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APUSH Ch 14-15 Key Terms Flashcards

Key Terms from the quiz

281926963	Irish	In 1840-1850 there was an increase of immigrants to America due to a potato feline in Ireland. The Irish were typically illiterate and poor. They took up jobs such as being domestic servants and construction workers. Many were Roman Catholics which caused friction with the Protestant Americans. Due to Americans moving westward and immigrants coming into ester ports, the immigrants worked in the factories. Because there were so many of them coming into the country, politicians targeted them for their vote by offering them offices and direct participation which slowly moved the Irish up the social and government ladder.	0
281926964	Germans	In 1830-1860, there was an increase of German immigrants to America, although there weren't as many as the Irish. The immigrating Germans were escaping from political troubles in their own country. Typically, Germans were wealthier than the Irish and brought over more possessions. They wanted to preserve their same traditions and culture so Germans tended to live in tight-knit communities in western land. Some of their influences on Americans are introducing Kindergarten and rifles to the country. German politicians (48ers) also came to America to escape persecution in Germany.	1
281926965	Samuel Slater	"Father of the factory system" 1791 He was a British mechanic who came to America to create the 1st American machinery that efficiently spun cotton into thread	2
281926966	Eli Whitney	1793 - Cotton gin His cotton gin invention was able to efficiently separate the seeds from the cotton fibers. This revived the slavery system 1798 - Interchangeable parts His idea became the basis of modern mass-production	3
281926967	Elias Howe	1846 - Sewing Machine This invention boosted Northern industrialization and drove women into factories	4
281926968	Samuel Morse	1844 - Telegraph He strung a cable from Washington to Baltimore (40 miles) and typed the message "What hath God wrought"	5
281926969	John Deere	1837 - Steel Plow Before this invention, farmers used wood plows. But, the steel plow was lighter, sharper, more effective, and had the ability to be pulled by horses instead of oxen.	6
281926970	Cyrus McCormick	1830s - Mechanical Mower-Reaper His mower-reaper is considered the best invention. It turned small farmers into businessmen and turned farms into large-scale, cash-crop agricultural productions. It promoted western movement for more land to cultivate and also benefitted the South and East's productions. The agricultural market boosted by the reaper was considered the "dream of markets elsewhere"	7
281926971	Commonwealth vs Hunt	This case determined that labor unions are not illegal conspiracies and their methods are "honorable and peaceful". (Massachusetts Supreme Court)	8
282215226	Catherine Beecher	The daughter of a preacher, she urged women to enter the teaching profession (then dominated by men)	9
282215227	Lowell, Massachusetts	A Boston Associates textile mill, considered a showplace factory. "Factory girls" worked here. They were heavily supervised, escorted everywhere, and absolutely No Unions permitted	10
282215228	Lancaster Turnpike	1790s A 62 mile highway stretching from Philadelphia to Lancaster. It boosted Philadelphia's trade and promoted western development	11
282215229	National Road/Cumberland Road	Completed in 1852 A 591 mile highway from West Maryland to Vandalla, Illinois	12
282215230	Robert Fulton	A painter and engineer who created the first steamboat, the Clermont or "Fulton's Folly". In 1807, the Clermont travelled 150 miles up the Hudson River in 32 hours. Now, Americans could defy the wind and currents. Rivers now turned into 2-way highways and it opened up the West and South trading with this inexpensive way to transport goods	13
282215231	DeWitt Clinton	The New York governor who built the Erie Canal (36 miles) in 1817-1825. This decreased the cost of imported goods.	14
282215232	Cyrus Field	"The greatest wire puller in history" In 1858, he laid a cable under the Atlantic Ocean from America to Newfoundland and Ireland. Even though it didn't last long, in 1866 a permanent wire replaced it and linked Europe and America forever.	15
282215233	Unitarian Faith	It was mix of Deism and the Puritans. They believed: that God was only one person, in the essential goodness of human nature, in free will, and a possibility of salvation can be achieved through good works. They also believed in God as their loving Father, and in rationalism&optimism versus God as a stern creator, and in the theories of predestination and human depravity	16
282215234	Thomas Paine	1794 His book The Age of Reason promoted Deism and claimed all churches are just there to terrify the people, enslave mankind, and they monopolized power and profit	17
282215235	Charles Grandison Finney	He is considered the greatest revival speaker. His "bell voice" demonstrated his powerful speaking and messages. He promoted the idea of an "anxious bench" and encouraged women to pray in public. He was the president of Oberlin College in Ohio and did not drink alcohol or encourage slavery.	18
282215236	Joseph Smith	He founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints (Mormons). This religion was highly controversial because of their practicing of polygamy. In 1844 Joseph Smith and his brother were murdered	19
282215237	Brigham Young	When Joseph Smith died, he took over as leader of the Mormons. He moved them to Utah and was the territorial governor in 1850.	20
282215238	Horace Mann	He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum.	21
282215239	Mary Lyon	She established the first school for women, the Mount Holyoke Seminary (later College) in South Hadley, Massachusetts	22
282215240	Dorothea Dix	She advocated for better conditions and specialized care (instead of prison) for the mentally ill in 1843.	23
282215241	Maine Law of 1851	The mayor of Maine, Neal S. Dow ("Father of Prohibition"), prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol to get rid of the temptation	24
282215242	Lucretia Mott	She was a Quaker women's rights movement reformist. She attended the 1840 Antislavery Convention	25
282215243	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	She advocated for women's suffrage. And refused to have the word "obey" in her marriage ceremony	26
282215244	Seneca Falls, New York	This was the meeting place for fighting feminists in the 1848 Women's Rights Convention. They enforced that the Declaration of Independence applied to ALL (men and women). The women demanded the right to vote.	27
282215245	Robert Owen	He created New Harmony, a utopian community in New Harmony, Indiana	28
282215246	Oneida Community	This utopian community practiced complex marriage, birth control and selective breeding. It lasted 30 years.	29
282215247	Shakers	This was the longest utopian community ironically because it prohibited marriage and sexual relations. Its mother was Ann Lee. It lasted until 1940	30
282215248	Washington Irving	A part of the Knickerbocker group and the 1st American to win international recognition as a literary figure (1st general writer)	31
282215249	James Fenimore Cooper	A member of the Knickerbocker group and the 1st American novelist. His adventure stories expressed the viability and destiny of American republican experiment. It contrasted "natural men" and wooded wilderness children with the artificiality of modern civilization	32
282215250	Walt Whitman	He was a Transcendentalist writer. In 1855 he wrote Leaves of Grass. Theses poems were romantic, emotional and unconventional discussing racy topics. Some places banned his writing.	33
282215251	Edgar Allen Poe	He was a Dark Romantic writer; writing of horror and the supernatural. Most of his works were not appreciated until later after of his death. Some of his short stories include "The Raven" and "The Gold Bug"	34
282215252	Herman Melville	In 1851 he wrote Moby Dick which did not become famous until after his death.	35

