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AP US Gov: Civil Liberties/Civil Rights Flashcards

Flashcards to practice/memorize key terms concerning Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

1072405816	civil liberties	personal freedoms, e.g. speech, assembly, religion	1
1072405817	civil rights	protections against discrimination	2
1072405818	clear and present danger doctrine	judicial interpretation of Amendment 1 that government may not ban speech unless such speech poses an imminent threat to society	3
1072405819	de facto segregation	segregation that results from such factors as housing patterns rather than law	4
1072405820	de jure segregation	segregation by law, i.e., segregation that is required by government	5
1072405821	double jeopardy	being prosecuted twice for the same offense. Banned by Amendment 5.	6
1072405822	Due Process clause	prohibits the national government (5th Amendment) and states (14th Amendment) from denying life, liberty, or proerty without due process of law	7
1072405823	Equal Protection clause	14th Amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination	8
1072405824	Eminent Domain	the right of government to take private property for the public good. Fair compensation must be paid to the owner of such property.	9
1072405825	Establishment clause	provision of Amendment 1 that prohibits Congress from establishing an official state religion. This is the basis for separation of church and state.	10
1072405826	Exclusionary rule	Supreme Court guideline that excludes the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial	11
1072405827	Free exercise clause	provision of Amendment 1 stating that Congress may not prohibit the free exercise of religion	12
1072405828	Grandfather clause	Southern laws that excluded blacks from exercising suffrage by restricting the right to vote only to those whose grandfathers had voted before 1865	13
1072405829	Grand jury	determines whether or not to bring criminal charges against a suspect	14
1072405830	Incorporation	applying the Bill of rights to the states	15
1072405831	Total incorporation	view that the states must obey all provisions of the Bill of Rights because of the due process clause of the 14th Amendment	16
1072405832	Selective Incorporation	view that the Bill of Rights is to be applied to the states in a more gradual manner on a case by case basis, also via due process clause of the 14th Amendment	17
1072405833	Indictment	grand jury order that a suspect must stand trial for a criminal offense	18
1072405834	Jim Crow Laws	Southern laws that required racial segregation in places of public accommodation	19
1072405835	Libel	written untruths that damage a reputation	20
1072405836	Literacy test	Southern method of excluding blacks from exercising suffrage by requiring that voters prove their ability to read and write	21
1072405837	Miranda warnings/rights	warnings that must be read to suspects prior to questioning. Suspects must be advised that they have the rights of silence and counsel	22
1072405838	Plea bargain	arrangment in which a suspect pleads guilty to a lesser offense in order to avoid a trial; the manner in which most cases are disposed of	23
1072405839	Police powers	powers that allow states to pass laws protecting the health, welfare, safety, and morals of their residents	24
1072405840	Poll tax	Southern method of excluding blacks from exercising suffrage by requiring payment of a tax prior to voting	25
1072405841	Prior Restraint	when a court stops expression before it is made, e.g., prohibiting a demonstration by a radical group because the assembly is likely to become violent. Presumed to be unconstitutional.	26
1072405842	Racial gerrymandering	drawing of legislative boundaries to give electoral advantages to a particular racial group. "Majority-minority" districts include large numbers of racial minorities in order to ensure minority representation in legislatures.	27
1072405843	Sedition	advocacy of the overthrow of government	28
1072405844	Separate but equal	Supreme Court doctrine establised in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. Allowed state-required racial segregation in places of public accommodation as long as the facilities were equal	29
1072405845	Shield Laws	state laws that protect journalists from having to reveal their sources	30
1072405846	Slander	spoken untruths that damage a reputation	31
1072405847	Strict Scrutiny	supreme court guideline for determining if government can make racial distinctions. According to this guideline, such distinctions are highly suspect and are allowed only if they are narrowly tailored to serve a compelling government interest	32
1072405848	White primary	primary election in which Southern states allowed only whites to vote	33

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SCA AP US Hist Ch 11 (Intro, Sec 1, Sec 2) Flashcards

The American Pageant
Ch 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic
1800-1812, pg 211-232
SCA AP US History
The American Pageant
Fall Semester

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987463242	1800 election: parties	Federalists, Democratic-Republicans -functioned as first national political parties	1
987463243	1800 election: opponents	John Adams--Federalist [strong central government &public order] Thomas Jefferson--Democratic-Republican[guardians of agrarian purity, liberty, states' rights]	2
987463244	1800-1812 messier reality	Jeffersonians in power had to act like Federalists (asserted Federal authority) to handle several crises and opportunities. Far easier to condemn the other party while running against them, then to govern consistently by only Jeffersonian principles.	3
987463245	1800 election, challenges for Federalists	-ill will from Alien and Sedition Acts (though most Jeffersonians anyway) -Hamiltonian wing of Fed split with pres Adams over no war with France; Hamilton published attack pamphlet, Jeffersonians helped publish, flame the division with the Federalists -Adams raised public debt, taxes, stamp act, started US Navy, but no war.	4
987463246	Mudslinging against Jefferson	Federalists concentrated on Jefferson, not views. Whispering campaing, that he -robbed widow & kids of trust fund; -fathered kids by his slaves [Lie!--it was his nephew who lived on his estate--a real bum; DNA of him and nephew would have a lot in common]; was Atheist; would burn/ban Bibles, that he was like Paine & Voltaire [atheists], would lead to French-type reign of terror, despotism, burn constitution, that he voted for Obama [jk]	5
987463247	1800 election results	Jefferson 73 electoral votes; Adams 63; NY decisive [250 votes], narrow victory, by Aaron Burr's help. J strong in S & W, esp states with universal white male suffrage; 3/5 clause (that slaves counted 3/5 toward congressional and Electoral College representation, gave white S voters bonus that helped J. So called "Negro President"	6
987463248	Electoral college deadlock	Technicality caused deadlock tie between Jefferson & his vp running mate, Aaron Burr, took months to resolve.	7
987463249	John Adams as Federalist president, ranking	Last one. Party slowly faded away, gone by days of A Jackson	8
987463250	Jefferson saw election as "revolution" like 1776, per TJ	-to restore republican experiment--not strong Fed govt never envisioned by 1776 founders -to check the growth of government power -halt the decay of virtue TJ felt had set in under Fed rule	9
987463251	Remarkable transition of power	-peaceful and orderly -based on election that all parties accepted (amazing after bitter partisanship) -Britain wouldn't have such succession for another generation -American pride in vigor of experiment in democracy	10

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AP Psych Chapter 5 terms Flashcards

