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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

General College Biology I, Chapter 8, Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
Vocabulary: metabolism, metabolic pathway, catabolic pathway, anabolic pathway, chemical energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, heat, thermodynamics, entropy, endergonic, exergonic, activation energy, phosphorylation, enzyme, catalyst, substrate, active site, allosteric site, cofactor, coenzyme, competitive inhibitor, noncompetitive inhibitor, allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define metabolism.
2. Describe a metabolic (biochemical) pathway and distinguish between anabolic pathways
and catabolic pathways.
3. Explain the role of energy and enzymes in the chemical reactions in the cells of living
things.
4. Define energy.
5. List and describe 5 forms of energy.
6. State the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and relate each to living systems.
7. Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic chemical reactions.
8. Describe the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
9. Describe ATP and its role as a source of chemical energy in cells.
10. Write the general chemical reactions for making ATP and using ATP.
11. State the function of enzymes.
12. Define catalyst and state why an enzyme is a catalyst.
13. Define and describe active site and relate it to the function of enzymes.
14. Relate the shape of enzymes to their function.
15. Define denaturation of proteins and explain how less than optimum temperature and pH
conditions could affect the function of enzymes
16. State the two types of cofactors (and examples of each), and describe their role in the function of some enzymes.
17. Describe the allosteric site found in some enzymes and explain how allosteric effectors (activators or inhibitors) influence the function of some enzymes.
18. Distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
19. Describe feedback inhibition related to a metabolic pathway

