AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Chapter 1 American beginnings to 1877 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
204896199EnlightenmentThis was an intellectual movement that began in Europe.0
204896200Great AwakeningThis was a colonial religious movement, that was led to change in thinking throughout the 13 colonies.1
204896201Benjamin FranklinA colonist who eagerly took to the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reason.2
204896202ScientistThey began enlightenment.3
204896203Benjamin Flanklin's InventionLibrary, Fire department, lightning rods, bifocal eyeglasses, and stove.4
204896204books and pamphletsThis is how the Enlightenment spread into the colonies.5
204896205...This is what the Puritans supported6
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 1 American beginnings to 1877 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
204896199EnlightenmentThis was an intellectual movement that began in Europe.0
204896200Great AwakeningThis was a colonial religious movement, that was led to change in thinking throughout the 13 colonies.1
204896201Benjamin FranklinA colonist who eagerly took to the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reason.2
204896202ScientistThey began enlightenment.3
204896203Benjamin Flanklin's InventionLibrary, Fire department, lightning rods, bifocal eyeglasses, and stove.4
204896204books and pamphletsThis is how the Enlightenment spread into the colonies.5
204896205...This is what the Puritans supported6
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 1 American beginnings to 1877 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
204896199EnlightenmentThis was an intellectual movement that began in Europe.0
204896200Great AwakeningThis was a colonial religious movement, that was led to change in thinking throughout the 13 colonies.1
204896201Benjamin FranklinA colonist who eagerly took to the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reason.2
204896202ScientistThey began enlightenment.3
204896203Benjamin Flanklin's InventionLibrary, Fire department, lightning rods, bifocal eyeglasses, and stove.4
204896204books and pamphletsThis is how the Enlightenment spread into the colonies.5
204896205...This is what the Puritans supported6
Powered by Quizlet.com

world war2 vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
1328557933phony warThe Phoney War was a phase early in World War II that was marked by a lack of major military operations by the Western Allies against the German Reich.1
1328557934miracle at dunkirkThe Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 27 May and 4 June 19402
1328557935blitzkriegan intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory.3
1328557936german soviet non-aggression pactThe most famous non-aggression pact is the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, which lasted until the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa.4
1328557937operation barbarossaOperation Barbarossa (German: Fall Barbarossa, literally "Case Barbarossa"), beginning 22 June 1941, was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II5
1328557938scorched earth policya military strategy of burning or destroying buildings, crops, or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force.6
1328557939benito mussoliniMussolini: Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)7
1328557940adolf hitlerHitler: German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-19458
1328557941hideki tojoHideki Tōjō was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, the leader of the Taisei Yokusankai, and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during most of World War II, from October 17, 1941 to July 22, 19449
1328557942emperor hirohitoHirohito, posthumously referred to as Emperor Shōwa in Japan, was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order, reigning from December 25, 1926, until his death in 198910
1328557943frankin d. rooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known by his initials, FDR, 32nd President of the United States, served for 12 years and four terms until his death in 1945, the only president ever to do so, and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a11
1328557944harry s. trumanHarry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States. The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health. Under Truman, the U.S.12
1328557945neville chamberlainChamberlain: British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940)13
1328557946winston churchillChurchill: British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953 (1874-196514
1328557947josef stalinJoseph Stalin or Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin was the de facto leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.15
1328557948lend lease actlend lease act. lend-lease. the matériel and services supplied by the U.S. to its allies during World War II under an act of Congress (Lend-Lease Act) passed in 1941: such aid was to be repaid in kind after the war. the two-way transfer of ideas, styles, etc16
1328557949atlantic charterThe Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued in August 14,1941 that, early in World War II, defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the leaders of Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies.17
