AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 1076788716 | Built the ____ | Kremlin | 0 | |
| 1076788717 | Peasants could only roam once a ___ in the ____ | year in the wniter | 1 | |
| 1076788718 | Ivan IV is born | a bad omen (bc second wife) | 2 | |
| 1076788719 | Boyars try to do what? | Gain control of the Muscovite crown | 3 | |
| 1076788720 | Ivan IV witnesses what? | 14 different murders during his youth | 4 | |
| 1076788721 | takes over crown and calls himself ____ | tsar | 5 |
Understanding consciousness and what it encompasses is critical to an appreciation of what is meant by a given state of consciousness. The study of variations in consciousness includes an examination of the sleep cycle, dreams, hypnosis, and the effects of psychoactive drugs.
| 1387458159 | Consciousness | A person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior. | 0 | |
| 1387458160 | Altered State of Consciousness | State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness. | 1 | |
| 1387458161 | Depressants | Slows the functioning of the central nervous system, examples include; alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. | 2 | |
| 1387458162 | Stimulants | Speeds up the activity of the central nervous system, examples include; amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and tobacco. | 3 | |
| 1387458163 | Opiates | Provide loss of sensitivity to pain and induce sleepiness, examples include; codeine, morphine, and heroin. | 4 | |
| 1387458164 | Hallucinogens | Changes a person's perception, thinking, emotions, and self awareness, examples include; LSD, PCP, marijuana, and mushrooms. | 5 | |
| 1387458165 | Drug Dependence | A person's need for a drug in order to function normally. | 6 | |
| 1387458166 | Drug Addiction | The compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects. | 7 | |
| 1387458167 | Drug Tolerance | To need a higher dose of the substance to attain the same effect. | 8 | |
| 1387458168 | Drug Withdrawal | To abruptly stop using the substance. | 9 | |
| 1387458169 | William James | Stream of Consciousness. | 10 | |
| 1387458170 | Sigmund Freud | He came up with the idea of manifest content and latent content. | 11 | |
| 1387458171 | Manifest Content | The images of the dream that a person can recall. | 12 | |
| 1387458172 | Latent Content | The deeper, underlying meaning of a dream. | 13 | |
| 1387458173 | Hypnosis | A state of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion. | 14 | |
| 1387458174 | Suggestibility | Being readily influenced. | 15 | |
| 1387458175 | Basic Suggestion Effect | Gives people an excuse to do things they might not otherwise do because the burden of responsibility for their actions falls on the hypnotist. | 16 | |
| 1387458176 | Pain | Hypnosis is a handy way to help people relax and control pain. | 17 | |
| 1387458177 | Dissociate | Break a connection with something. It is used to relieve pain or a feeling through putting the attention of the subject to something else. | 18 | |
| 1387458178 | Ernest Hilgard | He is inventor of the Hypnosis as Dissociation. He thinks that while hypnotized the immediate conscious mind of a person drifts a way in some relaxed state. But a part of the mind ("hidden observer") stays fully aware of everything that's happening. | 19 | |
| 1387458179 | Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis | It assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected from them in the situation. | 20 | |
| 1387458180 | Daydreaming | A form of consciousness involving fantasies that are usually spontaneous, they occur while a person is awake. | 21 | |
| 1387458181 | Walking Consciousness | When a person is awake and alert. | 22 | |
| 1387458182 | Adaptive Theory of Sleep | When a person sleeps to avoid the patterns of predators. | 23 | |
| 1387458183 | Restorative Theory | Sleep that replenishes chemicals and repairs cellular damage. | 24 | |
| 1387458184 | Non-REM Sleep | Sleep that encompasses stages 1,2,3, and 4. | 25 | |
| 1387458185 | REM Sleep | Sleep stage in which the sleeper experiences dreams, high brain activity, and sleep paralysis. | 26 | |
| 1387458186 | Sleep Stage 1 | The lightest sleep stage. | 27 | |
| 1387458187 | Sleep Stage 2 | The most common sleep stage in which the brain can still process auditory information. | 28 | |
| 1387458188 | Sleep Stage 3 and 4 | The two deepest stages of sleep. | 29 | |
| 1387458189 | Repression | Freud's theory that states that we forget dreams because they would produce anxiety if we remembered them. | 30 | |
| 1387458190 | Interference | The theory that states that we forget dreams because our brain is working to wake up. | 31 | |
| 1387458191 | Hypersomnia | Excessive daytime sleepiness. | 32 | |
| 1387458192 | Parasomnia | The behavior that disturbs a person's sleep. | 33 | |
| 1387458193 | Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder that causes excessive sleepiness and frequent daytime sleep attacks. There is no cure, but some prescriptions can control or reduce the symptoms. | 34 | |
| 1387458194 | Insomnia | Having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep through the night. Some drugs can help, therapy from psychologists can also help treat the symptoms. | 35 | |
| 1387458195 | Sleep Apnea | A common disorder in which a patient has one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep. Lifestyle changes such as losing weight and quitting smoking can help control these symptoms, as well as a machine called the CPAP. | 36 | |
| 1387458196 | Night Terrors | Feelings of great fear experienced on suddenly waking in the night interrupting Non-REM sleep. Stress-reducing therapy can help reduce these symptoms. | 37 | |