AP Psych Chapter 5 terms

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1837202131	Sensation	The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
1837202132	Perception	The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
1837202133	Bottom-Up Processing	Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	2
1837202134	Top-Down Processing	Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	3
1837202135	Psychophysics	The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.	4
1837202136	Absolute Threshold	The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.	5
1837202137	Subliminal	Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.	6
1837202138	Difference Threshold	The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.	7
1837202139	Weber's Law	The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).	8
1837202140	Sensory Adaptation	Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.	9
1837202141	Wavelength	The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.	10
1837202142	Hue	The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.	11
1837202143	Intensity	The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.	12
1837202144	Accommodation	The process by which the eye's lens changes the shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.	13
1837202145	Retina	The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.	14
1837202146	Rods	Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.	15
1837202147	Cones	Receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.	16
1837202148	Optic Nerve	The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.	17
1837202149	Blind Spot	The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.	18
1837202150	Feature Detectors	Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.	19
1837202151	Parallel Processing	The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	20
1837202152	Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three-Color) Theory	The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors -- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue -- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.	21
1837202153	Opponent-Process Theory	The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	22
1837202154	Color Constancy	Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.	23
1837202155	Visual Capture	The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses, as when we perceive voices in films as coming from the screen we see rather than from the projector behind us.	24
1837202156	Audition	The sense of hearing.	25
1837202157	Frequency	The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).	26
1837202158	Pitch	A tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency.	27
1837202159	Middle Ear	The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.	28
1837202160	Inner Ear	The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.	29
1837202161	Cochlea	A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube int he inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.	30
1837202162	Gate-Control Theory	The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological 'gate' that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on tot he brain. The 'gate' is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.	31
1837202163	Sensory Interaction	The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.	32
1837202164	Kinesthesis	The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	33
1837202165	Vestibular Sense	The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.	34
1837202166	Gestalt	An organized whole. Gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.	35
1837202167	Figure-Ground	The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).	36
1837202168	Grouping	The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.	37
1837202169	Depth Perception	The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.	38
1837202170	Visual Cliff	A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.	39
1837202171	Binocular Cues	Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.	40
1837202172	Monocular Cues	Distance cues, such as linear perceptive and overlap, available to either eye alone.	41
1837202173	Retinal Disparity	A binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance -- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.	42
1837202174	Convergence	A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object.	43
1837202175	Perceptual Constancy	Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.	44
1837202176	Perceptual Adaptation	In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.	45
1837202177	Perceptual Set	A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.	46
1837202178	Extrasensory Perception	The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.	47
1837202179	Parapsychology	The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis	48

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Ch 7: A Tour of the Cells Flashcards

HOW WE STUDY CELLS
-Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
-Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions
A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CELL
-Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differ in size and complexity
-Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of a eukaryotic cell
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
-The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
-Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
-The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic functions
-The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
-Lysosomes are digestive compartments
-Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintanence
OTHER MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers of cells
-Peroxisomes generate and degrade H₂O₂ in performing various metabolic functions
THE CYTOSKELETON
-Providing structural support to the cell, the cytoskeleton also functions in cell motility and regulation
CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
-Plant cells are encased by cell walls
-The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
-Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function
-The cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts

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197612021	light microscope (LM)	an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens	0
197612022	resolving power	a measure of the clarity of an image; the minimum distance that two points can be seperated and still be distinguished as two seperate points	1
197612023	organelle	one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	2
197612024	electron microscope (EM)	a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope.	3
197612025	transmission electron microscope (TEM)	a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal ultra structure of cells	4
197612026	scanning electron microscope (SEM)	a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography	5
197612027	cell fractionation	the disruption of a cell and seperation of its organelles by centrifugation	6
197766944	ultracentrifuge	a machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to seperate liquids and particles of different densities	7
197766945	cytosol	the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm	8
197766946	prokaryotic cell	a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea	9
197766947	nucleoid	a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell	10
197766948	cytoplasm	the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane	11
197766949	plasma membrane	the membrane of the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition	12
197766950	nucleus	1)an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons 2)the chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell 3)a cluster of neurons	13
197766951	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of proteins filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus	14
197766952	chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exsists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	15
197766953	chromosome	a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	16
197766954	nucleolus	a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes	17
197766955	ribosome	a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits	18
197766956	endomembrane system	the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles	19
197766957	vesicle	a sac made of membranes inside of cells	20
197766958	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions	21
197766959	smooth ER	the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes	22
197766960	rough ER	the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes	23
197766961	glycoprotein	a protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate	24
197766962	transport vesicle	a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell	25
197766963	Golgi apparatus	an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum	26
197766964	lysosome	a membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell	27
197766965	phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances	28
197766966	food vacuole	a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis	29
197766967	contractile vacuole	a membranous sac that helpd move excess water out of the cell	30
197766968	central vacuole	a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development	31
197766969	tonoplast	a membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap	32
197766970	mitochondria	an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration	33
197766971	chloroplast	an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water	34
197766972	cristae	an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP	35

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Natural Hazards and Disasters Flashcards

Definition cards- plate tectonics

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709388201	Epicenter	The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake	0
709388202	4 Types of Natural Hazards	Biological, geological, atmospheric and hydrological	1
709388203	Example of hydrological disasters	Floods, tsunami, wave action and glaciers	2
709388204	Examples of geological disasters	Earthquakes and volcanoes	3
709388205	Examples of atmospheric distasters	Cyclones, hailstorms, blizzards and bushfires	4
709388206	Examples of biogolical disasters	Epidemics, disease and plagues	5
709388207	Benefits of living on a plate boundary	Fertile soil, large biodiversity, geothermal energy and	6
709388208	Subduction	The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle	7
709388209	tsunami	a giant ocean wave, caused by an underwater seizmi action under the earths suface particularlly an earthquake or volcanic eruption, with great destructive power	8
709388210	4 Stages of after flood initiatives	ERRR Emergency life saving, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction/ recovery	9
709388211	lithosphere	The outer most layer of the earth including the upper mantle	10
709487169	Evidence of Continental Drift	SIMILAR FOSSILS several fossil organisms found on different landmasses. ROCK TYPES AND STRUCTURES mountain belts that end at one coastline, only to reappear on a landmass across the ocean. SIMILAR CLIMATES glacier deposits found at the modern day equator landmasses and coral reef deposits found in Antarctica!	11
709487170	Tectonic Plate Theory	The idea that the Earth's crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions	12
709487171	Wegners Theory of Pangaea	...	13
709487172	Earthquake	shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plate or from volcanic activity	14
709487173	Measuring of Earthquake	a seismologist is in charge of measuring the magnatude of an earthquake using a Richter scale	15
709487174	Mitigation	Measures that are taken to make a destination less susceptible to a disaster. E.g. stronger infrastructure and bridges	16
709487175	Disaster management	the steps taken after or before a distasterparticular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact	17
709487176	What Drives Plate Tectonics	Powerful convection currents in the mantle move the lithospheric plates across the surface of the Earth	18
709487177	Flood	an unusual accumulation of water from rivers, lakes and creeks, flooding areas that are not usually covered in water	19
709487178	Richter Scale	used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake	20
709487179	Divergent Boundaries	Where adjacent plates move away from each other as new oceanic lithosphere is created. E.g. mid-oceanic ridges are spreading plate boundaries	21
709487180	Convergent Boundaries	Where plates collide and one plate is destroyed as it subducts under the other	22
709487181	Transform Boundaries	Where the plates slide past each other, neither creating nor destroying the plates	23
709487182	High Biodiversity	A large number of people and animals living in a particular area	24
709487183	Fossil Fuels	A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.	25
709487184	Geothermal Energy	Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth	26
709487185	Volcanic Soils	The Earth/dirt that it fertile due to the large numbers of minerals that it receives from near by volcanic magma	27
709487186	Lithosphere	a layer of the earths crust, also including the upper mantle	28
709487187	Ring of Fire	The Pacific Ring of Fire marks the most tectonically and volcanically active region in the world	29
709487188	Aftershock	a smaller earthquake following the main shock of a large earthquake	30
709487189	Chernobyl	A town near Kiev in Ukraine where an accident at a nuclear power station in April 1986 resulted in serious radioactive contamination in Ukraine, Belarus, and other parts of Europe	31
709487190	seismologist	A person who studies earthquakes and the mechanical characteristics of the Earth.	32
709487191	seizmic	Relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust	33
713083209	E.R.R.R.	Emergency life saving, relief efforts, rehabilitation and reconstruction	34