Terms : Hide Images

1794698097	Concept 8.1: An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics	...	0
1794698137	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism	1
1794698138	Metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway)	2
1794698139	Catabolic pathway	Releases Energy. A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules	3
1794698140	Anabolic pathway	Consumes Energy. A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules	4
1794698141	Bioenergetics	Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources	5
1794698142	Energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	6
1794698143	Kinetic energy	Energy of motion	7
1794698144	Heat (thermal) energy	Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules	8
1794698145	Potential energy	The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)	9
1794698146	Chemical energy	Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy	10
1794698147	Thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.	11
1794698148	First law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy; energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	12
1794698149	Entropy	a measure of disorder, or randomness	13
1794698150	Second law of thermodynamics	Energy transfer. The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat	14
1794698151	Spontaneous process	Without Energy. Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly	15
1794698152	What is the second law of thermodynamics?	The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	16
1794698153	What is the first law of thermodynamics?	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	17
1794698154	How does the second law of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane?	The second law is the trend toward randomization, or increasing entropy. When the concentration of a substance on both sides of a membrane are equal, the distribution is more random than when they are unequal. Diffusion of a substance to a region where it is initially less concentrated INCREASES ENTROPY, making it an energetically favorable (SPONTANEOUS) process.	18
1794698155	Describe the forms of energy found in an apple as it grows on a tree, then falls, then is digested by someone who eats it	Potential. Chemical. Kinetic. Thermal. As it sits on the tree, the apple has potential energy because of its position and chemical energy because of its nutrients. As it is falling it has kinetic energy. When eaten and digested, some chemical energy becomes work and the rest is heat.	19
1794698098	If you place a teaspoon of sugar in the bottom of a glass of water, it will dissolve completely over time. Left longer, crystals will reappear. Explain these observations in terms of entropy	Sugar crystals are less ordered - more entropy as they dissolve. As the water becomes less ordered - more entropy and evaporates, the sugar becomes more ordered- decrease in entropy, becoming crystals	20
1794698156	Concept 8.2 The free energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously.	...	21
1794698157	Free energy	The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in free energy of a system is calculated by the equation delta G = delta H - T delta S, where delta H is the change in enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy), T is the absolute temperature, and delta S is the change in entropy.	22
1794698158	Exergonic reaction	Energy is released. A reaction is exergonic if more energy is released than supplied. delta G<0	23
1794698159	Endergonic reaction	Energy must be supplied. A reaction is endergonic if more energy is supplied than is released. delta G>0	24
1794698160	Endergonic reaction	The reaction will not occur spontaneously delta G>0	25
1794698161	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. Is cellular respiration spontaneous or not?	Cellular Respiration is SPONTANEOUS!	26
1794698162	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. Is it exergonic or endergonic?	Cellular Respiration is an EXERGONIC process	27
1794698163	Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and water, which have low levels of free energy. What happens to the energy released from glucose?	The energy released from glucose is used to do work in the cell or is lost as heat	28
1794698164	As we saw in figure 7.20 on page 137, a key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of H+ on each side. Which situation allows the H+ to perform work on the system?	At equilibrium, the H+ concentration is the same and the Hydrogen ions can no no work. When there is an imbalance, or a gradient Hydrogen ions go to work.	29
1794698165	As we saw in figure 7.20 on page 137, a key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of H+ on each side. Which situation allows the H+ to perform work on the system and how is the answer consistent with what is shown in regards to energy in figure 7.20?	Figure 7.20 shows that an energy input via ATP hydrolysis is required to establish a concentration gradient that allows the Hydrogen ions to go to work.	30
1794698166	Glow in the dark necklaces start glowing once activated which usually involves snapping the necklaces in a way that allows two chemicals to react and emit light in the form of chemilluminescence. Is the chemical reaction exergonic or endergonic?	The reaction is EXERGONIC because it releases energy in the form of light.	31
1794698167	Concept 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions	...	32
1794698168	Energy coupling	In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction	33
1794698169	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate	34
1794698170	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.	35
1794698171	Phosphorylated intermediate	A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule	36
1794698099	What are the three main types of work that a cell does?	Chemical Transport Mechanical	37
1794698172	How does ATP typically transfer energy from ergonic to endergonic reactions in the cell?	By Phosphorylating, adding phosphate groups to, other molecules. Exergonic process phosphorylate ADP to regenerate ATP	38
1794698100	Which of the following combinations has more free energy: Glutamic acid + ammnia +ATP or Glutamine + ADP + P1? Explain	A set of coupled reactions can transform the first combinations into the second. Since this is an exergonic process overall, Delta G is negative and the first combination must have more energy.	39
1794698173	Considering what we learned in concepts 7.3 and 7.4 (pages 134-136), does figure 8.10a show passive or active transport?	Active Transport - the solute is being transported against its concentration gradient	40
1794698174	Concept 8.4 Enzymes Speed Up Metabolic Reactions by Lowering Energy Barriers	...	41
1794698175	Enzyme	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst in a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; most are proteins	42
1794698176	Catalyst	A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction	43
1794698177	Activation energy	The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation	44
1794698178	Substrate	the reactant on which an enzyme works.	45
1794698179	Enzyme-substrate complex	a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to is substrate molecule(s).	46
1794698180	Active site	the specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs	47
1794698181	Induced fit	Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate	48