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Biological - Biological Bases of Behavior Unit - NHS-APP Flashcards

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4749066	Acetylcholine	* - A neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 058)	0
4749067	Action Potential	* - A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. It is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 055)	1
4749503	Adrenal Glands	A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. They secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 065)	2
4749504	Agonist	A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.	3
4749505	All or None Law	Either the neuron fires or it doesn't, and its action potentials are all the same size. That is, weaker stimuli do not produce smaller action potentials.	4
4749506	Amygdala	* - Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion, especially fear and aggression. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 073)	5
4749507	Antagonist	A chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter.	6
4749575	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). (Myers Psychology 7e p. 080)	7
4749576	Association Areas	* - Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 079)	8
4749577	Autonomic Nervous System	* - The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 061)	9
4749778	Axon	* - The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 054)	10
4749779	Basilar Membrane	Runs the length of the spiraled cochlea, holds the auditory receptors.	11
4749780	Behavioral Genetics	* - The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 105)	12
4749781	Biological Psychology	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 054)	13
4749782	Brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; it is responsible for automatic survival functions. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 071)	14
4749783	Broca's Area	Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 081)	15
4749784	Cell Body	The soma contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells. (soma is Greek for "body")	16
4749785	Central Nervous System	* - The brain and the spinal cord. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 060)	17
4749786	Cerebellum	* - The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 072)	18
4749787	Cerebral Cortex	* - The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 075)	19
4750007	Chromosomes	* - Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 098)	20
4750008	Corpus Callosum	* - The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 084)	21
4750009	CT Scan	* - (computed tomography) - A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 069)	22
4750010	Dendrite	* - The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 054)	23
4750011	DNA	* - (deoxyribonucleic acid) - A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (A molecule has two strands - forming a "double helix" - held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides.) (Myers Psychology 7e p. 098)	24
4750012	Dopamine	Contributes to control of voluntary movement, pleasurable emotions. Decreased levels associated with Parkinson's Disease. Over activity associated with Schizophrenia.	25
4750013	Eardrum	The thin, semitransparent, oval-shaped membrane that separates the middle ear from the external ear.	26
4750014	Electroencephalogram	* - (EEG) - An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 069)	27
4750015	Endocrine System	* - The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 064)	28
4750016	Endorphins	* - "Morphine within" - Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 059)	29
4750239	Environment	Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 105)	30
4750240	Evolutionary Psychology	The study of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection. Natural selection has favored genes that designed both behavioral tendencies and information-processing systems that solved adaptive problems faced by our ancestors, thus contributing to the survival and spread of their genes. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 101)	31
4750241	Excitatory PSP	A positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials.	32
4750242	fMRI	(functional magnetic resonance imagining) - Consists of several new variations on MRI technology that monitor blood and oxygen flow in the brain to identify areas of high activity.	33
4750243	Forebrain	The largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.	34
4750244	Fraternal Twins	* - Twins who develop from separate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 105)	35
4750245	Frontal Lobes	* - The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 076)	36
4750246	GABA	(gamma aminobutyric acid) - Serves as a widely distributed inhibitory transmitter. Valium and similar antianxiety drugs work at its synapses.	37
4750247	Gender	In psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male or female. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 102)	38
4750248	Genes	* - The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 098)	39
4750289	Genome	The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 098)	40
4750290	Genotype	Refers to a person's genetic makeup.	41
4750291	Glial Cells	* - Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 076)	42
4750292	Heritability	* - The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 109)	43
4750293	Hindbrain	Includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem; the medulla and the pons.	44
4750294	Hippocampus	* - A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. Damage may result in the lose of ability to store new facts. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 359)	45
4750295	Homeostasis	* - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 457)	46
4750296	Hormones	* - Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 064)	47
4750297	Hypothalamus	* - A neural structure that directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 074)	48
4750298	Identical Twins	* - Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 105)	49
4750389	Inhibitory PSP	A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials.	50
4750390	Interaction	The dependence of the effect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity). (Myers Psychology 7e p. 111)	51
4750391	Interneurons	* - Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 061)	52
4750392	Lesion	Tissue destruction. In the brain - is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 068)	53
4750393	Limbic System	* - A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 073)	54
4750394	Medulla	* - The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 071)	55
4750395	Midbrain	The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain. Running through the hindbrain and the midbrain is the reticular formation.	56
4750396	Molecular Genetics	The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 111)	57
4750397	Motor Cortex	* - An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 077)	58
4750398	Motor Neurons	* - Efferent neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 061)	59
4750443	MRI	* - (magnetic resonance imaging) - A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 070)	60
4750444	Mutation	A random error in gene replication that leads to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 100)	61
4750445	Myelin Sheath	* - A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 054)	62
4750446	Natural Selection	* - The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 100)	63
4750447	Nerves	Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 060)	64
4750448	Nervous System	The body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 060)	65
4750449	Neural Networks	Interconnected neural cells. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 064)	66
4750450	Neuron	* - A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 054)	67
4750451	Neurotransmitters	* - Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 056)	68
4750452	Norepinephrine	Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal.	69
4750501	Occipital Lobes	* - The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 076)	70
4750502	Parasympathetic Nervous System	* - The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 061)	71
4750503	Parietal Lobes	* - The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 076)	72
4750504	Peripheral Nervous System	* - The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 060)	73
4750505	PET Scan	* - (positron emission tomography) - A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 069)	74
4750506	Phenotype	Refers to the ways in which a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics.	75
4750507	Pituitary Gland	* - The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 065)	76
4750508	Plasticity	The brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 082)	77
4750509	Pons	Includes a bridge of fibers that connects the brainstem with the cerebellum. It also contains several clusters of cell bodies involved with sleep and arousal.	78
4750510	Receptors	Proteins on a cell membrane that receive chemical signals.	79
4750616	Reflex	A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 062)	80
4750617	Refractory Period	The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin. (1 or 2 milliseconds)	81
4750618	Resting Potential	A neuron's stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.	82
4750619	Reticular Formation	* - A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 071)	83
4750620	Sensory Cortex	The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 078)	84
4750621	Sensory Neurons	* - Afferent neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 060)	85
4750622	Septum	A part of the limbic system that is involved in pleasure and the restraint of aggression.	86
4750623	Serotonin	Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggression. Abnormal levels may contribute to depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.	87
4750624	Somatic Nervous System	* - The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 061)	88
4750625	Somatic Neurons	Afferent nerve fibers that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body.	89
4750757	Spinal Cord	Part of the central nervous system that relays signals from peripheral senses to the brain and conveys messages from the brain to the rest of the body.	90
4750758	Split Brain	A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 084)	91
4750759	Sympathetic Nervous System	* - The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 061)	92
4750760	Synapse	* - The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 056)	93
4750761	Temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 109)	94
4750762	Temporal Lobes	* - The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 076)	95
4750763	Thalamus	* - The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 072)	96
4750764	Threshold	The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 056)	97
4750765	Wernicke's Area	Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (Myers Psychology 7e p. 081)	98
4750766	X Chromosome	The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two; males have one. One from each parent produces a female child.	99
4750773	Y Chromosome	The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with the sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	100