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Natural Hazards and Natural Disasters Flashcards

Terms and definitions of certain natural hazards and disasters.

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703475561	Natural Hazard	Any natural process that is a potential threat to human life and property	0
703475562	Natural Disaster	Great destruction or loss of life caused by natural forces rather than by human actions	1
703475563	Oceanic Trench	Oceanic ______ are the result of a subduction zone, where an oceanic plate slides under a continental plate. The crevice that is left behind in between the diving oceanic plate and the continental plate is the ______.	2
703475564	Mid Oceanic Ridges	__________ are places on the earth's lithosphere where there are two plates sliding away from each other (divergent boundaries), it is a place where magma from the mantle is shooting upwards and cooling rapidly in the ocean to form new rock and fill in the gaps as the two plates are moving apart over time.	3
703475565	Volcano	A weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface	4
703475566	Earthquake	Shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane of from volcanic activity	5
703475567	Tsunami	Seismic sea wave that begins over an earthquake focus and can be highly destructive when it crashes on shore	6
703475568	Epicentre	The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake	7
703475569	Atmospheric Hazard	A hazard or disaster that is associated with certain weathers such as cyclones, blizzards, hailstorms, bush fires etc.	8
703475570	Hydrological Hazard	A hazard or disaster that is associated with water issues, for example Flooding, Glaciers and Wave action (Tsunamis)	9
703475571	Geological Hazard	A Hazard or disaster that is associated with the land, and tectonic movement, such as earthquakes and volcanoes	10
703475572	Biological Hazard	A hazard or disaster that is focused on humans, like diseases epidemic, famines and plagues.	11
703475573	Divergent Boundary	When two plates are moving away from each other.	12
703475574	Convergent Boundary	When two plates are being pushed together or colliding.	13
703475575	Transform Boundary	When two plates are moving in opposite directions against eachother.	14
703475576	Subduction Zone	When an oceanic plate dives under a continental plate.	15
703475577	Ring of Fire	The pacific oceanic plate is constantly moving apart at the mid ocean ridge, and diving under surrounding continental plates. The places where it is diving under the continental plates causes many volcanoes and earthquakes to occur in a ring like shape.	16
703475578	Pangaea	All continents were joined together at the beginning of time and were known as the super continent _______.	17
703475579	Convection Current	When magma in the mantle is rotating, it heats and rises, then when it is so close to the crust it cools then sinks, it heats up again and continues in that current.	18
703475580	Lithosphere	The outermost layer of the mantle and the crust.	19
703475581	Crust	The outermost layer of the earth.	20
703475582	Mantle	The middle and thickest layer of the earth.	21
703475583	Core	The center of the earth.	22
703489247	Focus	The exact point in the earth's crust where plates are colliding or sliding against each other.	23
703489248	Richter Scale	The scale that helps to represent how extreme an earthquake is.	24

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Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism Flashcards

The War of 1812 and increasing nationalism as a result

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1129786357	Tippecanoe	Battle between U.S. forces led by William Henry Harrison (Gov. of IN) and a Native American confederacy led by Tecumsah and The Prophet	1
1129786358	The War of 1812	War between the U.S. and Great Britain from 1812-1815	2
1129786359	William Henry Harrison	"Tippecanoe", hero after battle, future President	3
1129786360	Battle of the Thames	After Tecumsah and his remaining coalition allies with the British, they are defeated and Tecumsah killed in Ontario during the war	4
1129786361	Oliver Hazard Perry	Commodore that led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie	5
1129786362	Thomas Macdonough	Commander of the weaker American fleet on Lake Champlain who attained victory despite what seemed certain defeat	6
1129786363	Francis Scott Key	As a captive of the British, he wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" while viewing the Battle of Fort McHenry in Maryland	7
1129786364	Hartford Convention	Called by Federalists to express discontent for the war, succession was discussed; nationalism and the Battle of New Orleans kills it and the Federalists Party	8
1129786365	Treaty of Ghent	Ends the War of 1812 with no real advantage to any side	9
1129786366	Battle of New Orleans	Known as the greatest American victory of the war and fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed (unbeknownst to the fighters); forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British moving on Louisiana Territory	10
1129786367	Andrew Jackson	"Old Hickory", leader at New Orleans, future President; supporter of Jacksonian ideals and comes to lead the Democratic Party as champion of common man	11
1129786368	Washington Irving	Author and diplomat; wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"; first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer.	12
1129786369	James Fenimore Cooper	American author known for his novels on frontier life, such as The Leatherstocking Tales and The Last of the Mohicans	13
1129786370	North American Review	Intellectual, nationalistic magazine first published in 1815	14
1129786371	Erie Canal	"Clinton's Big Ditch", linked the East and South to the Midwest and opened up trade	15
1129786372	Second Bank of the United States	created despite Democrat-Republican ideals and paterned after the first; 1816 during Monroe's term	16
1129786373	Cohens v. Virginia	Marshall Court upholds the conviction of a Virginia man but asserts the right of the federal Supreme Court to review state Supreme Court decisions	17
1129786374	McCulloch v. Maryland	Maryland, unsupportive of the BUS, tried to levy a tax on it- this was ruled unconstitutional; this Marshall Court case established the power of the federal government as above that of the state government	18
1129786375	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff, levied to protect infant post-war industry from the dumping of British goods	19
1129786376	American System	Economic system created by Henry Clay (inspired by Hamilton); called for internal improvements funded by tariffs and a national bank to encourage enterprise	20
1129786377	Gibbons v. Ogden	case on New York granting a waterborne monopoly; rules Congress alone has the power to regulate interstate commerce	21
1129786378	Bonus Bill of 1817	Introduced by John C. Calhoun to take the bonus earnings from the BUS to link the East and South; doesn't pass	22
1129786379	Treaty of 1818	Between U.S. and Great Britain; resolves Oregon border dispute and allows for joint occupation and settlement	23
1129786380	Panic of 1819	First major economic crisis; caused by overproduction and less demand for goods after the war, as well as the BUS and overspeculation in western lands; splits Democrat-Republicans and ends Era of Good Feeling	24
1129786381	Land Act of 1820	Part of the West's plan to gorw its power by allowing settlers to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25/acre	25
1129786382	Missouri Compromise	When Missouri wanted to enter the Union, the Senatorial balance would be upset; created by Henry Clay; allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state, Massachussetts gave up Maine to be a free state, and the 36°30' was named as the divider between future free and slave states (free above, slave below)	26
1129786383	Argentina (1816), Venezuela (1817), Chile (1818)	Latin American revolutions that inserted democracies; cheered by the U.S. but later proved to be dissapointing	27
1129786384	Monroe Doctrine	Set up by President James Monroe warning against future European interference or colonization in Latin America	28
1129786385	Nationalism	Increases after war; pride in American accomplishments and superiority in her goals	29
1129786386	Russo-American Treaty of 1824	Russia's northern retreat was made official with the boundry set at the 54°50' parallel.	30

