| CourseNotes

AP US History Chapter 6 Flashcards

Terms and People

996422352	Pitt the Elder	He was a popular British Prime Minister. Significant b/c he criticized the French & Indian War	1
996422353	Guerrilla Warfare	It was a style of warfare by the Indians that was hit-and-run. Significant b/c British couldn't adapt to it.	2
996422354	Proclamation of 1763	Proclamation forbidding colonists from going past Appalachian mountains. Issued to prevent problems with Indians, but ticked off colonists and was widely ignored.	3
996422355	Chief Pontiac	Ottawa Chief that led tribes & French traders in a violent campaign to drive British out of Ohio County.	4
996422356	Treaty of Paris, 1763	Peace settlement in France. Significant b/c France was wiped completely out of New World.	5
996422357	Battle of Quebec	Battle in the 7 Years War, significant b/c it helped the French to fall.	6
996422358	Marquis de Montcalm	French commander in Quebec, significant b/c French were defeated in Quebec.	7
996422360	James Wolfe	British officer employed in 7 Years War, significant b/c launched attack on Quebec	8
996422361	William Pitt	Great statesman in Britain, significant b/c he helped lead gov't in London & win 7 Yr War.	9
996422362	General Braddock	Experienced British Officer because he was horribly beat in 7 Yr. War.	10
996422363	Seven Years War	War fought between French & Indians vs. British. Significant b/c it was first time colonies showed unity. Ish. France was wiped off of NA.	11
996422364	Fort Neccessity	Fort constructed by Washington to defend himself from French; where Washington surrendered.	12
996422365	George Washington	21 Year-Old surveyor & Virginian; helped to star F&I War.	13
996422366	War of Jenkins's Ear	War that broke out between Britain and France in 1739; Significant b/c it eventually merged with a much larger War of Austrian Succession in Europe (King George's War).	14
996422367	Treaty of Utrect	Treaty signed by major European powers in 1773. Significant because Britain got Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay.	15
996422368	Queen Anne's War	War between European power over control of North America. Significant b/c Britain failed miserably but seized Port Royal.	16
996422369	King William's War	War among European powers for control of North America; Spain allied with France and was an introduction to Guerrilla Warfare.	17
996422370	Robert de La Salle	French explorer that went to check penetrations into the Gulf of Mexico; claimed and name Louisiana.	18
996422374	Voyageurs	Voyagers for France, also interested in the fur trade; showed how Europeans wrecked Indian way of life.	19
996422377	Coureurs de Bois	"Runners of the Woods", sought to catch beaver; helped to supply beaver pelt demand.	20
996422379	Hugenots	Members of Protestant church from France; brutally killed and denied refuge in New France.	21
996422380	Edict of Nantes	Provided toleration to French Protestants.	22
996422381	Samuel de Champlain	French soldier & leader; became known as "father of New France", friendly to Indiants.	23
996422382	Antoine Cadillac	Founded Detroit to thwart English settlers eyeballing Ohio River Valley.	24
996422383	War of Spanish Succession	This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V	25
996422384	Albany Congress	1754- Advocated for a Union of British Colonies for their security and defense. 150 Indian tribes walked out without siding with British.	26
996422385	Jesuits	Resist spread of Protestantism, save Indians and convert to Christianity.	27
996422386	Fort Dunesque	French-held fort that Washington approached to stop French in Ohio River Valley, was never claimed by English.	28
997066269	Impressement	Forcing coloists to serve in F&I War.	29
997088078	Writ of Assistance	Open ended search warrants to search for smugglers.	30
997088079	Admirality Courts	Where smugglers could be tried, harsh	31

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Economics Chapters 1-5 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Ten Principles of Economics;
Chapter 2 - Thinking Like an Economist;
Chapter 3 - Interdependence and the Gains from Trade;
Chapter 4 - The Market Forces of Supply and Demand;
Chapter 5 - Elasticity and Its Application