1328557950meeting at yaltaYalta Conference. Yalta Conference in February 1945 with (from left to right) Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin18
1328557951meeting at potsdamJoseph Stalin and Harry Truman meeting at the Potsdam Conference on 18 July 1945. From left to right, first row: Premier Joseph Stalin; President Harry S. Truman, Soviet Ambassador to the United States Andrei Gromyko, Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov19
1328557952manhattan projectThe Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.20
1328557953robert openheimerDefinition of J Robert Oppenheimer from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. J Robert Oppenheimer. (Julius Robert Oppenheimer 1904-67) the scientist in charge of the US Manhattan Project (1942-5) which built the first atom bomb. After World War II, Oppenheimer directed the Institute for Advanced Study.21
1328557954atomic bombsa bomb that derives its destructive power from the rapid release of nuclear energy by fission of heavy atomic nuclei, causing damage through heat, blast, and radioactivity22
1328557955kamakaze(in World War II) a Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target.23
1328557956island hoppingtravel from one island to another, esp. as a tourist in an area of small islands24
1328557957pearl harbora harbor on Oahu to the west of Honolulu; location of a United States naval base that was attacked by the Japanese on 7 Dec 19425
1328557958unconditional surrenderAn unconditional surrender is a surrender in which no guarantees are given to the surrendering party26
1328557959final solutionthe Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. Introduced by Heinrich Himmler and administered by Adolf Eichmann, the policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jews in concentration camps between 1941 and 194527
1328557960nuremberg lawsThe Nuremberg Laws were the first attempt by the Nazi government to define the Jews and as such, play a pivotal role in the process that lead to their annihilation. The Nuremberg Laws were adopted by the Reichstag at the Nazi Party Day of September 15, 193528
1328557961kristal nachtKristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kʁɪsˈtalnaχt]; English: "Crystal Night"), also referred to as the Night of Broken Glass, or Reichskristallnacht [ˌʁaɪçs.kʁɪsˈtalnaχt], Pogromnacht [poˈɡʁoːmnaχt] ( listen), and November pogrome [noˈvɛmbɐpoɡʁoːmə] ( listen), was a pogrom (a series ...29
1328557962extermination campsExtermination camps (or death camps) were camps during World War II (1939-45) built primarily but not exclusively by Nazi Germany to systematically kill millions of people by execution (primarily by gassing) and extreme work under starvation conditions30
Powered by Quizlet.com

history World War2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
1513276249Rome-Berlin Axisan alliance between Hitler and Mussolini1
1513276250appeasementpolicy used by Chamberlain when he accepted Hitlers demands for territory2
1513276251Neville ChamberlainBritish prime minister who believed he could avoid war if he gave into Hitler's demands3
1513276252Franklin Rooseveltpresident during World War14
1513276253blitzkriegGerman war strategy aimed at taking the enemy by surpise5
1513276254sitzkriegdubbed the "phony war" when things were quiet on the western front6
1513276255luftwaffeGerman air force7
1513276256dunkirkfrench seaport where a heroic rescue of Allied armies took place8
1513276257maginot line200 mile of fortifications built along France's border with germany9
1513276258battle of britainGerman planes outnumbered the British planes but the Germans never did gain air supremacy10
1513276259blitznight bombings of London for 57 consecutive nights11
1513276260Atlantic Charterjoint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill which called for the "final destruction of Nazi tyranny"12
1513276261Charles de Gaullefrench tank commander who organized a French resistance movement after the fall of France to Germany13
1513276262Winston ChruchillBritish prime minister who warned of the Nazi danger14
1513276263Erwin RommelGerman tank commander who had many victories in Africa15
1513276264operation Barbarossacode name for the massive attack on the Soviet Union by Germany16
1513276265scorched earth policypolicy used by Stalin to destroy everything that could be used by the German invaders17
1513276266Holocaustmass destruction of 6 million Jewish people18
1513276267Final SolutionNazi code word for the destruction of all jews19
1513276268ghettodesignated area of the city with poor living conditions20
1513276269German SSspecial units of Nazi who captured and killed jews21
1513276270genocidedeliberate planned killing of an entire group of people based on race, politics, or culture22
1513276271Tripartite pactagreement with Japan, Germany,Italy23
1513276272Pearl Harborfirst Japanese attack on the U.S.24
1513276273battle of Midwayended Japanese naval superiority in the Paciftic25
1513276274guadalcanalfirst in the series of island battles the Americans fought as they made their way north of japan26
1513276275KamikazeJapanese suicide bombers27
1513276276operation Overloadplan to land Allied troops in France28