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APUSH Ch 9-12 Flashcards

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315213844	Society of Cincinnati	an hereditary order of Continental Army officers ridiculed by the American people (following ideal of man created equal)	0
315213845	Republican Motherhood	although woman can't vote, they represent the social keepers of the nation's conscience (raise kids to be good citizens that uphold civic duties); led to edu opportunities	1
315213846	Land Ordinance of 1785	divides the Old Northwest and sells it to pay off war debts; 16th section of a town pay for edu; end conflict over new land	2
315213847	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	new territories = subordinate to fed gov; once get 60,000 people they can write a constitution and apply for statehood; receive full membership; NO slavery in Old Northwest	3
315213848	Articles of Confederation	baby constitution adopted in 1777 to show France that they had a plan of government if they were to win the war; very little central power bc reaction to KG3 STRENGTHs: understanding of 1 nation correction to royal abuse (free tax, trade, land, militia) WEAKNESSes: too reactionary no uniform trade laws, currency, defense voluntary tax (limits gov resources) no central power- how to deal with interstate/ foreign disputes?	4
315213849	Shay's Rebellion	(like Bacon's Rebellion) showed weakness of Art of Confed; fronteirsman vs urban elite (mad at debt). Daniel Shay felt like replaced one tyrant for another- raise a militia and almost over throw Massa gov. Bostonian elite raise money and militia and supress TJ think rebellion good- ppls right; let's gov know it needs to respond (at Paris) GW think we need a more responsive gov.	5
315213850	Constitutional Convention	55 delagets from 12 states (-NJ) Missing: TJ (paris) Tom Paine (euro) Sam Adams (radical) Hancock (radical) Patrick Henry (dislike fed) Stated goal: revise Art of Confed Actual: New Constitution Jumping off pts: Common Sense State Const Englightenment Fundamental Orders (Conn Const) GW = Chair of Convention	6
315213851	Virginia Plan	large state: representation by population	7
315213852	New Jersey Plan	small state plan: states each have one vote	8
315213853	Connecticut Plan (Great Compromise)	bicameral system House of Rep = rep by pop (control taxes, serve short term, for immideate response) Senators = rep (2 serving for long time, elected by states)	9
315213854	Federalists	centralized gov; dom press ex. GW, Ben Franks	10
315213855	Antifederalists	oppose strong gov states rights poorer class, backcountry, debtors dislike lack of religion eventually ratify Const. bc need protection and promised a Bill of Rights ex Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, TJ, Richard Henry Lee	11
315213856	James Madison (pre-prez)	"Father of the Constitution" The Federalist Papers drafted Bill of Rights The Virginia Resolution form Demo-Rep part (anti Jay Treaty) Secretary of State for Jefferson	12
315213857	John Jay	The Federalist Papers, 1st cheif of Justice, Treaty with London	13
315213858	Alexander Hamilton	The Federalist Papers, Secretary of Treasury, Father of National Debt, saved first attempt at re-write Art of Confed by proposing a diff metting in Philli to fix whole thing.	14
315213859	The Constitution	needed 9/13 to ratify. got all but Virginia, NY, NJ RI adopted June 21 1788	15
315213860	The Federalist Papers	Hamilton, Jay, Madison write collection of propaganda to push towards Federalism	16
315213861	Washington's First Cabinet	Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury: Alex Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox	17
315213862	Judiciary Act of 1789	est federal courts (supreme court and a cheif of justice = Jay)	18
315213863	Bill of Rights	10 amendments (drafted by James Madison) uphold rights of people (religion, speech, press, bear arms, ect) appease AntiFeds	19
315213864	9th Amendment	these rights stated are not the only rights	20
315213865	10th Amendment	all rights not sp stated here are given to the state/ people	21
315213866	Assumption (of debts)	Hamilton econ plan to unite colonies; each has a stake in sucess of fed gov pay off state + fed gov debt (75 million) to estb credit with other countries	22
315213867	Strict Construction	way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take (Jefferson pov (on Bank of US))	23
315213868	Loose Construction	belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit (Hamilton's pov (on Bank of US))	24
315213869	Implied Powers	powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution	25
315213870	"Necessary and Proper" (Elastic Clause)	gives congress power to make all laws necessary and proper to help fulfill their enumerated responsibilities Hamilton's arguement for the Bank of US	26
315213871	Bank of the United States	powerful private institution where feg gov depostits surplus (stimulates econ) can print paper money safely more fed power unconstitution? Jefferson think so	27
315213872	Whiskey Rebellion	backcountry depend on whiskey a lot (sometimes used a money); hurt their business- revolt "Liberty no Excise" GW sent in big army for little uprising show of fed strength bt question use of unnec. force	28
315213873	Democratic-Republican	"anti-fed"'s new name Jeffersonians	29
315213874	French Revolution	overthrow Luis 16 War with Austria behead Luis 16 Reign of Terror (America not supporting so much anymore, esp Feds)	30
315213875	Neutrality Proclamation	American (kinda ignoring the Franco-American alliance to help defend W Indies) declare neutrality to both France and GB (involved in war)	31
315213876	Battle of Fallen Timbers	conflict over recent land gains- US win. End to that era of land conflict. GB refuse to backup natives- peace treaty of greenville	32
315213877	Treaty of Greenville	Miami Confederacy makes peace with US Ceded lots of land US pay them (hope for) Recoginition of native soverign status	33
315213878	Jay's Treaty	go to London, won few concessions GB promise to let US have Ohio Rvr Valley area (still occupying from Rev time even though promised to give back) US still have to pay back debts French NOT NOT happy Jeffersonians NOT happy cause Madison to switch parties	34
315213879	Pickney's Treaty 1795	deal with Spain Spain fear an Anglo-American alliance grant US free navigation of Missi and North FL (all demands of US)	35
315213880	Washington's Farewell Address	retire after 2 terms- set tradition (only broken by FDR, then est in const.) do not have polt parties do not form permanent alliances importance of religion and morality stable public credit warns against too much milt power	36
315213881	XYZ affair	try to smooth out Jay's Treaty with GB (France see as violation of alliance) citizens XYZ help the 3 US reps seek out Talleyard but had to pay 1/4 million just to speak US said forget it. War hysteria with France. Adams avoid. Charles Pickney, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry	37
315213882	Convention of 1800	France and US Reconcile (NB in charge, kinda busy with Euro domination) pay damage to US shippers path for purchase of Louisana	38
315213883	Alien Act	raise residential requirements to 14 yrs recent immigrants = poor Euro trash, typically Jeffersonians (Fed try to snuff out) passed bc Fed dom court rooms; laws expire in time for reelection	39
315213884	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Jefferon- Kentucky Madison-Virginia pass some leg in reaction the the recent Fed laws that dom. -the compact theory: states = origin of fed authority fed say that people make the compact therefore supreme court would have tp nullify leg (adopted in 1803)	40
315213885	Elizabeth Freeman	black slave woman who sued for freedom in north and won	41
315213886	Challenges of Continental Congress	maintain state rights fair representation for (big/small) states at a fed level weakness of Art of Confed	42
315213887	Plans to meet challenges of continental congress	division of power between state and fed Great Compromise 3/5 compromise common currency	43
315213888	"a convention of demigods"	-Jefferson in reference to the founders of constitution	44
315213889	The Framing Fathers	founders of constitution	45
315213890	Domestic First of GW	2 terms Cabinet Bill of Rights Judiciary Act Naturalization Act 1790 Bank of US	46
315213891	Hamilton's econ policy	favor rich so they support the gov wealth trickles down to masses first goal = national credit assume debt tariffs whiskey excise pro industrial rev/ manufacturing Bank of US	47
315213892	District of Columbia	= capital, moved to Virginia to allow assumption of debt; thought that capital = center of commerce (not work out that way)	48
315213893	Miami Confederacy	native americans allied with GB (enticed squables among fronteirsmen and natives)	49
315213894	General "Mad Anthony Wayne"	US general at Battle of Fallen Timber	50
315213895	GW Acomplishments	solid central gov West Expansion Merchant Maritime Kept Nation out of War	51
315213896	Talleyrand	the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with him	52
315213897	Sedition Acts	can't denounce gov officials (prez) or impeed policies of gov. ex Mathew Lyon ("The Spitting Lion") was jailed for anitprez statements. Slap to 1st amendment supress anti fed passed bc Fed dom court rooms; laws expire in time for reelection hush hysteria and increase gov support/ unity	53
315213898	Fugitive Slave Act 1793	a federal crime to help escaped slave (appease the south)	54
315213899	"milliones for defense, not one cent for tribute"	XYZ Affair, USA motto- not willing to bribe.	55