| 1387458197 | Nightmares | Frightening or unpleasant dreams. Anxiety treatment can help reduce the symptoms. | 38 | |
| 1387458198 | Anesthetic Awareness | The situation that occurs when a patient under general anesthesia becomes aware of some or all events during surgery or a procedure, and has direct recall of those events. | 39 | |
| 1387458199 | Enuresis | Urination during sleep, typically occurs during stage 4. | 40 | |
| 1387458200 | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | The unexpected, sudden death of a child under age 1 in which an autopsy does not show an explainable cause of death. Parents can prevent this by having their child sleep in a crib on their back in the same room as their parents. | 41 | |
| 1387458201 | Somnambulism (Sleepwalking) | A disorder that occurs when people walk or do another activity while they are still asleep, typically in stage 3 or 4. | 42 | |
| 1387458202 | role theory of hypnosis | states that hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness at all; some people are more easily hypnotized than others (hypnotic suggestibility) | 43 | |
| 1387458203 | state theory of hypnosis | Hypnosis meets some parts of the definition for an altered state of consciousness; we become more or less aware of our environments | 44 | |
| 1387458204 | dissociation theory of hypnosis | hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily; one part or level responds to the suggestions of the hypnotist while another part or level retains awareness of reality | 45 | |
| 1387458205 | posthypnotic amnesia | supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion | 46 | |
| 1387458206 | posthypnotic suggestion | A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized | 47 | |
| 1387458207 | agonists | Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell. | 48 | |
| 1387458208 | antagonist | A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors. | 49 | |
| 1387458209 | nonconscious level | Completely inaccessible to concious awareness (ex: body processes, invouluntary/automatic systems) | 50 | |
| 1387458210 | preconscious level | A level of mental activity that is not currently conscious but of which we can easily become conscious. | 51 | |
| 1387458211 | subconscious level | info you are not aware of, but it is known to exist based on on your behavior | 52 | |
| 1387458212 | unconscious level | A level of mental activity that influences consciousness but is not conscious. | 53 |
| 89450256 | ingestion | the first stage of food processing in animals: the act of eating | 0 | |
| 89450257 | bilateral symmetry | animals can be divided into mirror images by a single plane | 1 | |
| 89450258 | asymmetry | animals that have no plane of symmetry; ex: jellyfish | 2 | |
| 89450259 | deuterostomes | animals whose anus develops from the blastopore | 3 | |
| 89450260 | radial symmetry | when an organism has one main axis around which its body parts are arranged | 4 | |
| 89450261 | protostomes | animals whose mouth develops from the blastopore. | 5 | |
| 89450262 | body plan | the entire structure of an animal, its organ systems, and the integrated functioning of its parts | 6 | |
| 89450263 | dosal | the top of an animal with radial or bilateral symmetry | 7 | |
| 89450264 | ventral | the underside, or bottom, of an animal with bilateral symmetry | 8 |
Start Point is the Desktop.
Gadgets-programs we add to our desktop
Mouse Pointer-a thing we point with on the computer
Hover-moving the mouse over something without clicking on it
Task Bar-has the start button and time plus I can pin things to it
Pin-allows me to attach my mosty used programns to the taskbar
Jumplist- right click on icon on taskbar,allows you to access recent files
Show Desktop Button-at the end of the taskbar
Recycle Bin-where things I delete go.
I can get them back until I empty it.
Snap-allows me to resize my screens to halfscreen
Default-a program ir compoter setting,I can change them.
Active Window- the window I am currently working in(you cannot work on more than one at a time)
Status Bar-(bootom of your window)
Peek-allows to see what windows are open
Scoll Bars- vertical and horizontal
Hot Keys-1.copy-CTRL+C 2.cut-CTRL+X 3.paste-CTRL+V
4.undo-CTRL+Z 5.redo-CTRL+Y 6.select all-CTRL+A 7.go to the end-CTRL+END KEY 8.go to the beginning-CTRL+HOME
| 1763540339 | l | o | 0 | |
| 1763540340 | y | d | 1 |
WCA Ancient History final study spring 2009
| 26824376 | hegemony | the dominance or influence of one society over another | 0 | |
| 26824377 | Mycenaean (Bronze) Age | 2000-1100 BC -- Trojan War, Heroic Age | 1 | |
| 26824378 | Dark (Iron) Age | 1100-750 BC -- Homer | 2 | |
| 26824379 | Archaic Age | 750-500 BC -- Rise of Cities | 3 | |
| 26824380 | Classical Age | 500-336 BC -- Pericles of Athens, literature and the arts, philosophy | 4 | |
| 26824381 | Hellenistic Age | 336-27 BC -- Alexander the Great, Rise of Rome | 5 |
Unit 8: Ecology
| 543728312 | abiotic | non-living | 0 | |
| 543728313 | biotic | living | 1 | |
| 543728314 | organismal biology | study of behavioral, morphological, and physiological responses of an org to its abiotic and biotic environment | 2 | |
| 543728315 | population ecology | study of factors that control the size of populations | 3 | |
| 543728316 | community ecology | study of interaction between populations (predation and competition) | 4 | |
| 543728317 | ecosystem ecology | study of abiotic factors and biological community (flow of energy and chemical recycling) | 5 | |
| 543728318 | landscape ecology | study of impact of juxtaposition of different ecosystems | 6 | |
| 543728319 | biosphere (global ecosystem) | layer of Earth inhabited by life | 7 | |
| 543728320 | precautionary principle | used to guide decisions affecting the balance of an ecosystem or environment | 8 | |