1513276277D-Dayrefers to the Allied landing in France on June 6,194429
1513276278Bernard MontgomeryBritish general who fought in Africa against Germany30
1513276279Dwight D. EisenhowerAllied Commander who assembled troops for Operation Overload31
1513276280Douglas MacArthurAmerican general who fought in the Pacific against Japan32
1513276281Axis powersincluded Germany, Italy, Japan33
1513276282Soviet UnionHitler attacks after failing to defeat Great Britain34
1513276283Poland and Soviet Unionlargest number of Jews lived in35
1513276284U.S. was officially at war the day afterJapan attacked Pearl Harbor36
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP European History Unit 2 wars of religion THE THIRTY YEARS WAR Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
467924432Holy Roman EmpireExtended from Poland & Hungary on East to France on the West. Included Czechs, Fr Spkers of Belgium, Lorraine, etc but mostly German spkg. Religion was no longer tie to bind becos in Germany - almost evenly divided or even with a Prot maj. - smtms Prots predominated in meetings of estates. To east of HRE Prots smtms dominated also - Hungary, Transylvania, etc. Econ. shift of ctr to West left Germany in some decline. Whereas in 1500 Germany a leader, in 1600 - backward & provincial. Lutheran states - culturally isolated. German univs. losing preeminence. More witches burned here than in west - superstition++. Dutch control of mouth of Rhine -> decline of econ imptce(+Atl. trade). Fuggers losing position as Euro's bankers.0
467924433Peace of Augsburg1555, "whose the region, his the religion", -> when incumbent died, race to see who would be successor - Luth/Cath. Turn of century - wars in Aachen and Cologne over this. After P of A Lutherans making gains in this area. Caths saw this as violation of Ecclesiastical Reservation.1
467924434Ecclesiastical ReservationFeature of the P of A which stated that if a prince/ruler of a state changed his religion after 1550s - should leave the state and could not take ppl with him. Property to stay with religion. But as more and more went to Lutheranism, did not leave but stayed and changed religion of the region. PLUS, many changing to Calvinism - no provision for this under P of A. Ex. the Palatinate. 1608 Protestant Union formed to defend interests of Prot states. 1609, Cath ldrs formed something comparable. Camps forming.2
467924435Thirty Years' WarEXCEEDINGLY COMPLEX. GERMAN CIVIL WAR FOUGHT OVER CATHOLIC PROTESTANT ISSUE - ESPECIALLY OVER CALVINISM. ALSO FOUGHT OVER CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES, BETW. EMPEROR SEEKING TO BUILD UP THE CENTRAL POWER OF THE EMPIRE AND THE MEMBER STATES STRUGGLING TO MAINTAIN INDEPENDENCE. ALSO BECAME INTERNATIONAL AND FURTHER COMPLICATED BY USE OF MERCENARIES WHOSE LOYALTIES WERE CHANGEABLE.3
467924436MatthiasHRE and king of Bohemia who sent emissaries to Prague - these mistreated -DEFENESTRATION OF PRAGUE - king/emperor sent troops to reestablish his authority. Bohemians deposed him and chose new king. Elector Palatine(Calvinist) - assumed title of Frederick V. Brought help from Protestant Union4
467924437Ferdinand IISuccessor to Matthias as HRE. Arranged troops from Milan, Pope, Bavaria - > Bohemia and defeated Frederick V at battle of the White Mountain in 1620. Frederick fled at "winter king" and lost his ancestral lands in Palatine. BLANK got himself elected king of Bohemia and took land from Prot. nobles -> to church and Jesuits streamed in - recatholicising Bohemia5
467924438WallensteinHired by HRE Ferdinand to fight Danish phase of War. Mercenary fighter - internat. band of men. Enigma - ? loyalties. Men lived by pillage rather than pay. BLANK sought personal gain. Fought well - pushed Danes all way back to Denmark. Full tide of Counter Reformation swept over Germany.6
467924439Edict of Restitiution1629, emperor declared all church properties secularized since 1552 to be turned back to RC CH. -> terror swept over Prot. Germany. Many areas been Prot since anyone could remember. Alarm - also in France and Sweden(but Richelieu busy dealing with nobles and Hugs.)- fear of Universal Monarchy under Hapsburgs.7
467924440Gustavus AdolphusKing of Sweden, superb military leader(modern army), religious, well-loved and respected. "Lion of the North". Financial and diplomatic aid from France and Dutch. Sent troops to Germany. Victories at Breitenfeld and Lutzen(1631 & 32) but GA killed at latter8
467924441OxenstiernaGA's chancellor who carries on offensive and takes Swedish forces down into Germany. Period of limbo - uncertain of what resolution. -> Swedish-French Phase comes next. French fear of Hapsburg domination. Richelieu commits forces. Not so much civil war as international conflict on German soil.9
467924442PEACE OF WESTPHALIAbegun in 1644 in Munster and Osnabruck. German states took part individually. Papal nuncio barely took part and Pope not a signatory. Indication of the significant SECULARIZATION that had come over Europe since Reformation. This was one of the first major international peace conferences.10
Powered by Quizlet.com

A History of the Modern World Ch. 4 Flashcards

All the identifications from Chapter 4 of the 10th edition of R.R. Palmer's A History of the Modern World.

