| 1365634343 | Two-Party System | 1830s - fully formed two-party system began to operate at nation level. Anti-Jackson forces called themselves the Whigs. Jackson's followers were Democrats (permanent name to nation's oldest political party). | | 1 |
| 1365634344 | Nullification Crisis | South Carolina angered at congressional tariff bill that offered no relief from tariff of abominations (so they voted to nullify the tariffs). Jackson said it was treason, so he strengthened federal forts in South Carolina and ordered warship to Charleston. | | 2 |
| 1365634345 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia | Cherokee tried to stop Georgia from taking lands through Supreme court appeal. Court supported Cherokee contention that state had no authority to negotiate with tribal representatives. Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court decision | | 3 |
| 1365634346 | Whigs | Denounced Jackson's use of power and named after the party in England that traditionally worked to limit king's power. Now nation had two competing political parties. | | 4 |
| 1365634347 | The American System | Proposed creating a great home market for factory and farm producers by raising protective tariff, strengthening national bank, and financing internal improvements. Henry Clay won support from those who favored internal improvements and economic developments with this | | 5 |
| 1365634348 | "The reign of King 'Mob'" | The "age of Jackson" was much less a triumph of the common people, but it did mark a transformation of American politics. (Now open to virtually all of the nation's white male citizens) "Era of the common man" | | 6 |
| 1365634349 | The Dorr Rebellion | Old state government said Dorr (governor) and followers were rebels--rejected legitimacy of Dorr's constitution. Rebellion quickly failed, but the episode helped spur the old guard to draft a new constitution that greatly expanded suffrage. | | 7 |
| 1365634350 | Spoils System | Patronage, process of giving jobs as political rewards, was the "spoils system". Jackson's embrace of this system helped cement its place in party politics. | | 8 |
| 1365634351 | Force Bill | Authorized president to use military to see that acts of Congress were obeyed (violence was a possibility). | | 9 |
| 1365634352 | Black Hawk War | Vicious! White forces attacked Indians even when they surrendered (pursued as they retreated and slaughtered many). Reinforced determination of whites to remove all native Americans to the West. | | 10 |
| 1365634353 | Five Civilized Tribes | All of these were forced to "Indian" Territory (Oklahoma). Choctaw (1830), Chickasaw (1837), Cherokee (1838), Seminole | | 11 |
| 1365634354 | "Soft money" v. "Hard money" | Soft Money: largely of state bankers and their allies. Objected to the Bank because it restrained state banks from issuing notes freely. Believed in rapid economic growth and speculation.
Hard Money: Believed coin was the only safe currency and condemned all banks that issued banknotes (state or fed). Embraced older ideas and suspicious on expansion/speculation. | | 12 |
| 1365634355 | Nicholas Biddle | Ran the Bank from 1823 on and did much to put institution on a sound and prosperous basis. President Jackson wanted to dismantle the bank | | 13 |
| 1365634356 | Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge | Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need | | 14 |
| 1365634357 | Martin Van Buren | Andrew Jackson's choice for president, but he couldn't match Jackson's personal magnetism and his administration suffered from economic difficulties that hurt him and his party. | | 15 |
| 1365634358 | Penny Press | Carried news of candidates to large audiences. Newspapers were deliberately livelier and more sensationalistic than the past.Reinforced increasingly democratic character of political culture and encouraging inclination of both parties to try appeal to ordinary voters as they planned campaigns. | | 16 |
| 1365634359 | Webster-Ashburton Treaty | 1842. Lord Ashburton negotiated an agreement on Maine's boundary. US received slightly more than half of the disputed area and agreed to revised northern boundary west of Rocky Mtn. Anglo-American relations improved significantly. | | 17 |
| 1365634360 | Treaty of Wang Hya | 1884: US established first diplomatic relations with China. American diplomats secured same trading privileges as English, and trade with China increased, also provded for extraterritoriality | | 18 |
| 1365634361 | Webster Hayne Debate | Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that | | 19 |
| 1365634362 | Nullification Crisis | 1832-33 was over the tariff policy of the Fed. Gov't, during Jackson's presidency which prompted South Carolina to threaten the use of NULLIFICATION, possible secession and Andrew Jackson's determination to end with military force. | | 20 |
| 1365634363 | Black Hawk War | Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox ppl murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi | | 21 |
| 1365634364 | Trail of Tears | (AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | | 22 |
| 1365634365 | Second Bank of United States | chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business. | | 23 |
| 1365634366 | American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. | | 24 |