Terms : Hide Images

1720791292	Scarcity	the limited nature of society's resources; it means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have it means simply that needs and wants exceed the resources available to meet them	0
1720791293	Economics	the study of how society manages its scarce resources the study of how society uses its scarce resources	1
1720791294	Efficiency	the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources; it means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources getting the most out of the resources used	2
1720791295	Equality	the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society; it means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society's members	3
1720791296	Opportunity Cost	whatever must be given up to obtain some item; what you give up to get that item	4
1720791297	Rational People	people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities	5
1720791298	Marginal Change	a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action	6
1720791299	Incentive	something that induces a person to act	7
1720791300	Market Economy	an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services; the decisions of a central planner are replaced by the decisions of millions of firms and households an economy in which a substantial proportion of goods are allocated by the use of markets	8
1720791301	Property Rights	the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources the rights of an owner over property	9
1720791302	Market Failure	a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiency	10
1720791303	Externality	the impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander	11
1720791304	Market Power	the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices; it refers to the ability of a single person or firm (or a small group) to unduly influence market prices	12
1720791305	Productivity	the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input; the amount of goods and services produced by each unit of labor input	13
1720791306	Inflation	an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy	14
1720791307	Business Cycle	fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production; the irregular and largely unpredictable fluctuations in economic activity, as measured by the production of goods and services or the number of people employed	15
1722122823	Circular-Flow Diagram	a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms	16
1722127286	Production Possibilities Frontier	a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology	17
1722130938	Microeconomics	the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets	18
1722133015	Macroeconomics	the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth	19
1722136804	Positive Statements	claims that attempt to describe the world as it is; they are descriptive	20
1722139124	Normative Statements	claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be; they are prescriptive	21
1722422578	Absolute Advantage	the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer	22
1722422579	Comparative Advantage	the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another; the producer who gives up less of other goods to produce Good X has the smaller opportunity cost of producing Good X and is said to have a comparative advantage in producing it	23
1722422580	Imports	goods produced abroad and sold domestically	24
1722422581	Exports	goods produced domestically and sold abroad	25
1722528034	Market	a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service; the buyers as a group determine the demand for the product, and the sellers as a group determine the supply of the product	26
1722528035	Competitive Market	a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price	27
1722528036	Quantity Demanded	the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase	28
1722528037	Law of Demand	the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises	29
1722528038	Demand Schedule	a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded	30
1722528039	Demand Curve	a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded	31
1722528040	Normal Good	a good for which, other things being equal, and increase in income leads to an increase in demand; if the demand for a good falls when income falls	32
1722528041	Inferior Good	a good for which, other things being equal, and increase in income leads to a decrease in demand; if the demand for a good rises when income falls	33
1722528042	Substitutes	two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other; when a fall in the price of one good reduces the demand for another good; they are often pairs of goods that are used in place of each other	34
1722528043	Complements	two goods for which and increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other; when a fall in the price of one good raises the demand for another good; they are often pairs of goods that are used together	35
1722706173	Quantity Supplied	the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell	36
1722706174	Law of Supply	the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises	37
1722706175	Supply Schedule	a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied	38
1722706176	Supply Curve	a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied	39
1722706177	Equilibrium	a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded	40
1722706178	Equilibrium Price	the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded	41
1722706179	Equilibrium Quantity	the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price	42
1722706180	Surplus	a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded	43
1722706181	Shortage	a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied	44
1722706182	Law of Supply and Demand	the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance	45
1722706183	Elasticity	a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants; to measure how much consumers respond to changes in these variables	46
1722706184	Price Elasticity of Demand	a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price	47
1722706185	Total Revenue	the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold	48
1722706186	Income Elasticity of Demand	a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers' income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income	49
1722706187	Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand	a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in price of the second good	50
1722706188	Price Elasticity of Supply	a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price	51

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Civil War Flashcards

The Civil War
A Civil War is a war between opposing groups of citizens from the same country. In 1861, two parts of America went to war against each other. After 4 years, the Union won. Many people died on both sides, and the South suffered terribly.
No one expected the Civil War to be long. It became one of the worst wars in American history.
WAR BEGINS
In April 1861, the Civil War begin at Fort Sumter. The fort belonged to the North, or the Union, but it was in South Carolina-deep in the South.