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Chapters 10-12 US History ( Era of good feelings/two parties/presidents)/ Flashcards

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233450888	Embargo Act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	0
233450889	Non-intercourse Act of 1809	In response to the embargo act of 1807, Madison reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France	1
233450890	Henry Clay's American System	Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system.	2
233450891	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence. Proposed a law that in order for an embargo to happen, a new state to be admitted or for the nation to go to war 2/3 of the congress to should vote for it.	3
233450892	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	4
233450893	William Henry Harrison	was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.	5
233450894	Battle of Tippecanoe	Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.	6
233455587	treaty of ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.	7
233455588	Marbury v Madison	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789-this creation was ruled to be unconstitutional).	8
233455589	Judiciary Act of 1789	established a Supreme Court and district courts (1789)	9
233455590	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland tried to tax notes printed by national bank. 1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere	10
233458709	Cohens v Virginia	cohens selling lottery tickets illegally, VA sues; Marshall says VA is right, establishes supreme courts right to review cases tried by state courts	11
233458710	Dartmouth v Woodward	This 1819 Marshall Court decision was one of the earliest and most important U.S. Supreme Court decisions to interpret the contracts clause in Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution. The case arose from a dispute in New Hampshire over the state's attempt to take over Dartmouth College. By construing the Contract Clause as a means of protecting corporate charters from state interventions, Marshall derived a significant constitutional limitation on state authority. As a result, various forms of private economic and social activity would enjoy security from state regulatory policy. Marshall thus encouraged the emergence of the relatively unregulated private economic actor as the major participant in a growing national economy.	12
233458711	Fletcher v Peck	arose with a GA legistlatire was swayed by bribary granted 35 million acres in the yazoo river country to private speculators, legislature cancelled it, Marshall interfered and said that the state must uphold the contract. this later protected property rights and contracts as well.	13
233458712	Gibbons v Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	14
233475797	Hamilton's Financial Plans	it was created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the American economy; it consisted of federal assumption of all debts, including state and federal debts; along with this, he proposed the chartering of the U.S. Bank to help restore American credit	15
233475798	Citizen Genet	French ambassador in America, went around country trying to recruit Americans to fight for French without consent of American government --> kicked out for allowing French warship into Philadelphia, no longer French ambassador in America	16
233475799	whiskey rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.	17
233475800	Proclamation of Neutrality	- A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to warring countries.	18
233475801	Pickney's Treaty	1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.	19
233475802	Battle of Fallen Timbers	The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River, Post-revolution war, British instogate Native American attacks, but "Mad" Anthony Wayne defeats them in Ohio Valley and gets the Greenville treaty, which cedes Native American land in Ohio Valley to U.S.	20
233475803	treaty of grenville	After their defeat at the Battle of the Fallen Timbers in 1794, 12 Native American tribes signed the Treaty of Grenville, which cleared the Ohio territory of tribes and opened it up to U.S. settlement	21
233475804	Farwell Address	Final speech before George Washington leaves office, warns US about entangled alliances and political parties	22
233475805	Alien and Sedition Act	passed by federalists making it harder to become citizens and to deport any immigrant deemed dangerous. the second one outlawed the writing, speaking, or publications of false, scandalous, or malicious statements against the government	23
233475806	quasi war with france	Adams was angry as a result of XYZ affair a trade was cutt off with French treaties of 1778 were repudited and impressment of French sailors was ordered; 1798 - Navy was being funded - captured 35 French ships; Britain - ally; Finally France reconciled and new treaty allied with French; undeclared war	24
233475807	convention of 1800	Treaty signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napolean was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Lousiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.	25
233475808	XYZ affair	An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.	26
233475809	Virginia and Kentucky Resolution	Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.	27
233475810	end of excise tax	Ended the tax on whiskey, Jefferson	28
233475811	Tripoli War	war with a Barbary state concerning America's refusal to pay a fee to pass through the Mediterranean, ends in 1805 with defeat of pirates (Jefferson Administration), gave us the right to use the mediterrian, a war that first showed that the american army may not be as powerful and independant as we thought.	29
233475812	louisiana purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.	30
233475813	12th amendment	Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.	31
233475814	Burr's Conspiracy	involved a plot to start a rebellion in the West, a deal with the territorial governor of Louisiana, resulted in Burr's being tired for treason and being acquitted of that crime	32
233475815	Tariff of 1816	James Madison created this. first protective tariff	33
233475816	Chesapeake Affair	1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	34
233475817	Macons Bill no. 2	open trade with everyone. If france or brit. removes trade restriction, U.S. will cut trade with guy who didnt	35
233475818	War of 1812	a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France, War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism	36
233475819	Star Spangled Banner	Francis Scott Key observed the battle of Fort Mchenry and wrote his thoughts down in a poem called the "Star Spangled Banner"	37
233475820	land act of 1820	authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money	38
233475821	Missouri Compromise	The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.	39
233475822	Cooper	United States novelist noted for his stories of indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)	40
233475823	Irving	United States writer of darkly humorous novels (born in 1942)	41
233475824	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.	42
233475825	Russo American Treaty	was signed in St. Petersburg between representatives of Russia and the United States on April 17, 1824, ratified by both nations on January 11, 1825 and went into effect on January 12, 1825. The accord contained six articles. It gave Russian claims on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America south of parallel 54°40′ north over what Americans know as the Oregon Country to the United States.	43
233475826	Adams Onis Treaty	Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory	44
233475827	Tallmadge Amendment	This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.	45
233475828	Cumberland	new National road, issued by monroe	46
233475829	Judiciary Act of 1801	a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists	47
233478194	Orders in Council	edicts that closed European ports to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port	48
233478195	Battle of New Orleans	Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.	49
233478196	Noah Webster	American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.	50
233478197	Daniel Webster	Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.	51
233478198	Panic of 1819	Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.	52
233491192	Rush-Bagot Treaty	The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812.	53

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Chapter 9 Cell Cycle Flashcards