1794698182	Cofactor	Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of of an enzyme; can be permanently bound to the active site or may be loosely bound and reversibly, along with the substrate during catalysis.	49
1794698183	Coenzyme	an organic molecule serving as a cofactor; in metabolic reactions, most vitamins function as this.	50
1794698184	Competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics	51
1794698185	Noncompetitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing an enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyses the conversion of substrate to product	52
1794698101	Many spontaneous reactions occur very slowly. Why don't all spontaneous reactions occur instantly?	While spontaneous reactions are exergonic, if they have a high activation energy that is rarely reached, the rate of reaction could be very slow	53
1794698102	Why do enzymes act only on very specific substrates?	Only the specific substrate will fit properly into the active site of an enzyme where the catalysis happens	54
1794698103	Malonate is an inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehyrogenase. How would you determine whether malonate is a competitive or noncompetitive inhibitor?	With malonate present, increase the amount of the normal substrate and determine if the reaction increases, if it does, then you know that malonate is a competitive inhibitor	55
1794698104	In nature, what conditions could lead to natural selection favoring bacteria with enzymes that could break down the fucose-containing disaccharide discussed above?	If lactose wasn't present in the environment as a source of food and the fucose-containing disaccharide was available, bacteria that could digest the latter would be better able to grow and multiply than those that could not.	56
1794698186	Concept 8.5 Regulation of Enzyme Activity Helps Control Metabolism	...	57
1794698187	Allosteric regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site	58
1794698188	Cooperativity	A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits	59
1794698189	Feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	60
1794698105	How do an activator and an inhibitor have different effects on an allosterically regulated enzyme?	The activator binds and stabilizes he active form of an enzyme, whereas the inhibitor will stabilize the INACTIVE form	61
1794698106	You want to design drug that inhibits a particular enzyme, after research you learn that an enzymes active site is simmilar to that of several other enzymes. What would be a good approach to develop your inhibitor drug?	An inhibitor that binds to the active site of the enzyme you want to inhibit could also bind to and block the enzymes with similar structures, causing significant side effects. For this reason you would be better off choosing to screen chemical compounds that bind allosterically to the enzyme in question because allosteric regulatory sites are less likely to share similarity with other enzymes.	62
1794698107	Define Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism	63
1794698108	Define Energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	64
1794698109	List and describe 5 forms of energy	Kinetic Potential Chemical Heat/Thermal	65
1794698110	What is a catalyst?	A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	66
1794698111	Distinguish between anabolic and catabolic reactions?	Anabolic is building a molecule by consuming energy and catabolic is breaking it down to release energy	67
1794698112	Word Roots: allo-	different (allosteric site: a specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site)	68
1794698113	Word Roots: ana-	up (anabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones)	69
1794698114	Word Roots: bio-	ife (bioenergetics: the study of how organisms manage their energy resources)	70
1794698115	Word Roots: cata-	down (catabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones)	71
1794698116	Word Roots: endo-	within (endergonic reaction: a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings)	72
1794698117	Word Roots: ex-	out (exergonic reaction: a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy)	73
1794698118	Word Roots: kinet-	movement (kinetic energy: the energy of motion)	74
1794698119	Word Roots: therm-	heat (thermodynamics: the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter)	75
1794698120	Metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway).	76
1794698190	Define how an enzyme works	An enzyme serves as a biological catalyst, increasing the rate of a reaction without being changed into a different molecule. An enzyme does not add energy to a reaction; instead, it speeds up a reaction by lowering the energy barrier.	77
1794698121	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	78
1794698191	Substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.	79
1794698122	Name three factors that affect enzyme action	pH Temperature Substrate Concentration	80
1794698123	What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?	An enzyme is said to be denatured when it loses its functional shape.	81
1794698192	What does Gibbs Free Energy Measure?	Chemical Energy	82
1794698193	Give the equation for Gibbs Free Energy	Delta G equals delta H - T delta S	83
1794698124	Explain the Gibbs Free Energy Equation	A change in free energy is equal to a change in heat content minus a change in Temperature times Randomness	84
1794698194	The process of stabilizing the structure of an enzyme in its active form by the binding of a molecule is an example of	allosteric regulation	85
1794698125	What is meant by the "induced fit" of an enzyme?	The enzyme changes its shape slightly as the substrate binds to it	86
1794698126	How do enzymes lower activation energy?	By locally concentrating the reactants. One of the ways enzymes work is to increase the concentrations of reactants at a single place.	87
1794698127	What do the sign and magnitude of the ΔG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction?	Neither the sign nor the magnitude of ΔG have anything to do with the speed of a reaction.	88
1794698128	If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur?	Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.	89
1794698129	Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because	their enzymes have high optimal temperatures.	90
1794698130	If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to	add more of the enzyme.	91
1794698131	Which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other process? ADP +(P) i → ATP + H20 or C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O	C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O	92
1794698132	Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because	temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell.	93
1794698133	Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as _______ is to _______.	xergonic; endergonic	94
1794698134	closed system	A system in which energy, but not matter, is exchanged with its surroundings.	95
1794698135	open system	A system in which both energy and matter are exchanged with the surroundings.	96
1794698136	kelvin	A unit of absolute temperature and symbolized as K. Formerly known as degree Kelvin.	97
1794698195	allosteric inhibition	The process in which an enzyme's activity is changed because of binding to the allosteric site., two active sites; one site for inhibitor, changes shape of other active site to become inactive	98