| 1365634367 | Daniel Webster | Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union. | | 25 |
| 1365634368 | Henry Clay | ..., Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state | | 26 |
| 1365634369 | Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | | 27 |
| 1365634370 | Adams-Onís Treaty | (204) Spain ceded all of Floride to the US and gave up claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in Pacific Northwest. American govt gave up claims to Texas--for a time. | | 28 |
| 1365634371 | Missouri Compromise | (205) Combined Maine and Missouri proposals into a single bill; Maine would be free and Missouri a slave state. Happy resolution of a danger to the Union. | | 29 |
| 1365634372 | McCulloch v. Maryland | (206) 1819 Marshall confirmed "implied powers" of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of US. Unpopular in the South/West (states tried to drive out of business). States taxing could lead to them taxing it to death. | | 30 |
| 1365634373 | Worcester v. Georgia | (208) Georgia tried to regulate access to Cherokee country. Marshall invalidated law, and only federal govt had authority (empowered tribe like states, but under federal rule) | | 31 |
| 1365634374 | "Monroe Doctrine" | (209) 1823 JQA wrote Europe to stay our of LA (could not enforce, but British could... it was important to trade with America) recognized country's independence | | 32 |
| 1365634375 | Andrew Jackson | (201,4) Commanded American troops along Florida... invaded and seized Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola (Seminole War). Demonstrated that US could easily take Florida by force | | 33 |
| 1365634376 | Second Bank of the United States | (196) More capital and couldn't forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel state banks to issue only sound notes. | | 34 |
| 1365634377 | Protective Tariff | (196) End of war dimmed prospects for A industry. Congress passed a tariff law to limit competition from abroad (cotton cloth). | | 35 |
| 1365634378 | John Jacob Astor, America Fur Co. | (200) After War of 1812, JJAF Co extended operations from Great Lakes westward to Rockies. Trappers increased and mountain men closely bound up with market economy, which bulk of profits flowed to merchants, not trappers. | | 36 |
| 1365634379 | "Era of Good Feelings" | (201-203) Expansion of economy, growth of white settlement and trade in West, and creation of states all reflected rising spirit of nationalism. | | 37 |
| 1365634380 | James Monroe | (201) Decline of Federalists and no important international threats, so Monroe attempted to end partisan divisions and factional disputes. | | 38 |
| 1365634381 | John Quincy Adams | (202-203) Great diplomat and committed nationalist (promoted American expansion) Secretary of state, Adams began negotiations with Spain over Florida. | | 39 |
| 1365634382 | Dartmouth College v. Woodward | (206) 1819 Further expanded contract clause of Constitution. Republicans tried to revise Dart C's charter to convert from private to state uni. Daniel Webster argued... placed important restrictions on the ability of state govts to control corporations. | | 40 |
| 1365634383 | Gibbons v. Ogden | (207) Court strengthened Congress' power to regulate commerce. Important issue was whether Congress' power to give Gibbons a license superseded NY's power to grant Odgen monopoly. Increased federal role in promoting economic growth and protected corporations from local govt interference. | | 41 |
| 1365634384 | "Corrupt Bargain" | In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. | | 42 |
| 1365634385 | "Tariff of Abominations" | (211) Manufactured goods protected and (in South) raw materials cost more. When Adams signed, the South was angered | | 43 |
| 1365634386 | John C. Calhoun | resigned Vice Presdiency to fight against "Tariff of Abominations", wrote South Carolina Exposition on Nullification | | 44 |
| 1365634387 | South Carolina Exposition on Nullification | Clained that a majority of states could nullify a federal alw. Additionally, if a majority did not vote nullify that any state that did vote to nullify could exit the union. | | 45 |
| 1365634388 | Force Bill | 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act. | | 46 |
| 1365634389 | John Jacob Astor | Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him. | | 47 |
| 1365634390 | American Fur Company | Founded by John Jacob Astor in 1808; grew to monopolize the fur trade in the United States by 1830, and became one of the largest businesses in the country; worked south of the Columbia River in Oregon | | 48 |
| 1365634391 | Seminole War | For seven years the Seminole Indians, joined by runaway black slaves, waged a bitter guerrilla war that took the lives of some fifteen hundred. Their spirit was broken in 1837, when the American field commander treacherously seized their leader, Osceola, under the flag of truce. The war dragged on for 5 more years, but the Seminole were defeated. | | 49 |
| 1365634392 | Henry Clay | Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state, also developed the "American System" | | 50 |
| 1365634393 | Gibbons v. Ogden | (JMon) interstate commerce, In this Marshall Court case, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated a state monopoly and reaffirmed Congress' power to oversee commerce between states. Of all the cases that have interpreted the scope of congressional power under the commerce clause, none has been more important than this | | 51 |