Terms : Hide Images
564085299Grand Monarque...0
564085300Sun KingA nickname for Louis XIV that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built. Louis himself adopted the sun as his emblem.1
564085301Charles II of Spain...2
564085302Franche Comté...3
564085303universal monarchyPolitical situation in which one state might subordinate all others to its will. If Louis XIV had achieved his territorial ambitions he would have developed this. Previously, the French had feared that the Hapsburgs might achieve this.4
564085304Estates General of the United Provinces...5
564085305Hugo Grotius...6
564085306Arminians...7
564085307Treaty of Nimwegen...8
564085308English Navigation Act of 1651...9
564085309Christian Huyghens...10
564085310Anna Marie van Shurman...11
564085311Jan Vermeer...12
564085312stadholderate...13
564085313William III...14
564085314Baruch Spinoza...15
564085315Bank of Amsterdam...16
564085316House of Orange...17
564085317Puritan...18
564085318Presbyterian...19
564085319Anglican...20
564085320Long Parliament...21
564085321Solemn League and Covenant...22
564085322Fifth Monarchy Men...23
564085323Archbishop Laud...24
564085324prerogative courts...25
564085325Levellers...26
564085326Diggers...27
564085327Quakers...28
564085328Independents...29
564085329Pride's Purge...30
564085330the Rump...31
564085331James VI of Scotland...32
564085332The True Law of Free Monarchy...33
564085333Roundheads...34
564085334Instrument of Government...35
564085335Charles II...36
564085336Dissenters...37
564085337William and Mary...38
564085338battle of the Boyne...39
564085339Bill of Rights...40
564085340Tories...41
564085341seven bishops...42
564085342Glorious Revolution...43
564085343Act of Settlement of 1701...44
564085344Toleration Act...45
564085345penal code for Ireland...46
564085346United Kingdom of Great Britain...47
564085347treaty of Dover...48
564085348declaration of indulgence...49
564085349Test Act...50
564085350Whigs...51
564085351Parlements...52
564085352Fronde...53
564085353Cardinal Mazarin...54
564085354Bishop Bossuet...55
564085355Five Great Farm...56
564085356intendants...57
564085357councils of state...58
564085358tax farmers...59
564085359Colbert...60
564085360Nicholas Poussin...61
564085361Commercial Code...62
564085362French East India Company...63
564085363revocation of the Edict of Nantes...64
564085364divine right of kings...65
564085365Versailles...66
564085366Charles II of Spain...67
564085367"The Pyrenees exist no longer"...68
564085368treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt...69
564085369John Churchill...70
564085370Peace of Ryswick...71
564085371Grand Alliance of 1701...72
564085372Prince Eugene of Savoy...73
564085373William III...74
564085374asiento...75
564085375Philip V of Spain...76
564085376Dutch War...77
564085377Treaty of Nimwegen...78
564085378War of the League of Augsburg...79
564085379Dutch barrier...80
Powered by Quizlet.com

Jackson Flashcards

age of jackson

Terms : Hide Images
1064019021Election of 1824All five candidates, including Calhoun were Republicans, showing that the Republican party was splintering, due to rival sectional components. Calhoun withdrew and ran for the vice presidency. Jackson won more popular and electoral votes than the other candidates but didn't manage to gain the majority needed Because Clay supported Adams, Adams became president1
1064019022Corrupt BargainImmediately after John Quincy Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State. Jacksonians were furious because all former Secretaries of State became Presidents. This "corrupt" occurred after the Election of 1824 when Andrew Jackson had the most electoral votes, but not majority. Then, Henry Clay (having the least of the electoral votes) gave them to John Q. Adams, giving him the majority and making him President. Jacksonians question whether John Q. Adams made Henry Clay Sec. of State for payback in giving his votes.2
1064019023Election of 1828running candidates for president were John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson, there was an increased turnout of voters at this election. The large turnout proved that the common people now had the vote and the will to use it for their ends. The results of the election show that the political center of gravity was shifting away from the conservative seaboard East toward the emerging states across the mountains. The revolution was peaceful, achieved by ballots.3
1064019024Spoils Systema system that Andrew Jackson set up not long after his election into the presidency in 1828; it had already developed a strong hold in the industrial states such as New York and Pennsylvania; it gave the public offices to the political supporters of the campaign; the name came from Senator Marcy's remark in 1832, "to the victor belongs the spoils of the enemy; made politics a full time business.4