315213900	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution and demonstrated a peaceful change of power from party to party.	56
315213901	Sally Hemings	slave lover of Jefferson; one of the rumors use to tarnish Jeff's polt rep	57
315213902	Aaron Burr	used influence in NY to eventually get TJ elected* Democratic-Republicans of New york, tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives picked TJ VP for Jefferson, dropped in his second term, become extremist Fed: wants New Eng to cede from Union. Hamilton expose- challenge to duel Hamilton refuses to fight and dies.	58
315213903	Judiciary Act 1801	One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.	59
315213904	Midnight Judges	The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration. last min attempt at Fed dom. a branch	60
315213905	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court; in the time of Jefferson A representative at the XYZ Affair	61
315213906	Marbury vs. Madison	Madison want to deny Marbury his position as the (midnight) judge of the District of Columbia. Marshall deny him his position even though he's a fellow Fed in order to increase power of Supreme Court. Judiciary Review Born.	62
315213907	Judicial Review	the power of the Supreme Court to determine what is/ is not constitutional. Stems from Marbury v Madison	63
315213908	Tripolitian War/ Babary Pirates	Pirates of Tripoli attacking USA- increase navy - have "Jeffs" or "mosquito fleet" to attack. peace	64
315213909	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.	65
315213910	Toussaint L'Ouverture	Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution (Santa Domingo) slave rebellion. Mosquitos/ Yellow Fever help win. Louisiana was used to feed Santa Domingo. w/out Santa Domingo, didn't really need Louisiana	66
315213911	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	67
315213912	Sacajawea	native american (shoshani) woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition	68
315213913	Hamilton-Burr Duel	After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York bc Hamilton make son negative comments. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed on July 11, 1804.	69
315213914	Contintental System	NB attempt at cutting off GB effect USA attempt at neutrality	70
315213915	British Orders in Council	GB restriction on trade close ports that France needs unless goes through GB port Impressing Americans as well BAD	71
315213916	Chesapeake Affair	British warship fired on US warship off Virginia's coast, killing three Americans; resulted in high anti-British sentiment (1807)	72
315213917	Embargo Act 1807	NO trade with anybody	73
315213918	Non-Intercourse Act 1809	only not trade with GB and France	74
315213919	Macon's Bill #2	offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.	75
315213920	Tecumesh/ Tenskwatawa	religious/ traditional revival Shawnee Battle of Tippecanoe	76
315213921	The Prophet	Tenskwatawa; brother to Tecumesh	77
315213922	Battle of Tippecanoe	Harrison vs. Tecumesh + Prophet. Win for USA, Discredit the Prophet	78
315213923	War of 1812	War with GB because they interfere with trade/ hurt our ships Under Madison End with Treaty of Ghent in 1814 Nationalism	79
315213924	War Hawks	members of Congress who wanted to fight Great Britain	80
315213925	Oliver Hazard Perry	American Naval officer who led the fleet that defeated the British in the Battle of Lake Erie.	81
315213926	Fort McHenry	Where the Battle of Baltimore took place. Inspired Francis Scott Key's 'Star Spangled Banner.'	82
315213927	Francis Scott Key	Wrote the Star Spangled Banner or Defense of Fort McHenry	83
315213928	"Star Spangled Banner"	defense at For McHenry	84
315213929	William Henry Harrison	Govenor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe	85
315213930	Andrew Jackson	general in the War of 1812: New Orleans and Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Attack FL forts St. Marks and Pensacola. War hero.	86
315213931	Battle of New Orleans	after treaty of Ghent, pride thing for us, one of Andrew Jackson's great victories	87
315213932	Treaty of Ghent	ended war of 1812; at first GB stubborn but due to some important USA victories, agree upon armistice. battle of New Orleans afterward	88
315213933	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence. DEMANDED: abloish 3/5 clause prez term down to one yr no sucessive prez from same state	89
315213934	"Blue Light" Federalists	treacherous New Englanders who supposedly helped the British in the War of 1812	90
315213935	Rush-Bagot	US and Britain agreed to limit navel power on the Great Lakes	91
315213936	Henry Clay	senator, the American System and Missouri Compromise	92
315213937	"The American System"	Henry Clay's plan" 1. Treasury 2. Tariff 3. Transportation	93
315213938	Erie Canal	first great east-west highway, commerce and trade	94
315213939	James Monroe in prez	5th president Era of Good Feeling Panic of 1819 Missouri Compromise Onís Treaty (FL purchase) Monroe Doctrine	95
315213940	Era of Good Feeling	era of Monroe	96
315213941	Tariff of 1816	first tariff for protection protect small buisiness/ factories GB lower prices in attempt to dom USA econ part of American System	97
315213942	Panic of 1819	econ crisis due to overspeculation of land-can't pay back loans-forclosers-debt-ect	98
315213943	Cumberland Road	The road was the first interstate highway, and the only one entirely paid for by federal funds. It ran from Maryland to Illinois and helped with the westward movement.	99
315213944	Land Act of 1820	West have small pop/ influence. To compensate: can buy 80 acres at 1.25 per cheap transport cheap money	100
315213945	Tallmadge Amendment	This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.	101
315213946	Missouri Compromise	Missouri = slave state Maine = free sate 36-30 line (everything north will be free) the "knell of America" -TJ	102
315213947	Florida Purchase Treaty (Onís Treaty) 1819	USA get FL and Oregon and will back off of Texas	103
315213948	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, The Monroe Doctrine, pro-Andrew Jackson, diplomat	104
315213949	Treaty of 1818	treaty btwn USA and GB fixed North border of Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel 10 yr joint occupation of Oregon with GB	105
315213950	Monroe Doctrine	american policy of isolationist. Will rebute towards any further Euro colonization (speaking to Russia/ Spain). GB will (unofficially) backup their claims because in their own interest. GB (George Canning) initially wanted to make a joint statement but JQ Adams smelt a trap.	106
315213951	Russo-American Treaty of 1824	This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.	107
315213952	Thomas MacDonough	victor at Lake Champlain; saved New York from conquest, New England from disaffection, and the Union from dissolution VITAL to the terms at treaty of ghent (allowed to keep position in Great Lakes/ more favorable terms)	108
315213953	Battle of Bladensburg	Battle of Washington, capital burnt, Madison flee white house, FAIL	109
315213954	Battle of Platsburg	Battle at Lake Champlain	110
315213955	Washington Irving/ James Cooper	American lit; spirit of nationalism	111
315213956	pell-mell	ignore dinner table seating according to statues, how TJ role.	112
315213957	John Adams in prez	2nd president Federalist XYZ Affair No War with France Alien and Sedition Acts "Father of American Navy" "John Adams' Jackasses" Lost to TJ in relection unfairly unpopular	113
315213958	Thomas Jefferson	3rd president "Red Fox" "Negro President" "Virginian Dynasty" Demo-Rep (moderate) Casual (pell-nell) Revolution of 1800 Tripoli Louisiana Purchase Embargo Act Non-Intercourse Act	114
315213959	James Madison (in prez)	Macon's Bill #2 War Hawks The Prophet Mr. Madison's War (of 1812)	115
315213960	James Monroe (pre prez)	In continental Army Crossed the Delaware with GW and faught at Trenton Negotiated Louisiana Purchase	116
315213961	"empire of liberty"	Jefferson's idea of an empire within a nation, in which the US purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, and Lewis and Clark (and Sacajewa) explore Louisiana	117
315213962	"Valley of Democracy"	Jefferson's nickname for the newly aquired land in Louisiana	118
315213963	Albert Ggallatin	"Watchdog" of Treasury new Hamilton in time of Jefferson	119
315213964	Battle of Trafalgar/ Battle of Austerliz	GB dom sea NB dom land need to hurt each other indirectly (trade) impose trade restrictions	120
315213965	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	turning point near end of War of 1812 with General Andrew Jackson	121
315213966	Battle of Thames	1813 British defeat by General William Henry Harrison's army. Tecumesh killed.	122
315213967	"like a clap of thunder"	Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans had spiraling effect of pride	123
315213968	What GB wanted at Ghent	buffer state Great Lakes part of Maine	124
315213969	"On to Canada"	moto pre war attack Canada bc GB weakest there	125
315213970	"Not one inch of Territory ceded or lost"	moto post war had gone toe to toe with greatest world power and ok at end	126
315213971	Butternuts v. Yankee	Butternuts = southerns moved into the Old NorthWest escaping plantation econ Yankee = northern settlers trying to recreate their way of life	127
315213972	John Adams (pre prez)	Massa lawyer Continental Congress Peace Treaty of Paris VP to GW	128
315213973	TJ pre prez	Rich Virginia Lawyer House of Burgesses against coercive acts Delagate of 2nd Continental Congress Dec of Indpo gov of Virginia embassador to France Secretary of State to GW VP to Adams Kentucky/ Virginia Resolutions	129