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AP Human Geography Rubenstein Chapter 3 Migration Kbat Flashcards

AP Human Geography Rubenstein Chapter 3 Migration Kbat

Terms : Hide Images

1731523522	Distinguish between circulation and migration	Circulation are short term repeated movements of people whereas migration is a permanent relocation of someone's home. Circulation is like going to work each day and coming back home that night for dinner. Migration would be like moving to a new home in a different country and never going back.	0
1731523523	Distinguish between forced and voluntary migration	Forced is caused be an external authority pushing someone out of an area or their home whereas Voluntary is when the migrant has a choice to stay where they are or to try and find a new home. An example of Forced migration could be the Atlantic Slave trade which forced over twelve million African Americans to leave their homes and move to the western hemisphere to be sold as slaves. An example of voluntary would be Europeans moving to America. They didn't have to move but they did because of the rumors or a better life.	1
1731523524	Distinguish between immigrants and emigrants	Immigrants are people who are entering a region whereas Emigrants are people leaving a region. An example if an immigrant could be a citizen of Mexico crossing the border into America in hopes of living there. An example of an emigrant could be Citizens of Sudan fleeing to Chad because of genocide in Sudan.	2
1731523525	Distinguish between push and pull factors	The pull of democracy is usually accompanied by the push of a totalitarian country. Push factors are the reasons people would want to migrate to a region. Pull factors are the reason why people would want to migrant to a region. An example of a Push factor could be: genocide, An unfair dictatorship, or common environmental problems. An example of a pull factor could be: promise of well paying jobs, Easy to get to, preferable weather conditions, or the migrants have family or friends there.	3
1731523526	Ravenstein's Laws of Migration:	Most migrants move only a short distance. -There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent. -There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption. -Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow. -Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas. -Females are more migratory than males. -Economic factors are the main cause of migration. Ravenstein was a british demographer who tried to aswer the question or why people voluntarily migrate. He studied forms of internal migration in England and produced the laws listed above which are still commonly found today.	4
1731523527	use the gravity model to predict migration and evaluate its efficiency and usefulness	The gravity model shows how distance effects the number or migrators to a destination. For example, You wouldn't find many people from South Africa in Russia because of the great distance between them. Although the model does not account for advancement in technology. More specifically in the area of transportation. Because of the Internet and airplanes, Chinese immigrants are found quite numerous in the United States, even though they are on the opposite sides of the world.	5
1731523528	describe specific examples of historic and contemporary forced migrations, explaining push and pull factors associated with each	1. The Atlantic Slave trade: Between the years of 1701 and 1810, The "new world" or the western continents were becoming inhabited by Europeans. These Europeans were making plantations or large farms that required lots of time and man power to generate enough money to keep the plantation working. The owners decided to find slaves who would work on the plantation for little to no cost. The owners would buy slaves from Europeans shippers, who in turn would pay African raiders for slaves. Over 12 million slaves were estimated to have crossed the Atlantic to the Caribbean, Brazil, or southern United States. This is a form of forced Migration because the slaves had no choice but to go with the African raiders. Most slaves had no idea why they had to leave so they had no reason to make push or pull factors. 2. WW2: When Hitler came to power in 1933, he began what many would call the Holocaust. In which the Nazi party began creating concentration camps to hold Jewish and enemy prisoners. Hitler began to force every Jewish family in Europe to migrate to these concentration camps to be either tortured or even murdered. The Jewish families were told if they did not cooperate they would be killed. many families tried to hide so many might suggest that this migration was voluntary, but if the family was caught trying to escape they would either be sent to camp or killed on the spot. Many families believed it would be a safer choice to just go with the Nazis than risk losing their entire family. Also if you did escape, you would be lost somewhere in Europe with nowhere to go and no idea if the Nazis would find you or not.	6
1731523529	characterize a refugee and refugee population	A refugee is someone who has migrated away from their home in order to escape some power that threatens them. The British definition of a refugee is: "A person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, member-ship or a particular social group, or political opinion." Some countries find this incorrect mainly because of the word "wellfounded" which could be judged in many different ways. For example, according the the British definition, victims of hurricane Katrina do not count as refugees. People like these are called Internally displaced persons or IDPs. These people have been forced to leave their homes but not cross any international borders. A refugee population is when a large group of refugees, fleeing from the same cause, form a community together. Normally these communities are very small and very poor.	7
1731523530	discuss the migration history of the United States through the following:  immigration history  immigration policy  historic and contemporary streams of migration  internal migration patterns	During the course of United States history there have been two migration "waves". One in the early 1900's around the time of world war 1 and the second from 1940ish to september 11, 2001. The first wave was created because the United States allowed anyone to migrate to the United States mainly because it was in the middle of its industrial stage and needed people to take jobs for businesses to thrive. But when World War 1 started many southern and Western Europeans began migrating to the United States causing the first "spike" in immigrants. Congress decided to stop the increased migration from Europe by passing a law that only allowed the amount 3% of 1910's migrants from Europe to be allowed to migrate into the country, but Congress didn't think it was enough so they changed the law to only 2% of 1890 thus ending the first wave migration. The second migration began close after the end of the first wave. Immigrants from countries in the Caribbean and central America began to cross the borders into America illegally. After hurricane Katrina and poverty in Haiti many more immigrants illegally tried to smuggle themselves into the country. The immigration count rose steadily until September 11, 2001. When Congress began taking extreme measures to slow illegal migration into the U.S. They had fences built across the borders of Mexico and parts of Canada. As well as increased coast guard protection along states on the Gulf of Mexico where many immigrants were entering by boat.	8
1731523531	explain how distance decay, intervening obstacles, migration selectivity factors affect migration and circulation patterns Distance decay can effect migration mainly through the push pull factors.	. Distance decay is the idea that the further away an idea gets from its source, the less is known about it. A migrant from south Africa would have a very hard time knowing what opportunities are in Russia because of the large distance between them. Also the many Intervening obstacles between the source and the destination would slow down push/ pull factors even more. If a migrant in India hears about great opportunities of living in China and attempts to migrate there, and intervening obstacle could be the Himalayas, which would be life threatening to cross. The Himalayas are an example of an intervening obstacle, but that is an environmental obstacle. You could have an economic obstacle such as a town along the way may be in harsh poverty and you may not be able to continue migrating. Or a political obstacle: Migrating through a country that is ruled under a law that despises something about you like race, gender, culture, or personal status.	9
1731523532	correlate migration patterns to the demographic transition model	citizens in stage 2 and early 3 are more likely to emigrate from their country and immigrate into another country whereas citizens in late 3 and early 4 are more likely to get immigrants than have emigrants. The demographic model shows the average population growth in an area that is becoming industrialized. If migration was to enter into a country during the course of the model, populations may change up the data and come to a different conclusion. People migrate to a place where they expect to have better life; If an area begins to push into the second or third stage of the model (when the country begins to industrialize) People will begin to think that they can have a better life in that country. So they migrate to the country and cause the total population of the growing country to skyrocket because of the increase in immigrants and lowered death rates.	10

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The Cell Cycle Flashcards

Chapter 12
Cell Division / Mitosis
Vocabulary: gene, cell division, chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, mitotic phase, interphase, centrosome, aster, kinetochore, cleavage furrow, cell plate, mitotic spindle, binary fission, transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define gene as it relates to the genetic material in a cell.
2. Describe the composition of the genetic material in bacteria, in archaea, and in eukaryotic cells.
3. State the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Distinguish between the structure of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
5. Distinguish between the function of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
6. Relating to eukaryotic cells:
a. Describe the centromere region in the genetic material.
b. State the role of cohesins in duplicated genetic material.
c. Describe the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome.
d. State the role of the kinetochores on the chromatids at the centromere of a duplicated
chromosome.
e. Describe spindle fibers and state their role in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
f. Describe the role of centrosomes in the formation of the spindle apparatus.
g. Distinguish between a gene and an allele.
h. Describe homologous chromosomes.
i. Distinguish between an individual's genome and karyotype.
j. State the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells and in human diploid cells.
k. State which cells in humans are haploid, which cells are diploid, and which cells are neither.
7. State the two major parts of the cell cycle.
8. Describe the differences of growth characteristics between a cancerous (transformed) cell and a normal cell.
8. Relating to the prokaryotic cell cycle:
a. State the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell.
b.