Chapter 12
Cell Division / Mitosis
Vocabulary: gene, cell division, chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, mitotic phase, interphase, centrosome, aster, kinetochore, cleavage furrow, cell plate, mitotic spindle, binary fission, transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define gene as it relates to the genetic material in a cell.
2. Describe the composition of the genetic material in bacteria, in archaea, and in eukaryotic cells.
3. State the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Distinguish between the structure of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
5. Distinguish between the function of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
6. Relating to eukaryotic cells:
a. Describe the centromere region in the genetic material.
b. State the role of cohesins in duplicated genetic material.
c. Describe the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome.
d. State the role of the kinetochores on the chromatids at the centromere of a duplicated
chromosome.
e. Describe spindle fibers and state their role in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
f. Describe the role of centrosomes in the formation of the spindle apparatus.
g. Distinguish between a gene and an allele.
h. Describe homologous chromosomes.
i. Distinguish between an individual's genome and karyotype.
j. State the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells and in human diploid cells.
k. State which cells in humans are haploid, which cells are diploid, and which cells are neither.
7. State the two major parts of the cell cycle.
8. Describe the differences of growth characteristics between a cancerous (transformed) cell and a normal cell.
8. Relating to the prokaryotic cell cycle:
a. State the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell.
b.

Terms : Hide Images

1285954044	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell	1
1285954045	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.	2
1285954046	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.	3
1285954047	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	4
1285954048	Metaphase	The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.	5
1285954049	Anaphase	The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	6
1285954050	Telophase	The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	7
1285954051	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	8
1285954052	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	9
1285954053	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	10
1285954054	Sister Chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II	11
1285954055	Centromere	In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)	12
1285954057	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.	13
1285954059	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	14
1285954061	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	15
1285954063	asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.	16
1285954065	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.	17
1285954067	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	18
1285954069	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	19
1285954071	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	20
1285954072	M Phase	the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	21
1285954075	Interphase	Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and replicates DNA; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases	22
1285954076	Mitosis	Stage in the Cell Division Cycle in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes	23
1285954077	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm during cell division	24