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Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, autotroph, heterotroph, chlorophyll, mesophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reactions, Calvin cycle, NADP+, photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, photons, spectrophotometer, absorption spectrum, action spectrum, carotenoids, photosytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex, primary electron acceptor, linear electron flow, cyclic electron flow, photorespiration, bundle-sheath cells, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
3. Define photosynthesis and write the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.
4. State which organisms undergo photosynthesis.
5. Distinguish between the site of photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the structure of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells and describe where in the chloroplast the photosynthetic pigments are located.
7. Distinguish between radiant energy and chemical energy and relate both to the process of photosynthesis.
8. Distinguish between the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum, and an absorption spectrum.
9. State which colors of the visible spectrum are absorbed by chlorophylls and which color is reflected.
10. State which chlorophyll is required for the process of photosynthesis and is therefore found in all photosynthetic organisms.
11. State which chlorophylls are found in all plants and which other photosynthetic pigments are commonly found in plants.
12. Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and describe the relationship between the two sets of reactions.
13. Relating to the light-dependent reactions (light reactions) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants):
a.

Terms : Hide Images

1174844074	Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food	...	1
1174844075	Chloroplasts	absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.	2
1174844076	Thylakoids	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	3
1174844077	Stomata	pores on the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters	4
1174844078	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	5
1174844079	Thylakoids	A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	6
1174844080	Chlorophyll	A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.	7
1174844081	What are the two stages of photosynthesis	light dependent and light independent	8
1174844082	Light Reactions	ATP, Oxygen, and NAHPH	9
1174844083	Calvin cycle	H grabbed by NADH ATP H+Co2=Glucose	10
1174844084	NADP	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.	11
1174844085	10.3 The Calvin Cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar	...	12
1174844086	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)	A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.	13
1174844087	Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle NADPH → O2 → CO2 NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II	H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle	14
1174844088	Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle?	release of oxygen	15
1174844089	The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with	ATP and NADPH.	16
1174844090	photosynthesis equation	6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.	17
1174844091	In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast Mitochondrion Ribosome Central vacuole Nucleus	Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.	18
1174844092	What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? CO2 and O2 C6H12O6 and O2 C6H12O6 and RuBP ATP and NADPH G3P and H2O	ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.	19
1174844093	What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADH NADPH An electron transport chain FADH2 Chlorophyll	NADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle. An electron transport chain conveys electrons from one photosystem to the other within the light reactions.	20
1174844094	Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?	The Calvin cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions carried out in the stroma.	21

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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

Vocabulary taken from Organic Chemistry (2006) by Joseph M. Hornback
Required reading for Organic Chemistry: Structure and Reactivity at NCF by Professor Scudder