Terms : Hide Images

1556952426	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell	1
1556952427	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.	2
1556952428	Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	What are the 4 stages of mitosis?	3
1556952429	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, chromosomes become visible when stained a viewed under a microscope; Miotic spindle begins to form	4
1556952430	Metaphase	The 2nd stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.	5
1556952431	Anaphase	The 3rd stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	6
1556952432	Telophase	The 4th and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	7
1556952433	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	8
1556952434	Cell Division	Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells	9
1556952435	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	10
1556952436	Chromatin	DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes	11
1556952437	Gametes	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	12
1556952438	Sister Chromatids	identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase	13
1556952439	Centromere	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached	14
1556952440	2	How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?	15
1556952441	M phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.	16
1556952442	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase.	17
1556952443	cleavage	(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.	18
1556952444	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	19
1556952445	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	20
1556952446	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	21
1556952447	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.	22
1556952448	Cell Plate	In a plant cell, midline of dividing cells. Becomes the cell wall eventually.	23
1556952449	G0	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.	24
1556952450	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	25
1556952451	Cancer	A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.	26
1556952452	Apoptosis	Programmed cell death	27
1556952453	Spindle	Fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis	28
1556952454	Centrioles	Are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division.	29

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1524459842	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell	1
1524459843	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.	2
1524459844	What are the five stages of mitosis?	PPMAT Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	3
1524459845	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.	4
1524459846	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	5
1524459847	Metaphase	The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.	6
1524459848	Anaphase	The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	7
1524459849	Telophase	The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	8
1524459850	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	9
1524459851	Cell Division	The reproduction of cells	10
1524459852	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence	11
1524459853	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	12
1524459854	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	13
1524459855	Somatic Cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	14
1524459856	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	15
1524459857	Sister Chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II	16
1524459858	Centromere	In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)	17
1524459859	How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?	2	18
1524459860	mitotic (M) phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.	19
1524459861	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.	20
1524459862	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	21
1524459863	Transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer	22
1524459864	anchorage dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	23
1524459865	aster	A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.	24
1524459866	benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	25
1524459867	binary fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	26
1524459868	cleavage	(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.	27
1524459869	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	28
1524459870	growth factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	29
1524459871	kinetochore	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	30
1524459872	malignant tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	31
1524459873	Metaphase plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	32
1524459874	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	33
1524459875	MPF	Maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase (G2) to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a cyclin dependent kinase.	34
1524459876	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. Prokaryotic DNA has only one while eukaryotic DNA has many.	35
1524459877	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	36
1524459878	transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.	37
1524459879	asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.	38
1524459880	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.	39
1524459881	diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.	40
1524459882	haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).	41
1524459883	Meiosis	Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.	42
1524459884	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	43
1524459885	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	44
1524459886	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	45
1524459887	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.	46
1524459888	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	47
1524459889	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	48
1524459890	Cell Plate	A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	49
1524459891	Binary Fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	50
1524459892	Cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.	51
1524459893	Checkpoint	A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.	52
1524459894	G0 Phase	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.	53
1524459895	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	54
1524459896	Cyclin-dependent kinases	A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin. When its cyclin is attached together they form the maturation promoting factor (MPF).	55
1524459897	Growth Factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	56
1524459898	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	57
1524459899	Anchorage Dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	58

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

Cell Communication
Vocabulary: signal transduction pathway, quorum sensing, hormones, protein kinase, protein phosphatase, G proteins, cyclic AMP, first messengers, second messengers, signal amplification, apoptosis, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, hormonal signaling
1. Know the three stages of Cell Signaling:
a. Reception - receptors in the plasma membrane, intracellular receptors
b. Transduction - signal transduction pathways, phosphorylation and dephosporylation, second messengers
c. Response - nuclear and cytoplasmic responses; protein synthesis, ion channels, cell shape
2. Describe the relationship between signal molecules and cell surface receptors, and give examples of each.
3. Describe G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and explain the role of each in receiving chemical signals and initiating signal transduction pathways.
4. Describe a signal transduction pathway and explain how this multi-step process can amplify the signal and lead to a cellular response.
5. Understand that different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (p.221) and how this affects the response of a particular cell to a specific signaling molecule.
6. Define apoptosis and describe its importance and function(s) in an organism.

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1799385926	adenylyl cyclase	An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal.	0
1799385927	amplification	The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.	1
1799385928	apoptosis	A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.	2
1799385929	cyclic AMP (cAMP); (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate)	a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons.	3
1799385930	cytoplasm	The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.	4
1799385931	diacylglycerol (DAG)	A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.	5
1799385932	epinephrine	A catecholamine that, when secreted as a hormone by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.	6
1799385933	G protein	A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.	7
1799385934	gap junction	A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.	8
1799385935	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	9
1799385936	growth factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	10
1799385937	inositol trisphosphate (IP3)	A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.	11
1799385938	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.	12
1799385939	ligand-gated ion channel	A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.	13
1799385940	local regulator	A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted.	14
1799385941	nitric oxide (NO)	A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter.	15
1799385942	protein kinase	An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.	16
1799385943	protein phosphatase	An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.	17
1799385944	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.	18
1799385945	scaffolding protein	A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.	19
1799385946	second messenger	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.	20
1799385947	signal transduction	The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response.	21
1799385948	signal transduction pathway	A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response.	22
1799385949	testosterone	A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals.	23
1799385950	transcription factor	A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.	24
1799385951	transduction	(1) A type of horizontal gene transfer in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one host cell to another. (2) In cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response.	25
1799385952	yeast	Single-celled fungus that reproduces asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell; some species exhibit cell fusion between different mating types.	26
1799385953	Concept 11.1: External signals are converted to responses within the cell	...	27
1799385954	Concept 11.2: Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape	...	28
1799385955	Concept 11.3: Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell	...	29
1799385956	Concept 11.4: Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities	...	30
1799385957	Concept 11.5: Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways	...	31
1799385958	Describe the three stages of Cell Signaling: a.Reception - receptors in the plasma membrane, intracellular receptors b.Transduction - signal transduction pathways, phosphorylation and dephosporylation, second messengers c.Response - nuclear and cytoplasmic responses; protein synthesis, ion channels, cell shape	...	32
1799385959	Describe the relationship between signal molecules and cell surface receptors, and give examples of each.	...	33
1799385960	3. Describe G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and explain the role of each in receiving chemical signals and initiating signal transduction pathways.	...	34
1799385961	4. Describe a signal transduction pathway and explain how this multi-step process can amplify the signal and lead to a cellular response.	...	35
1799385962	5. Understand that different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (p.221) and how this affects the response of a particular cell to a specific signaling molecule.	...	36
1799385963	6. Define apoptosis and describe its importance and function(s) in an organism.	...	37