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1756153454	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell	0
1756153455	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.	1
1756153456	What are the five stages of mitosis?	PPMAT Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	2
1756153457	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.	3
1756153458	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	4
1756153459	Metaphase	The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.	5
1756153460	Anaphase	The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	6
1756153461	Telophase	The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	7
1756153462	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	8
1756153496	Concept 12.1 Most Cell Division results in genetically identical daughter cells	...	9
1756153463	Cell Division	The reproduction of cells	10
1756153464	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence	11
1756153465	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	12
1756153466	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	13
1756153467	Somatic Cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	14
1756153468	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	15
1756153469	Sister Chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II	16
1756153470	Centromere	In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)	17
1756153471	How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?	2	18
1756153497	12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle	...	19
1756153472	mitotic (M) phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.	20
1756153473	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.	21
1756153474	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	22
1756153498	Transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer	23
1756153475	anchorage dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	24
1756153476	aster	A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.	25
1756153499	benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	26
1756153477	binary fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	27
1756153478	cleavage	(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.	28
1756153500	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	29
1756153501	growth factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	30
1756153479	kinetochore	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	31
1756153502	malignant tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	32
1756153480	Metaphase plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	33
1756153481	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	34
1756153503	MPF	Maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.	35
1756153504	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.	36
1756153505	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	37
1756153506	transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.	38
1756153507	Word Roots: ana-	up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell)	39
1756153508	Word Roots: bi-	two (binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell divides in half)	40
1756153509	Word Roots: centro-	= the center;	41
1756153510	Word Roots: chroma-	= colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that form eukaryotic chromosomes)	42
1756153511	Word Roots: cyclo-	a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically)	43
1756153512	Word Roots: cyto-	= cell;	44
1756153513	Word Roots: -kinet	= move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm)	45
1756153514	Word Roots: gamet-	= a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell)	46
1756153515	Word Roots: gen-	= produce (genome: a cell's endowment of DNA)	47
1756153516	Word Roots: inter-	= between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions)	48
1756153517	Word Roots: mal-	= bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs)	49
1756153518	Word Roots: meio-	= less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)	50
1756153519	Word Roots: meta-	between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate)	51
1756153520	Word Roots: mito-	a thread (mitosis: the division of the nucleus)	52
1756153521	Word Roots: pro-	before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing)	53
1756153522	Word Roots: soma-	body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules)	54
1756153523	Word Roots: telos-	= an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun)	55
1756153524	Word Roots: trans-	= across; -form shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell)	56
1756153525	Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis. a plant cell in metaphase. an animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle. a bacterial cell dividing. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis.	a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis.	57
1756153526	Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of micro-tubules, its effectiveness must be related to inhibition of DNA synthesis. suppression of cyclin production. inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation. disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	58
1756153527	One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition. are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle. are unable to synthesize DNA. continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. are always in the M phase of the cell cycle.	continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.	59
1756153528	The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to decreased synthesis of Cdk. the accumulation of cyclin. the destruction of the protein kinase Cdk. the degradation of cyclin. synthesis of DNA.	the degradation of cyclin.	60
1756153529	In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytoki-nesis. This will result in cells with more than one nucleus. cells lacking nuclei. cells that are unusually small. destruction of chromosomes. cell cycles lacking an S phase.	cells with more than one nucleus.	61
1756153530	Which of the following does not occur during mitosis? condensation of the chromosomes spindle formation separation of the spindle poles separation of sister chromatids replication of the DNA	replication of the DNA	62
1756153531	A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in prophase. metaphase. G1. anaphase. G2.	G1.	63
1756153532	The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? cell elongation during anaphase spindle formation spindle attachment to kinetochores cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis DNA synthesis	cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis	64
1756153533	asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.	65
1756153534	How does Mitosis work?	Mitosis makes it possible for organisms to reproduce asexually, by producing cells that carry the same genes as the parent cells. Note that all the chromosomes of the parent cell are replicated and passed on to the offspring cells. An offspring is literally a "chip off the old block" since its cells are genetically identical to those of the parent.	66
1756153535	What is the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?	Sexual reproduction produces greater genetic variation than asexual reproduction. Each offspring inherits a particular combination of genes from two parents; so many combinations are possible that each offspring is essentially unique, differing from its siblings and both parents.	67
1756153536	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.	68
1756153537	diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.	69
1756153538	haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).	70
1756153539	Meiosis	Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.	71
1756153540	What happens in Meiosis I?	In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up, and each pair separates, producing two haploid cells with their sister chromatids still joined.	72
1756153541	What happens in Meiosis II?	Meiosis II is like mitosis; sister chromatids separate and four haploid cells are formed. Note that each has half the chromosomes of the parent cell. These cells differ genetically from each other and from the cells of the parents.	73
1756153542	What happens in Interphase?	During the interphase prior to meiosis, chromosomes replicate.	74
1756153543	What is Mitosis?	Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells	75
1756153544	What are the three roles of Mitosis?	Growth Asexual Reproduction Replacement	76
1756153545	What are the 7 Phases of the Cell Cycle?	Interphase -S- Phase -G2 Phase Mitotic Phase -Mitosis -Cytokinesis G1	77
1756153546	What happens in the mitotic phase?	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.	78
1756153547	What happens in the S Phase?	DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.	79
1756153548	What happens during Interphase?	Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.	80
1756153549	What happens during mitosis?	This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.	81
1756153550	What happens during G2?	This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.	82
1756153551	What happens during G1?	This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.	83
1756153552	What happens during cytokinesis?	This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.	84