| 1365634394 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. | | 52 |
| 1365634395 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act | | 53 |
| 1365634396 | spoils system | A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. | | 54 |
| 1365634397 | The Confederation Congress | acted as the body of government from 1781 until the Constitution was written in 1787. Passed both the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787. | | 55 |
| 1365634398 | Alexander Hamilton | was a very renowned and successful lawyer around this time. He was a Scottish man that called for a thing he called a national convention or impost. This convention would be held in order to alter the Articles of Confederation. He followed in the footsteps of Morris. | | 56 |
| 1365634399 | James Madison | Father of the Constitution (Virginia Plan). Introduced, to the 1st congress, what became the Bill of Rights. | | 57 |
| 1365634400 | The Founding Fathers | was a group of men that are noted for adopting the formation of the government that we have today as well as helping to create the country. | | 58 |
| 1365634401 | Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia - 1787) | (everywhere but from Rhode Island) The convention was originally intended to revise the Articles of Confederation but eventually led to the development of the Constitution and a new entire form of government. | | 59 |
| 1365634402 | Edmund Randolph | Randolph stated that there needed to be a system of checks and balances with three divided levels of power. These levels would be called the judicial, legislative and executive. | | 60 |
| 1365634403 | William Patterson/New Jersey Plan | was a plan composed by Patterson in reaction to the Virginia plan. This plan said that Government should remain the same with no changes (eg unicameral). It was rejected in favor of the Virginia Plan. | | 61 |
| 1365634404 | The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) | small states received equal representation in the senate while large population states received proportion representation in the House | | 62 |
| 1365634405 | Separation of power/checks and balances | was the system that was created out of the great compromise as well as the Virginia plan that divided the powers. The system divided the power evenly into levels and groups that were designed to keep check on each of the others ((eg presidential veto of congress). | | 63 |
| 1365634406 | Federalists/Federalist Papers | name given to the supporters of the Constitution. Documents written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay that spoke of supporting the Constitution | | 64 |
| 1365634407 | Anti Federalists | were a group that was against the Constitution. They feared a repressive central government and wanted explicit protections to civil liberties.Included George Mason, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee | | 65 |
| 1365634408 | The Bill of Rights | was the first ten amendments to the constitution. The bills included such details as freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly and freedom of religion. | | 66 |
| 1365634409 | The Judiciary Acts of 1789 | created the Supreme Court and other "inferior" courts | | 67 |
| 1365634410 | Report on Manufactures | was an outlined plan by Alexander Hamilton to stimulate the growth of industry. | | 68 |
| 1365634411 | The First Bank of America | this idea was sparked from Hamilton wanting to pay off the national debt. Nowhere in the Constitution did congress have the explcit power to so. This is the origin of a loose interpretation of the Constitution. | | 69 |
| 1365634412 | Whiskey Rebellion | congress made a tax on whiskey and some distillers refused to pay it. There was an uprising put down in Pennsylvania, establishes that the president has extensive power to ensure domestic tranquility. | | 70 |
| 1365634413 | Jay's Treaty | tried to get the British soldiers off of their posts and stop England from blocking colonist's ships | | 71 |
| 1365634414 | Thomas Pinckney/ Pinckney's Treaty | Jay's treaty paved the way for negotiatons with Spain and opened the door for Thomas Pinckney. He created Pinckney's Treaty which was signed in 1795. Spain said that America had the right to go all over the Mississippi and drop off goods into New Orleans. | | 72 |
| 1365634415 | Prince Talleyrand/ XYZ Affair | John Adams appointed a bipartisan commission to negotiate with France in order to stabilize peace. Prince Talleyrand sent 3 agents to talk with the US delegation to demand a loan for France and a bribe for France before anything went down. But Pinckney wouldn't do it, he said "NO, NO! Not a sixpence!" Adams urged congress to prepare for war | | 73 |
| 1365634416 | The "Quasi War" | was the sea war between France and America. | | 74 |
| 1365634417 | The Alien and Sedition Acts | was a way for the Federalists to get ahead of the Republican Party. The Alien Act was a restriction on aliens coming into the United States, increased the years necessary to become a citizen and vote. The Sedition Acts prosecuted people who spoke against the government plan. | | 75 |
