the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities	21
1200526041	complete dominance	a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another	22
1200526042	incomplete dominance	creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other	23
1200526043	codominance	a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed	24
1200526044	Tay-Sachs disease	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth.	25
1200526045	epistasis	the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene	26
1200526046	pleiotropy	A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype	27
1200526047	quantitative characters	characters that vary in the population along a continuum (in gradations)	28
1200526048	polygenic inheritance	An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character.	29
1200526049	norm of reaction	the range of phenotypic possibilities due to environmental influences.	30
1200526050	pedigree	a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family	31
1200526051	carriers	individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele	32
1200526052	Cystic Fibrosis	a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; (4% whites are carriers - most common lethal genetic disease)	33
1200526053	Sickle cell anemia	a genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape	34
1200526054	Huntington's disease	a degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is 35-45 yrs old	35
1200526055	amniocentesis	A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus.	36
1200526056	chorionic villus sampling	sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities	37
1200526057	multifactorial	Many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype.	38

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