Terms : Hide Images

1588699778	Absolute configuration	The actual three-demensional arrangement of groups around a chirality center.	0
1588699779	Acetal	The product of the addition of two equivalents of an alcohol to an aldehyde or a ketone.	1
1588699780	Acetylide anion	A carbon nucleophile generated by treating 1-alkynes with a very strong base, such as sodium amide.	2
1588699781	Achiral molecule	A molecule that is superimposable on its mirror image.	3
1588699782	Acidity constant	An equilibirum constant for the reaction of an acid with water as a base; used as a measure of the strength of an acid. For a general acid, HA, the equation for Ka is Ka = [A-][H3O+]/[HA].	4
1588699783	Activation energy	The energy required to surmount the energy barrier separating reactants and products.	5
1588699784	Acyl group	A carbonyl group with an attached alkyl group.	6
1588699785	Addition polymer or chain-growth polymer	A polymer formed by a chain mechanism, where one initiatior molecule causes a large number of monomers to react to form one polymer molecule.	7
1588699786	Addition reaction	A reaction that results in the addition of two groups to opposite ends of a multiple bond.	8
1588699787	Alkaloid	A nitrogen-containing natural product that occurs primarily in higher plants and in some fungi, such as mushrooms.	9
1588699788	Alkyl group	The part of a compound that has carbons that are only singly bonded to other carbons and hydrogens.	10
1588699789	Alkylation reaction	A reaction that results in the attachment of an alkyl group to the reactant.	11
1588699790	Allowed reaction	A pericyclic reaction that is energetically favorable because the electrons in the occupied M.O.'s do not increase in energy.	12
1588699791	Allyl group	The CH2=CHCH2- group.	13
1588699792	Alpha carbon	The carbon adjacent to a functional group; most commonly used to refer to the carbon adjacent to a carbonyl group.	14
1588699793	Amorphous solid	A solid in which the individual molecules have a random arrangement; a glassy solid with no order in the arrangement of its molecules.	15
1588699794	Amphoteric compound	A compound that can act as either an acid or a base.	16
1588699795	Angle strain	Destabilization, usually found in compounds having three- or four-membered rings, that occurs when the orbitals of a bond do not point directly at each other, so the amount of overlap is decreased.	17
1588699796	Annulene	A name sometimes given to rings that contain alternating single and double bonds in a Lewis structure.	18
1588699797	Anomers	Diastereomers that are formed by cyclization of a carbohydrate with differing configurations at the new stereocenter.	19
1588699798	Anti addition	The addition of groups to opposite sides of a double bond.	20
1588699799	Anti conformation	Conformation in which the dihedral angle between two groups on adjacent atoms is 180 degrees	21
1588699800	Anti elimination	Elimination of groups from a conformation in which the dihedral angle between them is 180 degrees. This is the preferred geometry for the E2 reaction.	22
1588699801	Antiaromatic compound	A compound that is destabilized because of the presence of a conjugated cycle of p orbitals containing 4n electrons.	23
1588699802	Antibonding M.O.	A M.O. that is higher in energy than the A.O.'s that combine to form it.	24
1588699803	Anti-periplanar bonds	Bonds with a dihedral angle of 180 degrees.	25
1588699804	Aprotic sovent	A solvent that does not have a H bonded to N or O and therefore cannot H bond.	26
1588699805	Arenium ion	The carbocation formed by addition of an electrophile to a benzene derivative.	27
1588699806	Aromatic compound	A compound that is especially stable because of the presence of a conjugated cycle of p orbitals containing 4n + 2 electrons.	28
1588699807	Atactic polymer	A polymer with random configurations at its many stereocenters.	29
1588699808	Atomic orbital	The region about the nucleus of an atom where, if the orbital contains an electron, the probability of finding an electron is very high.	30
1588699809	Axial bond	In the chair formation of cyclohexane, a bond that is parallel to the axis of the ring.	31
1588699810	Axial strain energy	The amount of destabilization caused by a group in the axial position in the chair conformation of cyclohexane.	32
1588699811	Base ion	The most abundant ion in the mass spectrum.	33
1588699812	Benzyl group	The PhCH2- group.	34
1588699813	Benzyne	A highly reactive intermediate that has a benzene ring with a formal triple bond.	35
1588699814	Boat conformation	The boat-shaped conformation of cyclohexane that has no angle strain but does have some steric strain and some torsional strain.	36
1588699815	Bond disconnections	The imaginary process of breaking bonds at or near the functional groups in a compound during the process of retrosynthetic analysis.	37
1588699816	Bond dissociation energy	The amount of energy that must be added in the gas phase to break the bond in a homolytic manner.	38
1588699817	Bonding M.O.	A M.O. that is lower in energy than the A.O.'s that combine to form it.	39
1588699818	Bromonium ion	A three-membered ring containging a positively charged bromine atom; an intermediate formed in the addition of bromine to an alkene.	40
1588699819	Bonsted-Lowry acid	A proton donor.	41
1588699820	Bronsted-Lowry base	A proton acceptor.	42
1588699821	Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules	Rules that are used to assign priorities to groups attacted to a stereocenter so that the configuration of a compound can be designated.	43
1588699822	Carbanion	A C with three bonds, an unshared pair of electrons, and a negative charge.	44
1588699823	Carbene	A reactive species having a C with only two bonds and an unshared pair of electrons.	45
1588699824	Carbenoid	An organometallic species that reacts like carbene.	46
1588699825	Carbocation	A carbon with three bonds and a positive charge.	47
1588699826	Carbohydrate	Naturally occuring compounds, often with the empirical formula C(H2O) that are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones and derivatives formed from these; includes sugars and starches.	48
1588699827	Carbonyl group	A C=O bond.	49
1588699828	Carboxy group	A carbonyl group with an attached hydroxy group.	50
1588699829	Chain reaction	A reaction in which a reactive intermediate, such as a radical, reacts with a normal molecule, ultimately generating a molecule of product and regenerating the original reactive intermediate, which then causes another reaction cycle to occur. A chain reaction involves three steps: inititation, propagation, and termination.	51
1588699830	Chain-growth polymer or addition polymer	A polymer formed by a chain mechanism, where one initiator molecule causes a large number of monomers to react to form one polymer molecule.	52
1588699831	Chair conformation	The chair-shaped conformation of cyclohexane that has no angle strain and has no torsional strain because it is perfectly staggered about all the C-C bonds. It is strain free.	53
1588699832	Chemical shift	The position of an absorption on the x-axis in an NMR spectrum; provides information about the local environment of the atom that is responsible for the absorption.	54