| 543728321 | biogeography | past and present distribution of species | 9 | |
| 543728322 | dispersal | area inaccessible | 10 | |
| 543728323 | behavior | habitat selection | 11 | |
| 543728324 | tens rule | applies to introduced species (1 in 10 are successful, 1 in 10 become a pest) | 12 | |
| 543728325 | temperature | affects metabolism and enzyme activity | 13 | |
| 543728326 | water | availability of water affects organisms | 14 | |
| 543728327 | sunlight | intensity and quality of light are limiting factors in aquatic enviros, plants and animals sensitive to photoperiod | 15 | |
| 543728328 | wind | increases rate of heat and water loss, affects plant morphology | 16 | |
| 543728329 | rocks and soil | vary in physical structure, pH, mineral composition, affect distribution of plants and therefore animals | 17 | |
| 543728330 | biome | major type of ecosystem found in broad geographic regions | 18 | |
| 543728331 | climograph | plots annual mean temperature and rainfall for a region | 19 | |
| 543728332 | solar radiation | heats the atmosphere, land, and water, creates patterns of temp variation, air circulations, and water evap, causes latitudinal variations in climate | 20 | |
| 543728333 | trophics | receive greatest amount and least variation of solar radiation | 21 | |
| 543728334 | biannual turnover | occurs in lakes, bring oxygenated water to the bottom and nutrient-rich water to the surface | 22 | |
| 543728335 | microclimate | climates within an area with different abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms | 23 | |
| 543728336 | global warming | affects geographical climate limits therefore affecting various plant and tree species through seed dispersal | 24 | |
| 543728337 | photic zone | zone in aquatic biome that receives sufficient light for photosynthesis | 25 | |
| 543728338 | aphotic zone | zone in aquatic biome that does not receive sufficient light for photosynthesis | 26 | |
| 543728339 | thermocline | separates warmer surface water from cold bottom layer | 27 | |
| 543728340 | benthic zone | bottom substrate in water body home to benthos | 28 | |
| 543728341 | benthos | organisms that live in the benthic zone | 29 | |
| 543728342 | detritus | debris that settles to the bottom (aphotic, benthic, profund), serves as food for benthos | 30 | |
| 543728343 | littoral zone | shallow water close to shore support rooted and floated aquatic life | 31 | |
| 543728344 | limnetic zone | open surface waters occupied by phytoplankton and zooplankton | 32 | |
| 543728345 | oligotrophic lake | nutrient poor, deep, clear, non productive | 33 | |
| 543728346 | eutrophic lake | nutrient rich, shallow, support productive phytoplankton communities | 34 | |
| 543728347 | mesotrophic lake | moderate amount of nutrients and phytoplankton | 35 | |
| 543728348 | cultural eutrophication | dumping of human waste into oligotrophic lakes converting them into eutrophic lakes | 36 | |
| 543728349 | wetlands | areas covered with water and hydrophytes | 37 | |
| 543728350 | hydrophytes | water plants | 38 | |
| 543728351 | estuaries | where freshwater river or stream meets the ocean, low oxygen levels, high in nutrient content and productivity | 39 | |
| 543728352 | headwater of stream | shallow water, capillaries of main streams, high nutrient content, high productivity | 40 | |
| 543728353 | turbid river | cloudy water, low oxygen level, high nutrient content, low productivity | 41 | |
| 543728354 | intertidal zone | shore line of water body, rocky or sandy beaches | 42 | |
| 543728355 | neritic zone | shallow region over continental shelf | 43 | |
| 543728356 | oceanic zone | great depths of the ocean | 44 | |
| 543728357 | pelagic zone | open water of any depth | 45 | |
| 543728358 | coral reefs | highly productive biomes, coral has calcium carbonate structured skeletons | 46 | |
| 543728359 | oceanic pelagic biome | typically nutrient poor, home to buoyant phytoplankton | 47 | |
| 543728360 | abyssal zone | deep benthic region where light does not penetrate | 48 | |
| 543728361 | deep sea hydrothermal vents | create hot, low oxygen environments in the abyssal zone | 49 | |
| 543728362 | ecotone | where biomes grade into each other | 50 | |
| 543728363 | tropical forests | biome within 23* latitude of equator, rainfall is abundant, much vertical stratification | 51 | |
| 543728364 | savannas | biome with tropical and subtropical grasslands with scattered trees and rainy and dry seasons | 52 | |
| 543728365 | deserts | biome with low and unpredictable rainfall, can be hot or cold, animals adapt to dry conditions | 53 | |
| 543728366 | chaparral | biome common along coastlines in midlatitudes with mild, rainy winters, hot, dry summers and periodic fires | 54 | |
| 543728367 | temperate grasslands | biome maintained by fires, seasonal drought, and grazing by large mammals with soils that are deep and rich in nutrients | 55 | |
| 543728368 | temperate deciduous forests | biome with midlatitude regions with adequate moisture to support the growth of large trees that drop leaves before winter | 56 | |
| 543728369 | coniferous forest or taiga | biome found in northern latitudes with harsh winters and heavy snowfall, trees grow uniformly and do not drop needles before winter | 57 | |
| 543728370 | tundra | biome with dwarfed or matlike vegetation, northernmost biome | 58 | |
| 543728371 | alpine tundra | biome found at all latitudes on high mountains above the tree line, similar vegetation to that of a tundra | 59 |
Windows 7 adds loads of great shortcuts for switching between apps, moving windows around your screen, moving them to another monitor altogether, and much more. Here's a quick-reference master list of the best new Windows 7 shortcuts.