1064019025Kitchen cabinetPresident Jackson had an official cabinet, but its members were used more as executive clerks than anything else. Jackson had a private cabinet of about thirteen members that were always changing. The cabinet grew out of Jackson's unofficial meetings and was known as the "kitchen." Jackson's adversaries and enemies gave the group of advisors this name.5
1064019026Peggy Eaton affairEaton, Secretary of War, married the daughter of a Washington boardinghouse keeper, Peggy O'Neal. She had rumors spread about her and the male boarders. She was snubbed by ladies in Jackson's family and Vice President Calhoun's wife. The President wanted to help her because his wife had been the object of many rumors. He tried to force the social acceptance of Peggy. This was called the "Petticoat War." The Eaton scandal played into the hands of Secretary of State Van Buren. He paid attention to Mrs. Eaton so he could get on Jackson's good side.6
1064019027Whigsconservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Among the whigs were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin.7
1064019028Maysville Road Vetoproposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.8
1064019029Election of 1832Andrew Jackson (Democrat) ran for re-election with V.P. Martin Van Buren. The main issue was his veto of the recharter of the U.S. Bank, which he said was a monopoly. Henry Clay (Whig), who was pro-Bank, ran against him The Anti-Masonic Party nominated William Wirt. This was the first election with a national nominating convention. Jackson won - 219 to Clay's 49 and Wirt's 1. The Masons were a semi-secret society devoted to libertarian principles to which most educated or upper-class men of the Revolutionary War era belonged. The Anti-Masons sprang up as a reaction to the perceived elitism of the Masons, and the new party took votes from the Whigs, helping Jackson to win the election.9
1064019030Tariff of AbominationsAlso called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high tariffs.10
1064019031Daniel Webstera nationalist from New Hampshire. He was involved in the webster-Haynes debate over states' rights. He served as Secretary of State under the Tyler administration. In 1836 he ran for the Presidency as a member of the Whig party, losing to Martin Van Buren. He was also America's greatest orator.11
1064019032Websters reply to HayneLiberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable12
1064019033SC Exposition and ProtestVice-President Calhoun anonymously published the essay which proposed that each state in the union counter the tyranny of the majority by asserting the right to nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress13
1064019034Jefferson Day dinnerApril 13, 1830 President Jackson toasted, "Our federal union! It must and shall be preserved!" making it clear to the nullifiers that he would resist the states' rights supporters' claim to nullify the tariff law. V.P. Calhoun's response to the toast was, "The union, next to our liberty, most dear. " Calhoun had wanted Jackson to side with him (for states' rights) in public, but he didn't succeed.14
1064019035Compromise Tariff of 1833Henry Clay devised the compromise which gradually reduced the rates levied under the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. It caused South Carolina to withdraw the ordinance nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Both protectionists and anti-protectionists accepted the compromise.15
1064019036Martin Van Burena Democratic-Republican Senator from New York, rallied the factory workers of the North in support of Jackson. He became Jackson's V.P. after Calhoun resigned. New York politics at that time was controlled by a clique of wealthy land-owners known as the Albany Regency, of which he became the leader.16
1064019037Nicholas Biddlebecame the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered.17
1064019038Specie Circularissued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.18
1064019039Charles River Bridge CaseSupreme court decision that struck down the antiquated concept of state charters being allowed to est. monopolies in the building of a country's infrastructure19
1064019040Panic of 1837When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.20
1064019041Black Hawk WarThe leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, this war ensued. However, their leader wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma.21
1064019042Worcester v. GeorgiaExpanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within their own boundaries. President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling.22
1064019043election of 1840William Henry Harrison (Whigs) "hard cider and log cabins" campaign Vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrats)23
1064019044John Q. AdamsThe sixth president of the United States, who was not well-liked by citizens and accused of making a corrupt bargain to win the election. He mainly focused on the economy during his presidency.24