1756153553	Of what two processes does cell division consist of?	Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes— is divided into five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm splits to form two separate daughter cells.	85
1756153554	What happens during prophase?	1. The nucleoli disappear 2. Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes. 3. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. 4. Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.	86
1756153555	What happens during prometaphase?	1. The nuclear envelope breaks into fragments. 2. Some of the spindle fibers reach the chromosomes and attach to kinetochores, structures made of proteins and specific sections of DNA at the centromeres. 3. Nonkinetochore microtubules overlap with those coming from the opposite pole.	87
1756153556	What happens during metaphase?	1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed 2. The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles.	88
1756153557	What happens during anaphase?	1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. Once separate, each sister chromatid is considered a full-fledged daughter chromosome. 3. Motor proteins of the kinetochores "walk" the daughter chromosomes along the spindle microtubules toward opposite poles 4. Microtubules shorten. 5. At the same time, the spindle microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen, pushing the two poles farther apart and elongating the cell.	89
1756153558	What happens during Telophase?	1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell. 2. The chromosomes uncoil 3. Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei. 4. Meanwhile, cytokinesis begins, splitting the cytoplasm and separating the two daughter cells.	90
1756153559	How is Cytokinesis different in Animal Cells?	In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with the formation of a cleavage furrow. At the site of the furrow, a ring of microfilaments contracts, much like the pulling of drawstrings. The cell is pinched in two, creating two identical daughter cells.	91
1756153560	How is cytokinesis different in plant cells?	In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when vesicles containing cell-wall material collect in the middle of the cell. The vesicles fuse, forming a large sac called the cell plate. The cell plate grows outward until its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane, separating the two daughter cells. The cell plate's contents join the parental cell wall. The result is two daughter cells, each bounded by its own continuous plasma membrane and cell wall.	92
1756153561	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	93
1756153562	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	94
1756153563	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	95
1756153564	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.	96
1756153565	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	97
1756153566	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	98
1756153567	Cell Plate	A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	99
1756153568	Binary Fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	100
1756153569	Compare cytokinesis in animal cells and in plant cells	...	101
1756153570	What is the function of nonkinetichore microtubules?	...	102
1756153571	Compare the roles of tubulin and actin during eukaryotic cell division with the roles of tubulin like and actin like proteins during bacterial binary fission	...	103
1756153572	12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated using a molecular control system	...	104
1756153573	Cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.	105
1756153482	Checkpoint	A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.	106
1756153483	G0 Phase	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.	107
1756153484	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	108
1756153485	Cyclin-dependent kinases	A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.	109
1756153574	Growth Factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	110
1756153575	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	111
1756153576	Anchorage Dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	112
1756153577	How does MPF allow a cell to pass the G2 Phase checkpoint and enter mitosis?	...	113
1756153486	What phase are most of your body cells in?	Most body cells are in a nondividing state called G0	114
1756153578	Compare and contrast a benign tumor with a malignant tumor	...	115
1756153579	Differentiate between the terms Chromosome, Chromatin and chromatid	...	116
1756153580	In which of the three subphases of interphase and the stages of mitosis do chromosomes exist as a single DNA molecule?	...	117
1756153581	Explain the significance of the G1, G2, and M checkpoints and the go-ahead signals involved in the cell cycle control system	...	118
1756153582	The person credited with first recognizing (in the 1860s) that living cells cannot arise spontaneously, but arise only from previously existing cells, is _____. ( Overview) Robert Hooke Rudolf Virchow Louis Pasteur Anton van Leeuwenhoek Watson	Rudolf Virchow	119
1756153583	The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred)	120
1756153487	The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of replicated DNA together is called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	a centromere	121
1756153488	The centromere is a region in which _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase	122
1756153584	How many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell division? (eText Concept 12.1)	23 Human somatic cells contain a total of 46 chromosomes, half of which are maternally derived.	123
1756153489	"Cytokinesis" refers to _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	division of the cytoplasm Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that follows the mitotic division of the nucleus.	124
1756153585	If a somatic human cell is just about to divide, it has _____ chromatids. (eText Concept 12.2)	92 Correct. Human somatic cells have 92 chromatids just prior to cell division due to the replication of the 46 chromosomes that occurred during the S phase.	125
1756153586	In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	Prophase During prophase, we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus.	126
1756153587	What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? (eText Concept 12.3)	Cells of benign tumors do not metastasize; those of malignant tumors do.	127
1756153588	Which of the following is false regarding sister chromatids? ( Concept 12.1) Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. Sister chromatids are attached to one another at the centromere. Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis. Sister chromatids are created when DNA is replicated. Sister chromatids form in the S-phase stage of the cell cycle.	Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. This statement is false. Each of the sisters ends up in a different cell after cell division.	128
1756153490	The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	chromatin	129
1756153589	A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____. ( Concept 12.1) 64 chromosomes 32 pairs of chromosomes 64 pairs of chromosomes 16 chromosomes None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct.	130
1756153590	Chromatids are _____. ( Concept 12.1) found only in aberrant chromosomes composed of RNA identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome held together by the centrioles the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic chromosomes	identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome	131
1756153591	If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle? ( Concept 12.2) 120 45 60 30 15	30 At the completion of the cell cycle, each daughter cell will have the same chromosomal complement as the parent cell.	132
1756153491	A biochemist measured the amount of DNA in cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in the cells doubled _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	between the G1 and G2 phases	133
1756153592	A cell biologist carefully measured the quantity of DNA in grasshopper cells growing in cell culture. Cells examined during the G2 phase of the cell cycle contained 200 units of DNA. What would be the amount of DNA at G1 of the cell cycle in one of the grasshopper daughter cells? (eText Concept 12.2)	100 units	134
1756153492	During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin	135
1756153493	DNA replication occurs in _____. ( Concept 12.2) the G1 phase of interphase in reproductive cells only the cytokinesis portion of the cell's life cycle prophase of both mitosis and meiosis the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells metaphase of meiosis only	the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells	136
1756153593	Down syndrome is characterized by cells having three copies of chromosome 21. As a cell in an individual with Down syndrome prepares to enter mitosis, how many chromatids would be present? ( Concept 12.2) 23 94 46 98 92	94	137
1756153494	During what phase in the cell cycle would you find the most DNA per cell? (eText Concept 12.2)	G2	138
1756153495	Binary Fission	More than likely mitosis evolved from Binary Fission	139