| 1365634418 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | the Kentucky legislature was written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia legislature was written by James Madison. Asserted that states could interpose and nullify federal laws | | 76 |
| 1365634419 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. | | 77 |
| 1365634420 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery | | 78 |
| 1365634421 | Shay's Rebellion | A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. Caused several of the founders to believe that the central government needed more "energy" or power. | | 79 |
| 1365634422 | Annapolis Convention (1785) | attempt to amend the Articles of Confederation, failed because of lack of attendance. Led to the calling of the Philadelphia Convention. | | 80 |
| 1365634423 | Mount Vernon Conference | Successful at solving navigation and trade problems between Virginia and Maryland. Led to the calling of the Annapolis Convention. | | 81 |
| 1365634424 | Marbury v Madison | Stemmed from the midnight appointmetns of outgoing Presdient John Addams. Provided that the Supreme Court had judicial reveiw over federal laws. | | 82 |
| 1365634425 | "Republican Mother" | Help trained the new generation for citizenship. Helped speed the creation of female academies throughout the nation (1789 Mass required public schools serve females and other states gradually followed) | | 83 |
| 1365634426 | Second Great Awakening | It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ. | | 84 |
| 1365634427 | Louisiana Purchase (1803) | Napolean offered this because he didn't have resources to have to resources to establish empire in AmericaUS paid $15 million, grant exclusive commercial rights, and incorporated Louisiana people. Jefferson was pleased, but embarrassed because Constitution gave no direct authority. | | 85 |
| 1365634428 | Embargo | Prohibited American ships from leaving the US for any foreign port. Widely evaded, effective enough to create serious depression--hardest hit were merchants and shipowners (Federalists). Persuaded England to repeal blockade, but repeal came too late to prevent war. | | 86 |
| 1365634429 | Battle of New Orleans | British forces were no match for Andrew Jackson's well-protected men. US and Britain signed a peace treaty weeks before this battle, made Jackson a national hero | | 87 |
| 1365634430 | John Marshall | Chief of Justice who shaped many rulings and strengthened judiciary | | 88 |
| 1365634431 | Turnpike Era | Toll road of crushed stone that inspired difficult process of turnpike building, as horse-drawn vehicles could not travel at incline. There were complicated roads, and mt. roads were not built until gov. involved. | | 89 |
| 1365634432 | Chesapeake-Leopard Incident | Americans refused Brits to search, opened fire, and Brits took four men. America wanted revenge, but Jefferson expelled Brit ships and demanded an end to impressment. Instead, compensation was offered, but England refused to renounce impressment. | | 90 |
| 1365634433 | Tecumseh | was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy (known as Tecumseh's Confederacy) which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. Tecumseh has become an iconic folk hero in American, Aboriginal and Canadian history. | | 91 |
| 1365634434 | Battle of Tippecanoe | Disillusioned many of the Prophet's followers and Tecumesh returned to find confederacy in disarray. Gov Harrison thought the only solution to make the West safe by driving British out of Canada and annex that province to the US. | | 92 |
| 1365634435 | Francis Scott Key | Recorded pride in the moment by writing Star Spangled Banner (old English drinking song). | | 93 |
| 1365634436 | "Noble Savages" | Native Americans (uncivilized but not uncivilizable). Hoped that schooling Indians would "uplift" tribes, but there were no efforts for African Americans. | | 94 |
| 1365634437 | Barbary States | Morocco, Algiers, Punis, Tripoli. They demanded annual tribute in exchange for protection; Jefferson was reluctant.Tripoli was unhappy, Am. Flag chopped down (war), which stopped payment of tribute, but paid the ransom | | 95 |
| 1365634438 | "Northern Confederacy" | Extreme Federalists (Essex Junto) thought only recourse for NE was to secede from the Union and form "northern confederacy". For any hope, it would have to include NY and NJ as well, but Alexander Hamilton refused. Turned to Aaron Burr, who dueled Hamilton. | | 96 |
| 1365634439 | William Henry Harrison | Advocate of westernland development... Harrison Law Land meant it was easier for white settlers to acquire farms. Gov of Indiana to propose to Indians to either convert or move (give up all tribal lands & US acquired lands). (Brits in Canada became defensive and befriended Indians) | | 97 |
| 1365634440 | War Hawks | Eager young congressmen who highly supported war | | 98 |
| 1365634441 | Midwifery | Physicians started to take over deliveries | | 99 |
| 1365634442 | Robert Fulton | Invented the steamboat; "Clermont" (1807) was large enough to carry passengers | | 100 |
| 1365634443 | Lewis and Clark | Jefferson acquired Lewis (who acquired Clark) to investigate geography and Indians. 1804-1806 Lewis & Clary with Sacagawea as interpretator from St. Louis | | 101 |