| 56459018 | Win+Home | Clear all but the active window. | 0 | |
| 56459019 | Win+Space | All windows become transparent so you can see through to the desktop. | 1 | |
| 56459020 | Win+Up arrow | Maximize the active window. | 2 | |
| 56459021 | Shift+Win+Up arrow | Maximize the active window vertically. | 3 | |
| 56459022 | Win+Down arrow | Minimize the window/Restore the window if it's maximized. | 4 | |
| 56459023 | Win+Left/Right arrows | Dock the window to each side of the monitor. | 5 | |
| 56459024 | Shift+Win+Left/Right arrows | Move the window to the monitor on the left or right. | 6 | |
| 56459025 | Win+number (1-9) | Starts the application pinned to the taskbar in that position, or switches to that program. | 7 | |
| 56459026 | Shift+Win+number (1-9) | Starts a new instance of the application pinned to the taskbar in that position. | 8 | |
| 56459027 | Ctrl+Win+number (1-9) | Cycles through open windows for the application pinned to the taskbar in that position. | 9 | |
| 56459028 | Alt+Win+number (1-9) | Opens the Jump List for the application pinned to the taskbar. | 10 | |
| 56459029 | Win+T | Focus and scroll through items on the taskbar. | 11 | |
| 56459030 | Win+B | Focuses the System Tray icons | 12 | |
| 56459031 | Shift+Click on a taskbar button | Open a program or quickly open another instance of a program. | 13 | |
| 56459032 | Ctrl+Shift+Click on a taskbar button | Open a program as an administrator. | 14 | |
| 56459033 | Shift+Right-click on a taskbar button | Show the window menu for the program (like XP does). | 15 | |
| 56459034 | Shift+Right-click on a grouped taskbar button | Show the window menu for the group. | 16 | |
| 56459035 | Ctrl+Click on a grouped taskbar button | Cycle through the windows of the group. | 17 | |
| 56459036 | Ctrl+Shift+N | Creates a new folder in Windows Explorer. | 18 | |
| 56459037 | Alt+Up | Goes up a folder level in Windows Explorer. | 19 | |
| 56459038 | Alt+P | Toggles the preview pane in Windows Explorer. | 20 | |
| 56459039 | Shift+Right-Click on a file | Adds Copy as Path, which copies the path of a file to the clipboard. | 21 | |
| 56459040 | Shift+Right-Click on a file | Adds extra hidden items to the Send To menu. | 22 | |
| 56459041 | Shift+Right-Click on a folder | Adds Command Prompt Here, which lets you easily open a command prompt in that folder. | 23 | |
| 56459042 | Win+P | Adjust presentation settings for your display. | 24 | |
| 56459043 | Win+(+/-) | Zoom in/out. | 25 | |
| 56459044 | Win+G | Cycle between the Windows Gadgets on your screen. | 26 |
Windows 7 adds loads of great shortcuts for switching between apps, moving windows around your screen, moving them to another monitor altogether, and much more. Here's a quick-reference master list of the best new Windows 7 shortcuts.
| 56459018 | Win+Home | Clear all but the active window. | 0 | |
| 56459019 | Win+Space | All windows become transparent so you can see through to the desktop. | 1 | |
| 56459020 | Win+Up arrow | Maximize the active window. | 2 | |
| 56459021 | Shift+Win+Up arrow | Maximize the active window vertically. | 3 | |
| 56459022 | Win+Down arrow | Minimize the window/Restore the window if it's maximized. | 4 | |
| 56459023 | Win+Left/Right arrows | Dock the window to each side of the monitor. | 5 | |
| 56459024 | Shift+Win+Left/Right arrows | Move the window to the monitor on the left or right. | 6 | |
| 56459025 | Win+number (1-9) | Starts the application pinned to the taskbar in that position, or switches to that program. | 7 | |
| 56459026 | Shift+Win+number (1-9) | Starts a new instance of the application pinned to the taskbar in that position. | 8 | |
| 56459027 | Ctrl+Win+number (1-9) | Cycles through open windows for the application pinned to the taskbar in that position. | 9 | |
| 56459028 | Alt+Win+number (1-9) | Opens the Jump List for the application pinned to the taskbar. | 10 | |
| 56459029 | Win+T | Focus and scroll through items on the taskbar. | 11 | |
| 56459030 | Win+B | Focuses the System Tray icons | 12 | |
| 56459031 | Shift+Click on a taskbar button | Open a program or quickly open another instance of a program. | 13 | |
| 56459032 | Ctrl+Shift+Click on a taskbar button | Open a program as an administrator. | 14 | |
| 56459033 | Shift+Right-click on a taskbar button | Show the window menu for the program (like XP does). | 15 | |
| 56459034 | Shift+Right-click on a grouped taskbar button | Show the window menu for the group. | 16 | |
| 56459035 | Ctrl+Click on a grouped taskbar button | Cycle through the windows of the group. | 17 | |
| 56459036 | Ctrl+Shift+N | Creates a new folder in Windows Explorer. | 18 | |
| 56459037 | Alt+Up | Goes up a folder level in Windows Explorer. | 19 | |
| 56459038 | Alt+P | Toggles the preview pane in Windows Explorer. | 20 | |
| 56459039 | Shift+Right-Click on a file | Adds Copy as Path, which copies the path of a file to the clipboard. | 21 | |
| 56459040 | Shift+Right-Click on a file | Adds extra hidden items to the Send To menu. | 22 | |
| 56459041 | Shift+Right-Click on a folder | Adds Command Prompt Here, which lets you easily open a command prompt in that folder. | 23 | |
| 56459042 | Win+P | Adjust presentation settings for your display. | 24 | |
| 56459043 | Win+(+/-) | Zoom in/out. | 25 | |
| 56459044 | Win+G | Cycle between the Windows Gadgets on your screen. | 26 |
| 2000975229 | 18th Century | Final phase of old order | 0 | |
| 2000975230 | Monarchs | They ruled states well into the 18th century | 1 | |
| 2000975231 | Divine right | No longer used as a claim for monarchy power | 2 | |
| 2000975232 | Utilitarian Argument | The services a monarch must provide to its people. i.e. defend, oversee agriculture, encourage the economy This argument was praised by philosophes | 3 | |
| 2000975233 | Enlightened absolutism | New type of monarch which emerged at this time Rulers who followed the advice of philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria They were not war mongers | 4 | |
| 2000975234 | Shift of power in the 16th Century | European economic power shifted to Mediterranean and the Atlantic seaboard | 5 | |
| 2000975235 | Shift of power in the 17th Century | The English and Dutch expanded as Spain and Portugal declined | 6 | |