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Environmental Science Final Study Guide Ch.1-20 Flashcards

Everything covered in chapters 1-20 in environmental science

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617996311	Compositional Layers of The Earth	Crust: Lithosphere-tectonic plates LEAST DENSE Mantle: Asthenosphere, Mesosphere Core: Outer core, Inner core MOST DENSE	0
617996312	Natural Source of Pollution	Volcano, wildfire etc.	1
617996313	Ecology	the study of how living things interact w/ each other & their nonliving environment	2
617996314	Renewable Resource	can be replaced relatively quickly by natural processes	3
617996315	Nonrenewable Resource	source that forms in a much slower rate than it is consumed	4
617996316	Tragedy of the Commons	Essay written by a man named Hardin about land the entire village shared. The land is used for raising animals but if they grow too many, the next year they can only raise a few	5
617996317	Developed Countries	have a higher average income w/ diverse industries	6
617996318	Developing Countries	fast growing pop. & a lower average income	7
617996319	Ecological Footprint	shows the productive area of Earth needed to support one person in a specific country	8
617996320	Niche	the physical home, environmental factors necessary for survival & all interactions w/ organisms	9
617996321	Commensalism	relationship where ONLY one benefits and the other is unharmed, plus 0 (ex. ox bird and a rhino)	10
617996322	Mutalism	relationship where the two depend on one another for survival, plus plus	11
617996323	Parasitism	relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed, negative plus	12
617996324	Predation	relationship when an organism eats the prey, plus negative	13
617996325	Competition	relationship when different individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource, negative negative	14
618048256	6 Kingdoms	Archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, protists, plants, & animals	15
618048257	Earth's Systems	geosphere (aka rock), atmosphere (aka air, gases), hydrosphere (aka water H2O), & biosphere (all living things)	16
618100620	Greenhouse Effect	gases trap heat near the Earth causes global warming & the ozone hole	17
618100621	Scientific Habits of Mind	Curiosity, skepticism, openness to new ideas, intellectual honesty, imagination & creativity	18
618152661	Species vs. Population	a group of organisms that are closely related & that can mate to make fertile offspring & all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time	19
618152662	Habitat	the place organisms live	20
618152663	Surface Currents	stream like surface movements	21
618152664	Deep Currents	along ocean floor	22
618152665	Boundary Types	divergent, convergent & continental	23
618152666	Divergent	plates slide away from each other	24
618152667	Convergent	two plates going towards each other	25
618152668	Subduction	plate sinks underneath another	26
618152669	Continental	ocean+ continental = ocean goes under ocean+ocean= one may go under continental + continental= nothing gets subducted	27
618152670	Layers of Earth's Atmosphere	thermosphere (largest) mesosphere stratosphere troposphere (smallest)	28
618193328	Biotic Factor	consist of living and once living things of the environment	29
618193329	Abiotic Factor	things that were nonliving	30
618193330	Producers	organisms that can make their own food	31
618193331	Fertility Rates	# of babies born per 1,00 women	32
618193332	U.S. fertility rate	2.1 births per woman	33
618193333	Keystone Species	species that are critical to the ecosystem	34
618193334	Endangered Species Act	1973: passed to protect animals and plants endanger of being extincted, requires USFWS to make a list of endangered species & a list of endangered species caused by humans, makes a plan on how to avoid extinction, & prohibits the gov. from doing projects that harm species	35
618193335	Weather vs. Climate	state of the atmosphere at a particular place at a moment & a LONG term prevailing weather condition at a particular place	36
618193336	Fossil Fuels	remains of ancient organs that changed into coal, oil or natural gas	37
618193337	Fresh Water	a little bit more than 2% of the earth's water	38

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Chemistry: Holt Chapters 1-4 Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary and sample questions from chapters 1-4 of the Holt, Rinehart and Winston Chemistry text book.