| 1365634444 | Impressment | British navy to its people: "floating hell"--most had to be impressed into service. Many would escape to American navy, but British raided ships and took both Brits and Americans | | 102 |
| 1365634445 | Macon's Bill No.2 | (185) Reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France | | 103 |
| 1365634446 | Henry Clay | Elected Speaker of House in 1811 and appointed John Calhoun of SC to Committee of Foreign Affairs. Declaration of war against Britain | | 104 |
| 1365634447 | Hartford Convention | Delegates from NE states met in Hartford to discuss grievances against Madison administration Reasserted right of nullification and proposed seven amendments to the Constitution (to protect NE from growing influence of South and West) | | 105 |
| 1365634448 | "Burned Over" district | In the early nineteenth century, upstate New York was called the "burned-over district" because of the numerous revivals that crisscrossed the region.[7][8] Charles Finney, a leading revivalist active in the area, coined the term. | | 106 |
| 1365634449 | Charles Finney | He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. Finney was best known as an innovative revivalist, an opponent of Old School Presbyterian theology, an advocate of Christian perfectionism, a pioneer in social reforms in favor of women and African-Americans, a religious writer, and president at Oberlin College. | | 107 |
| 1365634450 | McCulloch v. Maryland | ...The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. . The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.
This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government. | | 108 |
| 1365634451 | Dartmouth v. Woodward | The case arose when the president of The Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of the original charter of the college, which pre-dated the creation of the State.
The decision settled the nature of public versus private charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation and the free American enterprise system. | | 109 |
| 1365634452 | Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge | In 1785, the Charles River Bridge Company had been granted a charter to construct a bridge over the Charles River connecting Boston and Cambridge. When the Commonwealth of Massachusetts sanctioned another company to build the Warren Bridge, chartered 1828, that would be very close in proximity to the first bridge and would connect the same two cities, the proprietors of the Charles River Bridge claimed that the Massachusetts legislature had broken its contract with the Charles River Bridge Company, and thus the contract had been violated.
The Court ultimately sided with Warren Bridge. This decision was received with mixed opinions, and had some impact on the remainder of Taney's tenure as Chief Justice. | | 110 |
| 1365634453 | Sacagawea | was a Lemhi Shoshone woman, who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, acting as an interpreter and guide, in their exploration of the Western United States. She traveled thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806. | | 111 |
| 1365634455 | Hamilton's First Report on Credit | The report analyzed the financial standing of the United States of America and made recommendations to reorganize the national debt and to establish the public credit. Called for full federal payment at face value to holders of government securities and the national government to assume funding of all state debt | | 112 |
| 1365634457 | Hamilton's Second Report on Credit | called for the establishment of a central bank, its primary purpose to expand the flow of legal tender by monetizing the national debt through the issuance of federal bank notes | | 113 |
| 1365634459 | Hamilton's Report on Manufactures | the United States needed to have a sound policy of encouraging the growth of manufacturing and secure its future as a permanent feature of the economic system of the nation. He argued these could be achieved through bounties or subsidies to industry, regulation of trade with moderate tariffs (not intended to discourage imports but to raise revenue to support American manufacturing through subsidy), and other government encouragement
The principal ideas of the "Report" would later be incorporated into the "American System" program by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and his Whig Party. | | 114 |
| 1365634461 | Citizen Genet | French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834) | | 115 |
| 1365634463 | XYZ Affair | 1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters | | 116 |
| 1365634466 | Alien Act | 1798 (JA), gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US | | 117 |
| 1365634468 | Sedition Act | 1798, (JA) , made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government | | 118 |
| 1365634470 | Kentucky Resolution | written by jefferson; introduced nullification; states have right to judge laws made and if be, declare laws null and void | | 119 |
| 1365634472 | Virginia Resolution | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. | | 120 |
| 1365634474 | elastic clause | The Necessary and Proper Clause (also known as the Elastic Clause, the Basket Clause, the Coefficient Clause, and the Sweeping Clause.[1]) is the provision in Article One of the United States Constitution, section 8, clause 18:
The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. | | 121 |