| 2000975236 | Shift of power in the 18th Century | Dutch weakened and English and France build commercial empires and the true global ecconomy | 7 | |
| 2000975237 | France leading up to Louis XV | France monarchy was not influenced by the philosophes and the reforms Louis XIV left France with a great amount of debt, an unhappy populace, and a 5-year-old leader The Duke of Orleans took power until Louis XV was ready France in the 18th century received a strong economic revival due to the Enlightenment | 8 | |
| 2000975238 | Louis XV | Lazy and a weak ruler of France easily influenced by ministers and mistresses Goes to war and bankrupted France | 9 | |
| 2000975239 | Pompadour | Charmed Louis to gain both power and wealth while making important government decisions | 10 | |
| 2000975240 | Louis XVI | Even worse of a ruler than his predecessor and helped lead to the French revolution | 11 | |
| 2000975241 | natural rights | Inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person equality before the law, freedom of religion, freedom of speech and press, assemble, property, happiness essentially the Bill of rights | 12 | |
| 2000975242 | Philosophes opinion on rulers | most people needed the direction provided by an enlightenment ruler They said an enlightenment ruler must allow natural rights Ruler must not be arbitrary in their rule -Practice what you preach! Essentially absolute rulers who were swayed by enlightened principles *This was the opinion of what group? | 13 | |
| 2000975243 | British Parliament | Glorious revolution prevented absolutism Power was to be shared between the king and Parliament giving parliament the slight upper hand | 14 | |
| 2000975244 | Patronage | Since house of commons was elected from boroughs wealthy people could control appointments to an office | 15 | |
| 2000975245 | How British Parliament gained more power | When the queen died in 1714 the crown was handed to protestant rulers of Germany They did not speak English so the Parliament took even more control Big step to the modern cabinet system in British Government Authority of the crown continued to diminish due to the corrupt electoral system and the loss of America People criticized the king | 16 | |
| 2000975246 | Dutch | This state experienced a decline in economic prosperity | 17 | |
| 2000975247 | Frederick William 1st | He developed the army and the bureaucracy that were the backbone of Prussia Promoted the evolution of Prussia's highly efficient civil bureaucracy Established the General Directory He bonded nobility and the army, and therefore the nobility to the government | 18 | |
| 2000975248 | General Directory | chief administrative agent of the central government, supervised the military, police, economic, and finance | 19 | |
| 2000975249 | Supreme values of Frederick William 1st | obedience, honor, and service to the King | 20 | |
| 2000975250 | Prussia | Peasants had few rights and were tied to the nobility only way to gain rights as a peasant was to join the army Junkers still played a dominating role Army was the backbone of the State 4th largest army 13th most populous | 21 | |
| 2000975251 | Prussian militarism | extreme happiness with military ventures | 22 | |
| 2000975252 | Frederick 2nd the Great | well educated and cultured monarch Initially he followed philosophes recommendations and Established a code of laws eliminating the use of torture -also granted limited freedom of speech, press, and religious toleration Took away power of peasants in the army Social conservative Quick to use military By the end of his reign prussia was recognized as a great European power Floutist | 23 | |
| 2000975253 | Prussia-Austria conflict | Seized the Austrian province of Silesia for Prussia This act helped lead to the two major wars The war of Australian succession The seven Years war | 24 | |
| 2000975254 | Prussia | Well known for its efficiency, honesty, and army | 25 | |
| 2000975255 | Austria | One of the great European states by the 18th century Vienna was the center of the Habsburg monarchy Struggled creating common law and a centralized administration | 26 | |
| 2000975256 | Theresa | Leader of Austria Following the loss of the War of Austrian Silesia she reformed her empire She divided the Austrian lands to elect officials to make Austria more centralized Outcome of reforms was the strengthening power of the state and modernization of the Army She was not open to social reform | 27 | |
| 2000975257 | Theresa | She forced the clergy and nobles to pay property and income taxes in preparations for the next conflict with Prussia | 28 | |
| 2000975258 | Joseph 2nd | He was open to reform Chief goal was to enhance Hapsburg power Leader of Austria following Theresa | 29 | |
| 2000975259 | Reforms of Joseph the 2nd | Abolished serfdom and tried to give peasants rights abolished the death penalty complete religious toleration German as the official language | 30 | |
| 2000975260 | Outcome of Joseph the 2nd reforms | alienated the nobility by freeing serfs Alienated the church Serfs were unhappy, they didn't fully understand his policies German as the official language alienated non-Germans | 31 | |
| 2000975261 | Catherine the Great | When her husband was murdered she became the leader of Russia Wished to reform Russia along Enlightenment ideas At the same time she didn't want to alienate Russia Nobility Divided Russia into provinces Each district elected their officials and were responcible for their province | 32 | |
| 2000975262 | Catherine the Great | She wrote "Instruction" | 33 | |
| 2000975263 | "Instruction" | Written by Catherine the Great Questioned the institutions of serfdom, torture and capital punishment Advocated for the principle of equality for all in the eyes of the law Produced little change | 34 | |
| 2000975264 | Peasant revolt under Catherine | Peasants revolted after the government began to restrict free peasants in districts from leaving The revolt's momentum soon stopped due to government forces effectiveness Catherine responded with even more repression of peasantry rural reform halted and serfdom expanded to new areas | 35 | |