1064019045william henry harrison9th president. Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Nominated as the Whig's presidential candidate for 1840. Proven vote getter. Military hero who expressed few opinions on national issues and had not political record to defend.25
1064019046maysville road vetoA veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky. This was a blow to Clay's American System, and it irritated the West.26
1064019047anti-masonsThis new political party arose in 1832 to challenge the old two-party system; they were opposed to Jacksonian democracy; called for internal improvements, protective tariffs and spiritual reforms in politics27
1064019048Davy CrocketA Tennessee soldier and three-time congressman who was rejected in politics and left to Texas. Known for fighting, and dying, at the Alamo.28
1064019049Denmark VeseyUnited States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)29
1064019050sam houstonUnited States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas30
1064019051stephan austinorganized settlements of Americans in Texas31
1064019052election of 1836The Democrats ran Martin Van Burren, and the Whigs ran Daniel Webster, Hugh Lawson, and William Henry Harrison -this tact did not succeed32
1064019053Dorrs rebellion1841 revolt in Rhode Island for full whit male sufferage33
1064019054Independent treasury planInstead of depositing its revenue in state banks, Van Buren persuaded Congress to establish an Independent Treasury in which the federal government would keep the revenue itself and thereby withhold public money from the grasp of business cooperation.34
1064019055pre-emption actThis law allowed squatters to buy up to 160 acres before the land went up for public sale35
1064019056tariff of 1842Protective Whig tariff to help raise the average tariff to 40%.36
1064019057johnny appleseedUnited States pioneer who planted apple trees as he traveled (1774-1845)37
1064019058Danial websterSupporter of economic nationalism (supporter of Clay), the only cabinet member no to resign over Bank issue with Tyler. Stays Secretary of State to get Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, that sets our border with Canada38
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 4 - World Civilizations: The Global Experience Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
985418524PolisCity-state form of government used in Greece 800 - 400 BCE1
985418525SocratesAthenian philosopher; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young2
985418526AristotleGreek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world; 384 - 322 BCE3
985418527SophoclesGreek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex; 494-406 BCE4
985418528IliadHomer's Greek epic poem that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths5
985418529PericlesAthenian political leader during 5th century BCE; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early Peloponnesian War6
985418530Peloponnesian WarsWars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory; no political unification of Greece; 431-404 BCE7
985418531Cyrus the GreatBy 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire; Mesopotamia's successor8
985418532ZoroastrianismAnimist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire9
985418533Philip II of MacedonRuled from 359-336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority10
985418534Alexander the GreatPhilip II's successor; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; tried to combine Greek and Persian culture11
985418535Hellenistic PeriodCulture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms12
985418536Alexandria, EgyptFounded and named after Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies13
985418537Julius CaesarRoman general, conquered Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators14
985418538DiocletianRoman emperor who improved administration and tax collection; 284-305CE15
985418539ConstantineRoman emperor that established second capital at Constantinople; tried to use Christianity to unite empire; 312-337CE16
985418540CiceroConservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar17
985418541Roman RepublicRome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies; 510-47 BCE18
985418542SenateAssembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; early element of Roman constitution19
985418543Twelve TablesRoman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic; 450 BCE20
985418544CarthageOriginally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean.21
985418545Punic WarsFought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts22
985418546HannibalGreat Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama23
985418547Augustus CaesarName given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first Roman emperor24
985418548Olympic gamesOne of the Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations25