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Out Of Many Ch. 16 Terms to Know Flashcards

PAY ATTENTION TO NEW YORK DRAFT RIOTS AS THERE MAY BE QUESTIONS ON THE QUIZ SPECIFICALLY ABOUT THAT

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1455983666	Women's Central Association of Relief	This was an organization formed by reformers experienced in the abolitionist, temperance and education movement. The national organization WCAR soon had 7000 chapters throughout the North. Its volunteers raised funds, made and collected a variety of items which included food, clothes, and quilts and sent them to army camps. Volunteers also provided meals, housing and transportation to soldiers. Association chapters supplied $15 million worth of goods to Union troops. It was formed in 1861.	1
1455983667	U.S. Sanitary Commission	This was a national organisation created by Abraham Lincoln in 1861 in response to requests by officials for the WCAR. HE gave it the power to investigate and advise the Medical Bureau. Henry Bellows, a Unitarian clergyman was president and Frederick Law Olmstead was executive secretary. More than 500 sanitary inspectors instructed soldiers in matters of water supply, placement of latrines and safe cooking. In 1862, Mother Bickerdyke was persuaded to become the official agent of the Sanitary. With the help of her appeals, the Sanitary raised %50 million for the Union war effort.	2
1455983668	Frederick Law Olmsted	He was the author of influential books about the slaveholding South and later the designer of New York's Central Park. He was executive secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission.	3
1455983669	Contrabands	These were escaped former salves who worked for the Union army. They helped deliver supplies to soldiers. They were also put to work in northern camps. Washington DC was their refuge. These people were crowded into the capital to join other free blacks who lived there. Many destitutes received help from the Contraband Relief Association, founded by former slave Elizabeth Keckley.	4
1455983670	Fort Sumter	This was a major federal military installation which sat on a granite island at the entrance to Charleston harbor. If is remained in Union hands, Charleston the center of the secessionist movement would be immobilised. South demanded it back because it was a symbolic and for military reasons. April 6, 1861, Lincoln notified the governor of SC that he was sending a relief force. Davis ordered General Beauregard to demand surrender of the fort if they did not comply. Two days later, the fort surrendered.	5
1455983671	writ of habeas corpus	This was a constitutional requirement that authorities explain to a court their reasons for arresting someone. Lincoln suspended this to detain Baltimore's agitators. Chief Justice Taney ruled that the president had no right to do that. Lincoln argued that the suspension of certain civil rights might be necessary to supress rebellion. The arrests in Maryland were the first of a number of violations. Lincoln said that these were necessary to keep national security.	6
1455983672	First battle of Bull Run	This took place at Manassas Creek in Virginia in July 1861. Union soldiers were confident in a victory and were accompanied by journalists and politicians and also sightseers. Confederate troops were commanded by General Beauregard. When Confederates came with reinforcements, Union soldiers were afraid and retreated. This was sobering and prophetic.	7
1455983673	Robert E Lee	He was a famous Confederate commander who lived in Virginia. He commanded soldiers at Antietam and at Pittsburg.	8
1455983674	William Seward	He was the Union secretary of state who made sure Britain and France did not extend diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy. He was the leader of the Republican Party and did not fully support emancipation.	9
1455983675	Salmon P Chase	He was the Treasury Secretary and a staunch abolitionist who adamantly opposed concessions to the South and considered Lincoln too conciliatory. HE supported the emancipation proclamation a lot.	10
1455983676	Edwin Stanton	He was a former Democrat from Ohio who led the War Department in 1862. The department was able to perform many basic functions of procurement and supply without too much delay. HE also arranged a meeting with 20 African American ministers who spoke for freed slaves in Georgia. This led to the Special Field Order 15.	11
1455983677	Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR	In 1862 and 1864, Congress created 2 federally charted corporations to build a transcontinental railroad to lay tracks eastward from Omaha and California. This fulfilled the dream of many expansionists who believed that America's future lay in the trade with Asia across the Pacific Ocean.	12
1455983678	Homestead Act	This act of 1862 gave 160 acres of public land to any citizen who agreed to live on it for five years, improve it by building a house and cultivating it and paying a small fee.	13
1455983679	Morrill Land Grant act	This act of 1862 gave states public land that would allow them to finance land grant colleges offering education to ordinary citizens in practical skills such as agriculture, engineering and military science.	14
1455983680	cotton diplomacy	This diplomacy of the Confederacy did not work. Seward made sure Britain and France did not extend diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy. Britain did not recognize the nation based on slavery and found other alternatives. Seward's diplomacy succeeded and diplomacy failed. They hoped that a decisive battlefield victory would change the minds of Britain and France.	15
1455983681	Confederate Congress drafts of 1862	April 1862 Confederate Congress passed the first draft law in American history. All able bodied men between 18 and 35 were eligible for 3 years of military service. Purchase of substitutes was allowed. One man equaled 20 plantation slaves or more. This disapproved earlier claim that slavery freed white men to fight but it aroused class resentments.	16
1455983682	Union Congress Draft of 1863	This was the first northern draft. Occured March 1863.	17
1455983683	Anaconda Plan	This plan was named after the constricting snake. It was northern strategy to slowly squeeze the South with a blockade at sea and on the Mississippi River. It was proposed by General in chief Winfield Scott. It avoided invasion and conquest in the hope that a strained South would recognize the inevitability of defeat and this surrender. Lincoln accepted this and had Union troops enter. Mcclellan was sent to Virginia.	18
1455983684	George B McClellan	He commanded the Union troops in Virginia in 1862 in the Penninsulr campaign. He took the troops to Richmond and fought in a series of battle known as Seven Days. He was chosen as the Democrat candidate. He was known to be sympathetic to the South.	19
1455983685	Antietam/Sharpsburg	This battle occurred on September 17, 1862 and claimed more than 5000 dead and 19000 wounded. McClellan's army checked Lee's advance. Lee retreated to Virginia but inflicted terrible losses on northern troops in Fredricksburg and again made a thrust toward Richmond in December 1862. The war in northern Virginia was a stalemate	20
1455983686	Ulysses S Grant	He was a military figure in the west who once resigned because he had a drinking problem. He reenlisted as a colonel after the capture of Fort Sumter and was promoted to brigadier general within two months. In 1862, he captured Fort Henry and Donelson, establishing Union control of Tenessee and forced confederate troops to retreat. March 1864, Grant devised plan of strangulation and annihilation aiming to inflict damage on Southern life- directly affected civilians.	21
1455983687	Vicksburg	Vicksburg was the "Gibraltar of the Mississippi" and Grant and Union generals faced strong confederate resistance and progress was slow.	22
1455983688	Merrimac and Monitor	This was a Union vessel that the Confederacy refitted with iron plating and named it the Virginia. It challenged the Union blockade. The second ship was an Union war ship that looked like a cheese box. Actually it was a revolving turret that was a basic component of battleships.	23
1455983689	Benjamin Butler	He was a Union commander who said that the Fugitive Slave Law no longer applied and that the escaped slaves were "contrabands of war". New of his decision spread rapidly among slaves in Fort Monroe.	24
1455983690	Contraband Relief Association	This helped destitute contrabands and was modeled on the Sanitary Commission. It was formed by former slave Elizabeth Keckly, seamstress to Mary Todd Lincoln.	25
1455983691	William Tecumseh Sherman	He was a Union General who marched through Georgia in 1864 and 18000 slaves flocked to Union lines. He worked with Sherman to defeat General Joe Johnston's army of Tennessee. HE aimed to inflict maximum damage on southern life. He captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864 and set for Savannah hoping to cut off Lee's army in Virginia. He also carried out the Field Order 15.	26
1455983692	Colonization Scheme	This was proposed in March 1862 by Lincoln. He proposed that every state undertake gradual compensated emancipation after which former slaves would be settled in Haiti and Panama. The scheme failed to work because it was too unrealistic.	27
1455983693	Radical Republicans	This group chafed at Lincoln's conservative stance on the colonization scheme.	28
1455983694	Horace Greeley	He was the editor of the New York Tribune. He criticized Lincoln's freeing of the slaves.	29
1455983695	Emancipation Proclamation	In January 1863, this was issued. it freed slaves in areas of rebellion (not under Union control) but specifically in border states and Confederate areas conquered by the Union. The purpose was to meet abolitionist demands while not losing the support of conservatives. Seward was sarcastic and British government officials were puzzled.	30
1455983696	13th Amendment	This amendment outlawed slavery in 1864.	31
1455983697	54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry	This was a regiment of black soldiers led by Robert Shaw of Boston. It attacked Fort Wagner in South Carolina. This army refused to accept low pay and served for free until the Union decided to treat them as free men. In June 1864, the War Department equalized wages.	32
1455983698	Andersonville	It was a Confederate prison camp in northern Georgia. It was an open stockade with no shade or shelter created in early 1804 to hold Northern prisoners. Many prisoners died due to disease, exposure, or malnutrition.	33
1455983699	Clara Barton	She was a former government clerk before the war and helped in the nursing and distribution of medical supplies. She used congressional contacts for force reforms in army medical practices.	34
1455983700	War Democrats	In spring 1862, the Democrats split into War Democrats and Peace Democrats.	35
1455983701	Copperheads	These were the Peace Democrats who appealed to the sympathies of western farmers by warning that agriculture was being hurt by the Republican party's tariff and industrial policies. They appealed to urban workers and immigrants with racist warnings that Republican policies would take jobs away. Clement Valladinghan, a former Ohio Congressman was the leader of this group.	36
1455983702	Bread Riots	In the spring of 1863, food riots broke out in four Georgia cities and in North Carolina. Bread prices rose, causing many to starve.	37
1455983703	New York Draft Riots	In spring 1863, protests against drafts broke out and several federal enrollment officers were killed. In New York City, from July 13 to 16, 1863, working class riots claimed the lives of 105 (many blacks).	38
1455983704	Heroes of America/Red Strings	These groups were secret political societies in 1864.	39
1455983705	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	He directed the battle of Chancellorsville, which was a great Confederate victory.	40
1455983706	Gettysburg/Pickett's Charge	General Pickett and 15,000 men were went by Lee to charge at the Battle of Gettysburg. The charge failed and one-third of the men were killed, wounded, or missing.	41
1455983707	New England Freedman's Aid Society	This group sent volunteers to the South to educate slaves. Many of the volunteers were women.	42
1455983708	Gettysburg Address	This was a famous speech made my Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg.	43
1455983709	March to the Sea	In 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman brought war home to the south with his "March to the Sea" which divided the South's heartland.	44
1455983710	Special Field Order No. 15	This order in January 1865 was issued by Sherman. He set aside 400,000 acres of Confederate land to be given to freed slaves in 40 acre parcels.	45
1455983711	Election of 1864	Lincoln was renominated in this election during a low period where many Radicals and Republican conservatives opposed him. Public opinion, however, had soared with Union victories, due to instant news. Democrats had General McClellan, a war hero who was sympathetic to the South and proposed an armistice. Other Democrats played on racist fears of urban working class. Lincoln won with a 55% popular vote and 78% of soldiers voted for him. The vote saved the Republican party for extinction and ordinary people voted to continue a difficult and decisive conflict.	46
1455983712	Confederate Draft	Confederate congress authorized this in March 1864. Draft of blacks before mentioning freedom and South never had to acknowledge the paradox of having to offer slaves freedom so they could fight to defend slavery. Two regiments were formed but it was too late.	47
1455983713	Appomattox Court House	On April 9, Lee and 25000 troops surrendered to Grant here. Grant treated Lee with respect and set historic precedent by giving the confederate troops parole.	48
1455983714	John Wilkes Booth	On April 14, Lincoln was shot by this person at Ford's Theatre in Washington. The assassinator was a confederate sympathizer.	49