| 2000975265 | Pugachev | A Cossack who led the Peasant revolt in Russia He won the support of peasants by issuing a manifesto that freed them from oppressive taxes and military service He was later captured, tortured, and executed | 36 | |
| 2000975266 | Poland's destruction | Example of why a strong monarch is needed in early modern Europe Elected Polish king was forced to accept drastic restriction on his power Weak king was seen as an invitation to invade from other countries Austria, Russia, and Prussia contributed to Poland's destruction The three divided up Poland equally to avoid war This shows why building a strong, absolute state was essential to survival in the 17th and 18th century | 37 | |
| 2000975267 | Spain | This state's rule shifted from the Hapsburg to the Bourbons Philip 5th centralized Spain through his laws, institutions, and language | 38 | |
| 2000975268 | Italian States | Austria was now the dominating force here following the Peace of Utrecht, not Spain | 39 | |
| 2000975269 | Portugal | Experienced a decline following the Glorious revolution | 40 | |
| 2000975270 | The Scandinavian States | Sweden had become the dominant power in northern Europe Sweden power declined as a result of nobility gaining power Power was later returned to a monarchy thanks to Gustavus Gustavus was enlightened and established freedom of speech, religion, and press introduced Laissez-faire | 41 | |
| 2000975271 | 3 Rulers who believed in Enlightened absolutism | Joseph, Frederick, and Catherine Joseph was the only one who truly sought radical changes based on the enlightenment State necessities took precedence over Enlightenment for the other two | 42 | |
| 2000975272 | Enlightened Absolutism | Rulers seeked legal reform, religious tolerance, and the extension of education to create more satisfied subject and to make a stronger government Military, political, and social realities limited their abilities to make real change and reforms | 43 | |
| 2000975273 | Cardinal Fleury | Cardinal who was in power when Louis 15th was a child Did a great job at staying out of wars | 44 | |
| 2000975274 | 7 Years War | Loss of Empire Stared in the New world then came to Europe France lost all of their NA Colonies | 45 | |
| 2000975275 | Robert Walpole | First Prime Minister of Great Britian -ministerial power -peaceful foreign policy | 46 | |
| 2000975276 | William Pitt the Elder | Replaces Walpole Aggressive foreign policy Helped lead to the 7 years war | 47 | |
| 2000975277 | George 3 | This king of England lost the American colonies | 48 | |
| 2000975278 | Enlightenment ideals | Equality under the law universal treatment Freedom of religion Freedom of speech/press Freedom to assemble Right to pursue happiness Support of education | 49 | |
| 2000975279 | Philosophes | They condemned war as a foolish waste of life and resources | 50 | |
| 2000975280 | Balance of Power | The prevention of creating one state which dominates the others Idea of counterbalancing the power of one state by another. Did not however create a desire for peace | 51 | |
| 2000975281 | reason of state | Dynasties who ruled were very short term thinkers who only cared about their family This idea is looking beyond dynastic interests to the long-term future of their states Frederick II and William Pitt the Elder did this Motivated diplomacy and created country foreign policy | 52 | |
| 2000975282 | Organization of army | 18th Century: More efficient control of power in the hands of bureaucrats who could collect taxes and organize states | 53 | |
| 2000975283 | the War of Austrian Succession | Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of the empress Theresa to invade Austria France also entered as France is enemies with Austria Theresa made an alliance with Great Britain GB feared the growth of France War spread all over Europe and outside of Europe Outcomes: Prussia won Silesia -France lost some NA colonies -English got some colonies Ended with the Peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | 54 | |
| 2000975284 | Charles VI | Austrian ruler who was unable to produce a male Heir and feared giving the thrown to his daughter Theresa He negotiated the Pragmatic sanction which was getting other European powers to recogized his daughter as the true heir | 55 | |
| 2000975285 | Pragmatic Sanction | When Charles VI tried getting other European powers to recognize his daughter as the true heir this was called | 56 | |
| 2000975286 | Outcomes of the Australian War of Succession | Outcomes: Land exchanges with no clear winner Land returned to original owners but Prussia kept Silesia | 57 | |
| 2000975287 | Peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | promised the return of all occupied territories to it's original owner Prussia would not give up Silesia to Austria This prompted the next conflict | 58 | |
| 2000975288 | The Seven Years' War Background | Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia Build army and worked diplomatically for its return Achieved a diplomatic revolution | 59 | |
| 2000975289 | The Seven Years' War Conflict | Britians and Prussians Vs. Austrians, Russians, and French Frederick II made impressive initial defeat of Austria, Russia, and France with his superb army His forces were gradually worn down as he has surrounded with enemies attack When Elizabeth of Russia died her son Peter III who was a great admirer of Frederick withdrew his troops from the conflict and occupied Prussian lands created a stalemate and helped move to peace | 60 | |
| 2000975290 | The Seven Years' War in India | French and Britain supported opposing Indian Princes British under Clive ultimately won Clive was the leader of the Army of the British East India Company | 61 | |
| 2000975291 | 3 Major areas of conflict in the Seven Years War | Europe, India, North America Some argue this was the first world war Conflict in Europe | 62 | |
| 2000975292 | Seven Years War alliances | Britain and France were rivals of colonial empires Prussia and Austria were rivals of Silesia France now allied with Austria instead of Prussia Russia joined this alliance Great Britain allied with Prussia | 63 | |
| 2000975293 | Seven Years War | Britians and Prussians Vs. Austrians, Russians, and French | 64 | |