985418550AristocracyForm of government where the rich are given power26
985418551Direct democracyWhere people participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives27
985418552StoicsHellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery28
985418553Doric, Ionic, CorinthianDistinct styles of Hellenistic architecture; Corinthian being most ornate, followed by Ionic and Doric29
985655274TyrannyGovernment based on rule of absolute power; cruel and oppressive30
Powered by Quizlet.com

BASIC MOLECULAR GENETIC MECHANISMS Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
1633876109DNA, the genetic material, is transcribed into several types of RNA, including _____, ______, ______, which function in protein synthesis.mRNA, tRNA, rRNA0
1633876110A nucleic acid strand is...a linear polymer with end-to-end directionality1
1633876111All DNAs and most RNAs are long unbranched polymers of nucleotides, which consist of...phosphorylated pentose linked to an organic base, either purine (A and G) or pyrimidine (C, T and U).2
1633876112Native DNA is a _____ helix of ________________________ strands.double, complimentary antiparallel3
1633876113Natural DNA (B-type) is a regular____________________ with the bases ____________________________________________________________________right-handed double helix, on the inside and the two sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside.4
1633876114The bases in nucleic acids can interact....via hydrogen bonds.5
1633876115The standard Watson-Crick base pairs are _____________ in DNA, and ____________ in RNA.G-C/A-T, G-C/A-U6
1633876116DNA can undergo....reversible strand separation7
1633876117Different types of RNA exhibit various conformations...related to their function8
1633876118Cellular RNAs are _____________, some of which form_________________.single-stranded polynucleotides, well-defined secondary and tertiary structures9
1633876119Some RNAs, called ______________, have _________________.ribozymes, catalytic activity10
1633876120Secondary RNA structures:hairpin, stem-loop11
1633876121Tertiary StructurePseudoknot12
1633876122DNA is more stable than RNA due to...a hydroxyl group13
1633876123A template DNA strand is transcribed into a complimentary RNA chain by ________________.RNA polymerase14
1633876124__________________ are added one at the time to the 3' end of a growing RNARibonucleotides15
1633876125The sequence of the template DNA strand determines the order in which ______________________________________________.ribonucleotides are polymerized to form an RNA16
1633876126Organization of genes differs in ______________________________prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA17
1633876127In prokaryotes several protein-coding genes are commonly clustered into ____________________________.an operon, which is transcribed from a single promoter into one mRNA18
1633876128In eukaryotes each protein-coding gene is _____________________________transcribed from its own promoter19
1633876129Eukaryotic precursor mRNAs are processed to form __________________________.functional mRNAs20
1633876130Alternative RNA splicing increases __________________________.the number of proteins expressed from a single eukaryotic gene21
1633876131Three stages in RNA transcriptionInitiation, elongation, termination22
1633876132In prokaryotes all the genes are transcribed ___________, in eukaryotes, they are _________together, separate23
1633876133Messenger RNA carries information from DNA in a _________________three-letter genetic code24
1633876134Genetic information is transcribed from DNA into RNA in the form of a(n) ____________________________overlapping, degenerate triplet code25
1633876135Each amino acid is encoded by _______________________.one or more codons in mRNA26
1633876136Each codon specifies ________________.one amino acid27
1633876137The folded structure of tRNA promotes its ______________________decoding function28
1633876138Three-dimensional structure of tRNA includes an acceptor arm for attachment of a _____________________________________specific amino acid and a stem-loop with a three-base anticodon sequence at its end29
1633876139The tRNA anticodon can base-pair with __________________________________________its corresponding codon on mRNA30
1633876140Nonstandard base pairing often occurs between _____________________________________codons and anticodons31
1633876141Amino acids become activated when _____________________________________covalently linked to tRNAs32
1633876142Each of the 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases recognizes a single amino acid and ______________________________________.covalently links it to a cognate tRNA33
1633876143Genetic code is degenerate...more than one codon can code for a specific amino acid34
1633876144Wobble rule:only first 2 nucleotides have to be complementary35