Terms : Hide Images

1037873241	Abolitionist	A person who worked to end slavery.	1
1037873242	Slavery	The treatment of people as property. People who are denied freedom in this way are said to be enslaved	2
1037873243	Secede	separate from Union	3
1037873244	Civil War	The war that divides America in the 1860s. A war between citizens of the same country.	4
1037873245	Reconstruction	The period of time after the Civil War in which Southern states were rebuilt and brought back to the Union	5
1037873246	Union	During the Civil War, the Union came to mean the government and armies of the North	6
1037873247	Compromise	A way of settling disagreements in which each side gives away a little in its demands (ex. Missouri Compromise, Missouri admitted as slave, Maine as free-kept balance of power in Senate)	7
1037873248	Confederacy	Another name for the Confederate States of America, made up of the 11 states that seceded from the Union	8
1037873249	Emancipation Proclamation	A special order by President Lincoln on January 1st, 1863 declaring slaves in Confederate sates to be free	9
1037873250	13th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1865) that abolished slavery in US (made it illegal)	10
1037873251	14th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1868) granting citizenship to anyone born in the United States and guaranteeing all citizens equal protection of the law	11
1037873252	15th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1870) declaring that states cannot deny anyone the right to vote because of race or color, or because the person was a slave	12
1037873253	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Act passed in 1854 that created Kansas and Nebraska territories and abolished the Missouri Compromise by allowing states to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new territories	13
1037873254	State's rights	the rights belonging to various states, especially with reference to interpretation of Constitution	14
1037873255	Battle of Gettysburg	July 1st-3rd (1863) Union leaders defeated General Lee. A turning point battle during the Civil War	15
1037873256	Dred Scott	former slave who sued for his freedom in the Supreme Court.	16
1037873257	Abe Lincoln	President during the Civil War	17
1037873258	Harriet Tubman	She led 300 slaves to freedom, because of her bravery she is the symbol of the Underground Railroad	18
1037873259	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederacy	19
1037873260	Ulysses S. Grant	General for the Union, later became 18th President	20
1037873261	General Robert E. Lee	General for the Confederacy	21
1037873262	Fort Sumter	South Carolina, April 12-14, 1861, start of the Civil War	22
1037873263	Bull Run	Virginia, July 1st, 1861, first major land battle of Civil War	23
1037873264	Antietam	Maryland, September 16-18, 1862, bloodiest single day in American military history, 23,000 died	24
1037873265	Battle of Gettysburg	Pennsylvania, July 1-3rd, 1863- Union leaders defeated General Lee. Turning point of Civil War. Followed by famous speech by Lincoln to dedicate cemetery.	25
1037873266	Causes of Civil War	slavery and state's rights	26
1037873267	Freedman's Bureau	designed to help former slaves with food, clothing, find jobs, medical care, created schools (established 1865)	27
1037873268	Carpetbagger	Northerns who came to the south for economic reasons after the Civil War-they took advantage of citizens of the south	28
1037873269	Costly	The Civil war was the most costly war in American History in terms of total devastation.	29