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975532199	List the acronym for Si unit conversions	MKHDODCMUNP	1
975532200	What SI unit that is closest to the thickness of a dime?	millimeter	2
975532201	What unit is 1 cubic centimeter equal to?	1 liter	3
975532202	What does the abbreviation "mm" represent?	millimeter	4
975532203	What is the formula for density?	mass divided by volume	5
975532204	A chemical formula or molecular compound represents the composition of __________.	a molecule	6
975532205	T/F : the specific heat of a substance is unique to that substance.	True	7
975532206	T/F : The scientific method is a logical set of procedures used to conduct an experiment.	True	8
975532207	Who proposed an atomic theory based on scientific knowledge?	John Dalton	9
975532208	What sub-atomic particle did the "Cathode Ray Experiment" discover?	Electron	10
975532209	The "Gold Foil Experiment" lead to the discovery of what?	Nucleus	11
975532210	Atoms of the same element that have different amounts of neutrons are called _________.	Isotopes	12
975532211	Atoms of the same element that have different masses are called ______.	Isotopes	13
975532212	How many orbitals are there for a "d" Sub-level?	5	14
975532213	The sequence in which energy sub-levels are filled is specified by _________.	The Aufbau Principle	15
975532214	The idea of arranging elemts in a table according to their chemical and principle properties is attributed to whom?	Newlands	16
975532215	One method of measuring the size of an atom involves calculating a value that is _____ the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.	1/2	17
975532216	For alkaline-earth metals, atoms with the smallest radii have the highest ________ energies.	Ionization	18
975532217	Any substance with a definite composition is a what?	Chemical	19
975532218	Be able to name at least 5 types of matter that are pure substances.(type "ok" for this answer! :D )	ok	20
975532219	Gravel is an example of what type of mixture?	Heterogenous	21
975532220	Know most of the periodic table's elements and symbols. (type "ok" for this answer)	ok	22
975532221	A well-tested explanation of observations is a what?	Theory	23
975532222	A statement or mathematical expression that reliability describes as a behavior of the natural world is __________.	Law	24

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Modern Chemistry (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston): Chapter 4 and 5 Flashcards

Taken from the book Modern Chemistry by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston on Chapters 4 and 5, which deals with electrons and the periodic table. Includes the chapter vocabulary and a few other useful things.

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1186072920	electromagnetic radiation	A form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space (3.00x10⁸ m/s)	1
1186072921	electromagnetic spectrum	Combination of all the forms of electromagnetic radiation.	2
1186072922	wavelength	Distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves. Measure in some type of meters (m).	3
1186072923	frequency	Number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually one second. Measured in Hertz.	4
1186072924	hertz	One wave per second.	5
1186072925	photoelectric effect	Emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on a metal.	6
1186072926	quantum	Minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom.	7
1186072927	photon	Particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy.	8
1186072928	ground state	Lowest energy state of an atom.	9
1186072929	excited state	State in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in it's ground state.	10
1186072930	Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	States that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle.	11
1186072931	Quantum Theory	Describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles.	12
1186072932	orbital	A 3D region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.	13
1186072933	Quantum Numbers	Specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals.	14
1186072934	Principle Quantum Number	Denotes the energy level (1, 2, 3, etc.)	15
1186072935	Angular Momentum Quantum Number	The suborbitals of an atom. (S, P, D, F)	16
1186072936	Magnetic Quantum Number	Which suborbital. (Py, Px, Pz)	17
1186072937	Spin Quantum Number	Which way it spins. (up or down)	18
1186072938	electron configuration	The arrangement of electrons in an atom	19
1186072939	noble gas	The Group 18 elements (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon)	20
1186072940	noble gas configuration	An outer main energy level occupied, in most cases, by 8 electrons	21
1186072941	Aufbau principle	Electrons fill from lowest energy to highest.	22
1186072942	Hund's Rule	each orbital within a given sublevel gets one electron and then and only then can they have seconds.	23
1186072943	The Pauli Exclusion Principle	within one orbital, one electron spins up and one spins down.	24
1186072944	Bohr	electrons travel in orbits (energy levels)	25
1186072945	deBroglie	everything has a wavelength	26
1186072946	Schrödinger	made wave equation for deBroglie's statement (mass is relative to wavelength)	27
1186072947	Electrons are like particles because of what?	photoelectric effect	28
1186072948	Electrons are like waves because of what?	diffraction (bending of waves) and interference (combination of waves that either cancels out or strengthens the wave).	29
1186072949	Emission spectrum	the light that something emits	30
1186072950	Emission signature	individual to every substance; used to identify elements	31
1186072951	Light	electrons jumping from one energy level to another and then back	32
1186072952	periodic law	The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.	33
1186072953	periodic table	An arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers so that the elements with similar properties fall in the same column or group.	34
1186072954	lanthanide	The 14 elements with the atomic numbers 58-71.	35
1186072955	actinide	The 14 elements with the atomic numbers 90-103.	36
1186072956	alkali metals	The elements of group 1 of the periodic table.	37
1186072957	alkaline-earth metals	The elements of group 2 of the periodic table.	38
1186072958	transition metals	The d-block elements are metals with typical metallic properties.	39
1186072959	main-group elements	The p-block elements together with the s-block elements.	40
1186072960	halogens	The elements of group 17 of the periodic table.	41
1186072961	atomic radius	1/2 the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together.	42
1186072962	ion	An atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge.	43
1186072963	ionization	Any process that results in the formation of an ion.	44
1186072964	ionization energy	The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom of an element.	45
1186072965	electron affinity	The energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom.	46
1186072966	cation	A positive ion.	47
1186072967	anion	A negative ion.	48
1186072968	valence electrons	The electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of chemical compounds.	49
1186072969	electronegativity	A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons from another atom in the compound.	50