| 2000975294 | Peace of Hubertusburg | Ended the Conflict All occupied territories were removed Austria finally recognized Silesia | 65 | |
| 2000975295 | Treaty of Paris | This made French withdraw from India and left it for the British Seceded Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi to Britian Spain gave Florida to GB France gave their Louisiana Territory to the Spanish France loses all claim to North America Territory | 66 | |
| 2000975296 | the French and Indian War | French settled along the Mississippi river while the 13 colonies were already in place This cut off a vast area for GB expansion French made allies with the Indians who were seen as less threatening than the British William Pitt the Elder was determined for the destruction of the France colony French were forced to make peace after a series of British gains | 67 | |
| 2000975297 | Two areas of contention in the French and Indian War | Waterways of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence Unsettled Ohio River valley | 68 | |
| 2000975298 | Army hierarchical structure | Officers were primarily aristocracy middle class were kept out of higher ranks rank-and-file soldiers came from lower class | 69 | |
| 2000975299 | The nature of Warfare | Bigger armies did not make more destructive wars No longer driven by religious ideology Cost of large armies limited counties war objectives | 70 | |
| 2000975300 | Standing army | Size of armies increased Army hierarchical structure Officers were primarily aristocracy middle class were kept out of higher ranks rank-and-file soldiers came from lower class | 71 | |
| 2000975301 | "House" | association whose collective interests were more important than those of the individual whole was more important than individual | 72 | |
| 2000975302 | Primogeniture | The practice of treating the first son as the favorite This came under attack in the 18th century | 73 | |
| 2000975303 | foundling homes | orphanage-like homes for unwanted children often sent because parents had too many children solution to infanticide (common practice where parents would murder their children because they couldn't take care of them i.e. suffocating them in their bed) fatal for babies with 50-90% mortality rates children who survived were sent into miserable jobs | 74 | |
| 2000975304 | nuclear family | a couple and their dependent children regarded as a basic social unit | 75 | |
| 2000975305 | Tull | He discovered that using a hoe kept soil loose which allowed air and moisture to reach the plants and grow better used a drill to plant seeds to plant seeds in a row rather than by hand | 76 | |
| 2000975306 | enclosure acts | Allowed agricultural lands to be legaly enclosed Destroyed traditional village life in England Made farming more industrial and urban | 77 | |
| 2000975307 | the Bank of England | Decline in the supply of gold and silver led to the need for more liquid forms of money The Bank was created to fill this problem loaned money to the government in exchange for "banknotes" which were equivalent to paper substitute for gold and silver currency created "national debt" which was different from the monarch's personal debts allowed governments to finance larger armies | 78 | |
| 2000975308 | John Law | Attempted to create a national bank and paper currency in France Bank went bankrupt and people lost faith in paper money | 79 | |
| 2000975309 | textiles | Woolen cloth 75% of Britain's exports | 80 | |
| 2000975310 | cottage industry | "Putting-out" or "domestic" system Capitalists buy raw good, give goods to rural workers, rural workers return the raw goods as cloth, Capitalists sell for profit | 81 | |
| 2000975311 | water frame | Growing demand for cotton and the cottage industry could not keep up Richard Arkwright invented the this Powered by water or horse it turned out yarn much faster rural workers were threatened by its growth and called for its destruction | 82 | |
| 2000975312 | Arkwright | He invented the water frame | 83 | |
| 2000975313 | infanticide | common practice where parents would murder their children because they couldn't take care of them i.e. suffocating them in their bed | 84 | |
| 2000975314 | Clive | He was the leader of the Army of the British East India Company | 85 | |
| 2000975315 | social status | This was still largely determined by wealth old order began to crumble in this time period | 86 | |
| 2000975316 | peasants | largest social group 85% of Europe's population large differences between peasants in different regions 2 types: free peasant versus serf | 87 | |
| 2000975317 | Free Peasants | South West Europe legally free Had to pay tithes | 88 | |
| 2000975318 | serfs | Eastern Europe Peasants who were bound to the land they worked on could not marry or move without the lord's permission Approached Slavery in some cases | 89 | |
| 2000975319 | tithes | A portion of peasant crops which would be given to priests towns, and aristocrats | 90 | |
| 2000975320 | Villages | center of the peasants social life maintained public order | 91 | |
| 2000975321 | nobility | 2-3% of European population top of the social order better diet Important military roles Controlled most of the government | 92 | |
| 2000975322 | Georgian country house | Country houses were seen as the pinnacle of aristocrat life Country Houses were large estates of wealthy nobles The Georgian style was the most popular in the 18th century Classical design Created houses with "Privacy" | 93 | |
| 2000975323 | Frederick II the Great | "First servant of his state" | 94 | |
| 2000975324 | Sanssouri | Fredrick the Great's Palace in Potsdom | 95 | |
| 2000975325 | Austria, Prussia, Russia | 3 Countries that split Poland (Alphabetical order) | 96 | |
| 2000975326 | War of Austrian Succesion | France, Prussia, Spain, Vs. Austria, GB, Russia | 97 | |
| 2000975327 | The seven Years war | "The First world war" | 98 | |
| 2000975328 | The seven Years war | France, Austria, Russia Vs. GB, Prussia | 99 | |
| 2000975329 | Diplomatic revolution | When france united with Austria rather than Prussia and GB united with Prussia rather than Austria | 100 | |
| 2000975330 | London | This city replaced Amsterdam as the leading banking city in Europe | 101 | |