1588699833	Chirality center	A carbon or other tetrahedral atom bonded to four different groups; a type of sterocenter.	55
1588699834	Chiral molecule	A molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image.	56
1588699835	Chromophore	The part of a molecule that is responsible for the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light.	57
1588699836	Cis-trans isomers	Stereoisomers that differ in the placement of groups on one side or the other of a double bond.	58
1588699837	Codon	A series of three bases in a nucleic acid polymer that specifies a particular amino acid.	59
1588699838	Concerted reaction	A reaction that occurs in one step.	60
1588699839	Condensation polymer or step growth polymer	A polymer formed from monomers with two reactive functional groups by normal reactions, such as ester formation, between the functional groups.	61
1588699840	Configuration	The three-dimensional arrangment of groups about a stereocenter in a molecule.	62
1588699841	Conformation	A shape that a molecule can assume by rotation about a single bond.	63
1588699842	Conformational analysis	Analysis of the energies of the various conformations of a compound.	64
1588699843	Conjugate acid	The acid formed by protonation of a base in an acid-base reaction.	65
1588699844	Conjugate addition or 1,4-addition	The addition of a nucleophile to the B-carbon of an a,B-unsaturated carbonyl compound.	66
1588699845	Conjugate base	The base formed by the loss of a proton from an acid in an acid-base reaction.	67
1588699846	Conjugated molecule	A molecule that has a series of overlapping parallel p orbitals on adjacent atoms.	68
1588699847	Connectivity	The arrangement of bonded atoms in a structure.	69
1588699848	Conrotation	Rotation of orbitals in the same direction in an electrocyclic reaction.	70
1588699849	Constitutional isomers	Compounds that have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement (connectivity) of bonded atoms.	71
1588699850	Coupling constant (Jax)	The separation between two adjacent peaks in a group of peaks that results from coupling in an NMR spectrum.	72
1588699851	Covalent bonding	Bonding that results from atoms sharing electrons in order to arrive at the same number of electrons as a noble gas.	73
1588699852	Cross-link	A group that connects separate polymer chains by covalent bonds.	74
1588699853	Crystalline solid	A solid in which the individual molecules are arranged with a very high degree of order.	75
1588699854	Cycloaddition reaction	A pericyclic reaction in which two molecules react to form two new sigma bonds between the end atoms of their pi systems, resulting in the formation of a ring.	76
1588699855	Degenerate orbitals	Orbitals with the same energy.	77
1588699856	Degree of unsaturation (DU)	The total number of multiple bonds plus rings in a compound. The DU is calculated by subtracting the actual number of H's in a compound from the maximum number of H's and dividing the results by 2.	78
1588699857	Delocalized MO	A MO that extends around more than two atoms.	79
1588699858	DEPT-NMR (distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer)	A technique used in 13C-NMR that allows the number of H's attached to each C to be determined.	80
1588699859	Dextrorotatory (d) or (+)	Clock-wise rotation of plane-polarized light.	81
1588699860	Diastereomers	Non-mirror-image stereoisomers.	82
1588699861	1,3-Diaxial interaction	An interaction that destabilizes two axial groups on the same face of a cyclohexane ring because of steric crowding between them.	83
1588699862	Dienophile	The species, most often an alkene or alkyne, that acts as the two-electron component in a Diels-Alder reaction.	84
1588699863	Dihedral angle	The angle between the a marker group on the front atom and on the back atom of a Newman projection.	85
1588699864	Dipolar ion or zwitterion	A neutral compound containing a covalently linked cation and anion.	86
1588699865	Dipole moment (u)	The product of the amount of charge separation in a molecule x the distance of the charge separation.	87
1588699866	Disaccharide	A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharide units that are connected by a glycosidic bond.	88
1588699867	Disrotation	Rotation of orbitals in opposite directions in an electrocyclic reaction.	89
1588699868	Downfield	A chemical shift at a higher delta value in the NMR spectrum.	90
1588699869	E	Letter used to designate the isomer of an alkene that has the high priority groups on opposite sides of the double bond.	91
1588699870	E1 reaction or unimolecular elimination reaction	An elimination reaction that occurs in two steps through a carbocation intermediate.	92
1588699871	E2 reaction or bimolecular elimination reaction	An elimination reaction that follows a concerted mechanism in which a base removes a proton simultaneously with the departure of the leaving group.	93
1588699872	Eclipsed conformation	Conformation in which the bonds on one atom are directly in line with the bonds on the adjacent atom when a Newman projection is viewed.	94
1588699873	Electrocyclic reaction	A pericyclic reaction that forms a sigma bond between the end atoms of a series of conjugated pi bonds within a molecule.	95
1588699874	Electromagnetic spectrum	The range of electromagnetic radiation (light), from very energetic cosmic rays to low-energy radio waves.	96
1588699875	Electronegativity	Electron-attracting ability of an atom.	97
1588699876	Electronic transition	The excitation of an electron from an occupied MO to an antibonding MO.	98
1588699877	Electrophile	An electron-poor species that seeks an electron rich site; similar to a Lewis acid.	99
1588699878	Electrophilic addition reaction	A reaction that results in the addition of two groups, an electrophile and a nucleophile, to the carbons of a CC double or triple bond.	100
1588699879	Electrophilic aromatic substitution	A reaction in which an electrophile is substituted for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring.	101
1588699880	Elimination reaction	A reaction in which groups (most commonly a proton and a leaving group) are lost from an adjacent atoms, resulting in the formation of a double bond.	102
1588699881	1,1-Elimination	An elimination of two groups from the same C to produce a carbene; also called alpha elimination	103
1588699882	1,2-Eliminatinon	An elimination of two groups from adjacent atoms to produce a pi bond; also called beta elimination.	104
1588699883	Enantiomers	Nonsuperimposable mirror-image stereoisomers.	105
1588699884	Endergonic reaction	A reaction for which the change in standard Gibbs free energy is positive; the products are higher in energy than the reactants and the reaction favors the reactants at equilibrium.	106
1588699885	Endothermic reaction	A reaction for which the enthalpy change is positive.	107
1588699886	Enol	A compound with a hydroxy group attached to a CC double bond.	108
1588699887	Enolate ion	A carbanion adjacent to a carbonyl group.	109

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