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Modern Chemistry - Holt Chapter 3 Flashcards

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323142804	Democritus	coined the term "atom", which is Greek for indivisible	0
323142805	law of conservation of mass	mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes	1
323142806	law of definite proportions	a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or the source of the compound	2
323142807	law of multiple proportions	if 2 or more different compounds are composed of the same 2 elements, then the ratio of the masses of the 2nd element combined with a certain mass of the 1st element is always a ratio of small whole numbers	3
323142808	John Dalton	1. all matter is composed of atoms 2. atoms of a given element are identical 3. atoms can't be subdivided, created, or destroyed 4. atoms of different elements combine in whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds 5. atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged in chemical reactions	4
323142809	Robert Millikan	studied charge of electrons by using an atomizer from a perfume bottle to spray tiny drops of oil in a special chamber	5
323142810	Joseph John Thompson	discovered electrons with a cathode ray tube; cathode ray was deflected by a negatively charged magnet, so cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles called electrons	6
323142811	Ernest Rutherford	discovered nucleus with gold foil experiment; shot alpha particles through gold foil, and a few deflected back	7
323142812	James Chadwick	discovered neutrons using calculations	8
323142813	atomic number	number of protons	9
323142814	mass number	number of protons and neutrons	10
323142815	isotopes	elements with different numbers of neutrons, like carbon-14	11
323142816	nuclear forces	short-range proton-neutron, proton-proton, and neutron-neutron forces that hold nuclear particles together	12
323142817	average atomic mass	weighted average of atomic masses of natural occurring isotopes in an element	13
323142818	molar mass	mass of 1 mole of pure substance	14
323142819	Avogadro's number	6.022x10^23; number of particles in exactly 1 mole of a pure substance	15
334325632	1 amu	1/12 the mass of carbon-12	16
334325633	1 mole	amount of substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12	17

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Modern Chemistry - Holt Chapters 1-2 Flashcards

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316256069	chemistry	study of composition, structure, and properties of matter; processes that matter undergoes; and energy changes that accompany these processes	0
316256077	basic research	increase knowledge, like finding the reason behind a chemical reaction	1
316256078	applied research	used to solve a problem	2
316256079	matter	anything that has mass and takes up space	3
316256080	mass	measure of the amount of matter in an object	4
316256081	atom	smallest unit of an element with the chemical identity of that element	5
316256082	element	pure substance made of only one type of atom; can't be broken into simpler substances	6
316256083	compound	made from chemically bonded atoms of 2 or more elements	7
316256084	extensive property	depends on amount of matter present	8
316256085	intensive property	doesn't depend on amount of matter present	9
316256086	physical property	can be found without changing the identity of the substance	10
316256087	chemical property	ability of a substance to change into a different substance	11
316256088	physical change	doesn't involve change in the identity of a substance	12
316256089	chemical change	chemical reaction; reactants are converted to products with completely different properties	13
316256090	change of state	physical change from one state to another	14
316256091	solid	definite volume and shape; particles packed together	15
316256092	liquid	definite volume and indefinite shape; particles flowing	16
316256093	gas	indefinite volume and shape; particles move quickly	17
316256094	plasma	high temperature; atoms lose most of their electrons	18
316256095	mixture	blend of types of matter that keep their own identity	19
316256096	homogeneous mixture	solution; uniform in composition	20
316256097	heterogeneous mixture	not uniform in composition	21
316256098	pure substance	all samples have the same properties and composition	22
316256099	periodic table	periodic chart	23
316256100	group (family)	column; elements with similar properties due to the same number of valence electrons	24
316256101	period	row; physical and chemical properties change regularly as you go across	25
316256102	metals	good conductors of heat and electricity; mostly solid at room temperature; malleable and ductile; shiny luster	26
316256103	nonmetals	poor conductors of heat and electricity; mostly gas at room temperature; brittle	27
316256104	metalloids	some characteristics of metals, others of nonmetals; all are solid at room temperature; semiconductor; semimalleable	28
316256105	noble gases	generally unreactive because they have all the valence electrons they need; group 18; gases at room temperature	29
316256106	qualitative	based on qualities	30
316256107	quantitative	based on numbers	31
316256108	SI units	international system of units	32
316256109	# of SI base units	7	33
316256110	measurement	data using quantities	34
316256111	SI unit for length	meter	35
316256112	SI unit for mass	kilogram	36
316256113	SI unit for time	second	37
316256114	SI unit for temperature	kelvin (celsius plus 273)	38
316256115	SI unit for amount of substance	mole	39
316256116	accuracy	closeness of measurements to accepted value of quantity	40
316256117	precision	closeness to set of measurements of same quantity made in same way	41
316256118	percentage error	(accepted value - experimental value)/(accepted value) *100	42
316256119	significant figures	all certain digits plus one uncertain digit	43
316256120	scientific notation	method of writing numbers in terms of a decimal number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10	44
316256121	addition and subtraction with significant figures	round to least amount of decimal places	45
316256122	multiplication and division with significant figures	round to least amount of significant figures	46
316256123	conversion factor	relationship between units that express the same property	47

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