| 2000975331 | Nobility, Clergy, Peasants | 3 estates | 102 | |
| 2000975332 | "the grand tour" | Going around Europe traveling to get a better education rich families | 103 | |
| 2000975333 | Poverty | Increased in this time period Higher percentage of poor people Europeans start caring less about the state of the extremely poor | 104 | |
| 2000975334 | monasticism | christian idea of a mystical experience with god | 105 | |
| 2000975335 | Limited monarchy | system of government where monarchy is limited by a representative assembly | 106 | |
| 2000975336 | natural laws | Laws which all have the right to | 107 | |
| 2000975337 | patricians | wealthy ruling class | 108 | |
| 2000975338 | estates | division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth and economy | 109 | |
| 2000975339 | "Wilkes and Liberty" | slogan used by people who wanted to give the right to vote to the common people of London. | 110 | |
| 2000975340 | Austria. | The dominant power in the Italian states in the eighteenth century was | 111 | |
| 2000975341 | Jethro Tull | His discoveries were part of a general movement to apply the principles of scientific experiment to agricultural practices. | 112 |
From Gene to Protein
| 1045673450 | gene expression | the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or, in some cases, just RNAs) | 0 | |
| 1045673451 | transcription | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template | 1 | |
| 1045673452 | primary transcript | the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those specifying RNA that is not translated into protein | 2 | |
| 1045673453 | mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome | 3 | |
| 1045673454 | translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule | 4 | |
| 1045673455 | ribosomes | The sites of translation, complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains. | 5 | |
| 1045673456 | triplet code | 3 bases of DNA that code for a single amino acid | 6 | |
| 1045673457 | codons | mRNA base triplets | 7 | |
| 1045673458 | template strand | The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. | 8 | |
| 1045673459 | reading frame | the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons | 9 | |
| 1045673460 | RNA polymerase | pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide | 10 | |
| 1045673461 | promoter | The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription | 11 | |
| 1045673462 | terminator | In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene. | 12 | |
| 1045673463 | transcription unit | the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule | 13 | |
| 1045673464 | start point | nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins | 14 | |
| 1045673465 | transcription factors | in eukaryotes, a collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription | 15 | |
| 1045673466 | transcription initiation complex | the whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter | 16 | |
| 1045673467 | TATA box | A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex., a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex (the transcription factors recognize this); "tells RNA pol where to land" | 17 | |
| 1045673468 | 5' cap | a methylated guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA | 18 | |
| 1045673469 | poly-A tail | The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides. | 19 | |
| 1045673470 | RNA splicing | process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together | 20 | |
| 1045673471 | introns | a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene | 21 | |
| 1045673472 | exons | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein | 22 | |
| 1045673473 | spliceosome | A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. | 23 | |
| 1045673474 | ribozymes | An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing. | 24 | |
| 1045673475 | domains | modular architecture on proteins consisting of discrete structural and functional regions | 25 | |
| 1045673476 | alternative RNA splicing | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns | 26 | |
| 1045673477 | aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases | an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA | 27 | |
| 1045673478 | tRNA | short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according | 28 | |
| 1045673479 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 29 | |
| 1045673480 | wobble | flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon | 30 | |
| 1045673481 | rRNA | The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons | 31 | |
| 1045673482 | P site | holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. | 32 | |
| 1045673483 | A site | holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain | 33 | |
| 1045673484 | E site | This site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. | 34 | |
| 1045673485 | polyribosomes | An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule. | 35 | |
| 1045673486 | signal recognition particle | binds to the signal sequence and the ribosomal subunits and transports the complex to the ER | 36 | |
| 1045673487 | signal peptide | A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell. | 37 | |
| 1045673488 | nucleotide-pair substitution | A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides. | 38 | |
| 1045673489 | mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information | 39 | |
| 1045673490 | silent mutation | A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. | 40 | |
| 1045673491 | nonsense mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | 41 | |
| 1045673492 | missense mutation | The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid. | 42 | |
| 1045673493 | point mutation | mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another | 43 | |
| 1045673494 | insertion | A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. | 44 | |
| 1045673495 | deletion | The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome | 45 | |
| 1045673496 | frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | 46 | |
| 1045673497 | mutagen | any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation | 47 |
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