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APUSH Ch. 16 Key Terms (Reading Quiz) Flashcards

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1056436411	Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis	-argued that end of "frontier" also marker the end of the most democratizing forces of american life -his assessment= inaccurate: west was never a frontier by his definition (empty, uncivilized land awaiting settlement), white migrants had already displaced established societies and culture, also unoccupied land for many later years -but he did express an accurate sense that much of the farming and grazing land was now taken, in the future it would be harder to acquire valuable land cheaply	1
1056436412	U.S. actions towards Plains Natives before the civil war ("concentration policy" )	1851, each tribe was assigned its own defined reservation, confirmed by separate treaties (illegitimately negotiated by treaty chiefs) -divided tribes and made them easier to control, government could force tribes into scattered locations and take over the nest lands for white settlement -didn't survive as basis of Indian policy for long	2
1056436413	Indian peace commission and it's decisions	1867, after series of bloody conflicts, congress established an Indian Peace Commission made up of soldiers and civilians -the commission recommended replacing "concentration" policy with a plan to move all the plains Indians into two large territories: Oklahoma and the Dakotas. The tribes were tricked and bribed into agreeing	3
1056436414	Bureau of Indian Affairs	-It was a branch of the department of the interior -It was responsible for managing Indian matters: marking payments, shipping supplies, distributing land -agents in the West= products of political patronage, incompetent, dishonest, ill-prepared -it administered reservations very poorly	4
1056436415	1867 treaty of Fort Laramie	-guaranteed to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War.	5
1056436416	1876-Battle of Little Bighorn	-2,500 Indian warriors (largest Indian army ever assembled at any time in the US) attacked a US expedition led by the colonel of the 7th cavalry, George A. Custer. Indians killed all of the Americans, but unity didn't last for long and Sioux were soon broken up	6
1056436417	Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce	One of the most dramatic episodes was in Idaho. Nez perce forced to re-locate out of Oregon. On the way, 4 drunk members killed a few white settlers. The leader of the band, Chief Joseph, helped tribe members flee from retribution. They became part of a remarkable chase across the country (whites pursued them hoping to kill them). When they surrendered, they weren't killed but shipped around for many years until almost all of the members died	7
1056436418	Geronimo and the Apache	Last Indians to maintain organized resistance = Chiricahua -two ablest chiefs= Mangas Colorados and Chochise -Mangas murdered in a civil war. 1872, Chochise agreed to a peace treaty that give up some of the tribe's traditional land. He died in 1874 and his successor, Geronimo, fought for 10 more years. He established bases in AZ and MX and organized raids on white outposts *in 18886, he surrendered in an event that marked the end of formal warfare between Indians and whites	8
1056436419	1890 Wounded Knee Massacre	Dec. 29. 1890: the seventh cavalry tried to round up 350 starving sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Fighting broke out and it turned into a one-sided massacre by white soldiers	9
1056436420	Dawes Severalty Act/Burke Act	-provided for gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and allotment of tracts to individuals: 160 acres to head of family, 80 acres to single adult or orphan, 40 acres to each dependent child -applied to most Western tribes -relentlessly promoted assimilation -much of reservation land was never distributed. Congress attempted to speed transition with Burke Act of 1906. Indians continued to resist forced assimilation	10
1056436421	General issues with "rise and decline of the western farmer"	-in most cases of drought, only large-scale irrigation could save farms, but the state and fed. govt was unprepared to fund this -in the booming years of the early 1880s, framers could easily obtain credit--thought they could repay debts -but in the late 1880s, when crop prices decreased, but production costs increased, 1000s couldn't pay debts and abandoned their farms -american commercial farmers produced more than the domestic markets could use, relied on the world market to take surplus, but there they faced major competition	11
1056436422	Economic problems facing farmers-grievances with corporate America	-farmers concentrated their anger on more immediate problems: inequitable freight rates, high interest rates, inadequate currency -biggest grievance against railroads--charged higher rate for farm goods than other goods, high rates in S. and W. than in the NE -also resented institutions controlling credit. Farmers had to take loans on whatever terms they could get and pay them back in years when prices decreased and currency was scarce. Increasing the volume of currency eventually became an important agrarian demand -became ware that "middlemen" were combing prices to benefit themselves at the growers expense -also believed that manufacturers in the E. were conspiring to keep prices of farm goods low and prices of industrial goods high	12

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APUSH Ch 16 Quiz Identifications Flashcards

11/4/13

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1023049049	Cotton kingdom; economic	_____________ is the term for the South that emphasized its ________ dependence on a single staple product	1
1023049050	Freed men; North; South	_________ were the poor, vulnerable group that was the object of prejudice in the _____ and despised as a "third race" in the ____	2
1023049051	Black belt; South Carolina; Louisiana	The __________ was the area of the South where most slaves were held, stretching from _____________ across to _________	3
1023049052	Second Great Awakening; abolitionists	The religious spirit of the ______________________ inflamed the hearts of many _____________ against the sin of slavery	4
1023049053	Lane Rebels; abolitionist	The ___________ were the group of theology students, led by Theodore Dwight Weld, who were expelled for ____________ activity and later became preachers of the anti slavery book	5
1023049054	American Slavery As It Is	_________________________ was Theodore Weld's powerful anti-slavery book	6
1023049055	Liberator	The _________ was William Lloyd Garrision's fervent abolitionist newspaper that preached an immediate end to slavery	7
1023049056	American Anti-Slavery Society; abolitionist	The _____________________________ was a Garrisonian ____________ organization, founded in 1833, that included the eloquent Wendell Phillips among its leaders	8
1023049057	Gag Resolution; southern; slavery; House of Representatives	The ______________ was the strict rule passed by pro-________ Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of _______ in the ______________________	9
1023049058	free-soilers; Abraham Lincoln; radical; western	____________ were northern anti-slavery politicians, like ______________, who rejected _______ abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the _______ territories	10

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Ch 15 Quiz Flashcards

Palotay
APUSH

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582103572	10% Plan	...	1
582103573	Wade-Davis Plan	...	2
582103574	Freedmen's Bureau	...	3
582103575	Black codes	...	4
582103576	13th amendment	...	5
582103577	14th amendment	...	6
582103578	15th amendment	...	7
582103579	Civil Rights Act of 1866	...	8
582103580	Reconstruction acts of 1867	...	9
582103581	Military reconstruction	...	10
582103582	Tenure of Office Act	...	11
582103583	Civil Rights Act of 1875	...	12
582103584	Scalawags	...	13
582103585	Carpetbaggers	...	14
582103586	Sharecropping	...	15
582103587	Ku Klux Klan	...	16
582103588	Force Acts	...	17
582103589	Andrew Johnson	...	18
582103590	Charles Sumner	...	19
582103591	Thaddeus Stevens	...	20

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APUSH end of ch. 15 terms Flashcards

part of the quiz tomorrow
btw these are also auto-defined so I'm sorry if they are vague or confusing

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1151822964	Credit Mobilier Affair	Insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making from government subsidies for building the Transcontinental Railroad. Scandal under Grant's presidency	1
1151822965	Whiskey Ring	During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.	2
1151822966	Tweed Ring	A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed the ring did not last. These people, the "Bosses" of the political machines, were very common in America for that time	3
1151822967	Liberal Republicans	Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.	4
1151822968	"Waving the Bloody Shirt"	An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.	5
1151822969	Ulysses Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. The Credit Mobilier Affair was during his presidency.	6
1151822970	Jay Gould	United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)	7
1151822971	James Fisk	an American financier that was partnered with Jay Gould in tampering with the railroad stocks. He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did and pushed the way to cooperation among the kings where they developed techniques such as pooling.	8
1151822972	William Tweed	Leader of Tammany Hall, gained large sums of money through the political machine, prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail.	9
1151822973	Samuel Tilden	Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century (Hayes, the republican candidate won, and in turn, troops were withdrawn from the South ending the reconstruction era) .political reformer, a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low	10
1151822974	Rutherford Hayes	19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. Bargain made = Republicans get white house in exchange for ending Reconstruction. Starts implementing civil service reform - hiring by merit for government jobs.	11

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