1633876145Ribosomes are...protein-synthesizing machines36
1633876146Ribosomes are large __________________________________.ribonucleoprotein complexes and consist of a small and large subunits37
1633876147Methionyl-tRNAiMet recognizes the __________________________AUG start codon38
1633876148Eukaryotic translation initiation usually occurs at _______________________________________the first AUG closest to the 5' end of an mRNA.39
1633876149Each stage of translation - initiation, elongation and termination - requires ______________________________specific protein factors including GTP-binding proteins that hydrolyze GTP.40
1633876150During chain elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites:A-site, P-site, E-site41
1633876151Each strand in a parental duplex DNA acts as a template for _________________________________synthesis of a daughter strand and remains base-paired to the new strand (semiconservative mechanism).42
1633876152DNA polymerases require __________________________________a primer to initiate replication43
1633876153Duplex DNA is unwound, and daughter strands are formed at the...DNA replication fork.44
1633876154At a replication fork, one daughter strand (leading) is elongated ____________. The other (lagging) is formed as a ___________________________________.continuously, series of discontinuous (Okazaki) fragments from primers synthesized every few hundreds nucleotides45
1633876155DNA replication occurs ___________________ from each originbidirectionally46
1633876156DNA polymerases introduce copying ______________________________________errors and also correct them.47
1633876157Chemical and radiation damage to DNA can lead to...mutations48
1633876158High-fidelity DNA excision repair systems...recognize and repair damage49
1633876159Eukaryotic cells have three excision-repair systems for correcting DNA damage:Base excision, Mismatch excision, Nucleotide excision50
1633876160Two systems utilize recombination to repair double-strand breaks in DNA:-Non-homologous end-joining can link DNA segments from different chromosomes. -Homologous recombination can repair DNA damage and generate genetic diversity.51
1633876161Deamination leads to...point mutations52
1633876162Holliday structurean intermediate in DNA recombination with four DNA strands53
1633876163Alternative resolution of a Holliday structure:1) Cutting the bonds and ligating the ends regenerates the original chromosomes. 2) Cutting the bonds and ligating the ends generates recombinant chromosomes.54
1637305237Synthesis of all nucleic acids go from...5' to 3'55
1637306170Adenine and Thymine have ____ hydrogen bonds256
1637306171Cytosine and Guanine have ____ hydrogen bonds357
1637308227DNA does not have a __________ grouphydroxyl58
1637311590In eukaryotes transcription occurs only in the...nucleus59
1637311591Transcription starts at+160
1637311592Everything before +1 is consideredupstream61
1637311593Everything after +1 is considereddownstream62
1637318652Mature RNA excludes allIntrons63
1637337503What does tRNA do?brings amino acids to the site of protein synthesis64
1637337504rRNA is responsible for...formation of peptide bonds65
1637337505mRNA provides...the message for what protein should be present66
1637337506Small subunit of ribosomes is responsible for...initiation of translation67
1637337507Large subunit of ribosomes is responsible for...elongation and termination68
1637337508"A site" of ribosome is known as...acceptor site69
1637337509"P site" of ribosome is known as...peptide bonding70
1637337510"E site" of ribosome is known as...exit site71
1642786712Which structures are protein building machines?Ribosomes72
1642786713Base excisionrepairs T-G mismatches and damaged bases73
1642786714Mismatch excisionrepairs other mismatches and small insertions and deletions74
1642786715Nucleotide excisionrepairs chemical adducts that distort normal DNA shape75
1642786716Which DNA breaks are the most harmful in terms of cell life?double-strand breaks76
1642786717Virusessmall parasites that can replicate only in host cells. Viral genomes may be either DNA (DNA viruses) or RNA (RNA viruses) and either single- or double- stranded.77
1642786718Most viral host ranges are...narrow78
1642786719Viral capsids are...regular arrays of one or a few types of protein79
1642786720Some viruses have an outer...envelope, which is similar to the plasma membrane but contains viral transmembrane proteins.80
1642786721Lytic viral growth cycles lead to...death of host cells81
1642786722Lytic viral infection entails...absorption, penetration, synthesis of viral proteins and progeny genomes, assembly of progeny virions, and release of thousands of virions, leading to the death of host cell82
1642786723Viral DNA is...integrated into the host-cell genome in some non-lytic viral growth cycles.83
1642786724Non-lytic viral infection generally does not lead tocell death84
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!