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Civil War Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1037873241	Abolitionist	A person who worked to end slavery.	1
1037873242	Slavery	The treatment of people as property. People who are denied freedom in this way are said to be enslaved	2
1037873243	Secede	separate from Union	3
1037873244	Civil War	The war that divides America in the 1860s. A war between citizens of the same country.	4
1037873245	Reconstruction	The period of time after the Civil War in which Southern states were rebuilt and brought back to the Union	5
1037873246	Union	During the Civil War, the Union came to mean the government and armies of the North	6
1037873247	Compromise	A way of settling disagreements in which each side gives away a little in its demands (ex. Missouri Compromise, Missouri admitted as slave, Maine as free-kept balance of power in Senate)	7
1037873248	Confederacy	Another name for the Confederate States of America, made up of the 11 states that seceded from the Union	8
1037873249	Emancipation Proclamation	A special order by President Lincoln on January 1st, 1863 declaring slaves in Confederate sates to be free	9
1037873250	13th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1865) that abolished slavery in US (made it illegal)	10
1037873251	14th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1868) granting citizenship to anyone born in the United States and guaranteeing all citizens equal protection of the law	11
1037873252	15th Amendment	a change to the Constitution (1870) declaring that states cannot deny anyone the right to vote because of race or color, or because the person was a slave	12
1037873253	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Act passed in 1854 that created Kansas and Nebraska territories and abolished the Missouri Compromise by allowing states to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new territories	13
1037873254	State's rights	the rights belonging to various states, especially with reference to interpretation of Constitution	14
1037873255	Battle of Gettysburg	July 1st-3rd (1863) Union leaders defeated General Lee. A turning point battle during the Civil War	15
1037873256	Dred Scott	former slave who sued for his freedom in the Supreme Court.	16
1037873257	Abe Lincoln	President during the Civil War	17
1037873258	Harriet Tubman	She led 300 slaves to freedom, because of her bravery she is the symbol of the Underground Railroad	18
1037873259	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederacy	19
1037873260	Ulysses S. Grant	General for the Union, later became 18th President	20
1037873261	General Robert E. Lee	General for the Confederacy	21
1037873262	Fort Sumter	South Carolina, April 12-14, 1861, start of the Civil War	22
1037873263	Bull Run	Virginia, July 1st, 1861, first major land battle of Civil War	23
1037873264	Antietam	Maryland, September 16-18, 1862, bloodiest single day in American military history, 23,000 died	24
1037873265	Battle of Gettysburg	Pennsylvania, July 1-3rd, 1863- Union leaders defeated General Lee. Turning point of Civil War. Followed by famous speech by Lincoln to dedicate cemetery.	25
1037873266	Causes of Civil War	slavery and state's rights	26
1037873267	Freedman's Bureau	designed to help former slaves with food, clothing, find jobs, medical care, created schools (established 1865)	27
1037873268	Carpetbagger	Northerns who came to the south for economic reasons after the Civil War-they took advantage of citizens of the south	28
1037873269	Costly	The Civil war was the most costly war in American History in terms of total devastation.	29

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EARLY CHRISTIAN, JEWISH, AND BYZANTINE ART Flashcards

EARLY CHRISTIAN, JEWISH, AND BYZANTINE ART

Terms : Hide Images

64899829	synagogue-wall with Torah Niche	Syria. 244-45. Jewish places of worship, called a synagogue, were built like a house but with a long bench and a niche for the Torah scrolls.	0
64899830	Saint Peter's Basilica	Constantine began construction of this first great Christian church. Christian basilicas developed a distinctive form.	1
64899831	Basilica and Central-plan	The basilica-Plan is long with a narrow clerestory. The central-plan is more compact with a dome.	2
64899832	The Finding of Baby Moses	Syria. 244-45. wall painting in synagogue	3
64920077	Church of Santa Constanza	The church was built as a mausoleum for Constantine's daughter Constanza.	4
64920078	Harvesting of grapes	Rome c.350. Mosaic	5
64920079	MAUSOLEUM OF GALA PLACIDIA	RAVENNA C. 425-26	6
64920080	GOOD SHEPARD	MAUSOLEUM OF GALA PLACIDIA C. 425-26	7
64920081	CLERESTORY AND DOME, BAPTISTRY OF ORTHODOX	Early 5th century; dome remodeled c. 450-60	8
64920082	ICONOCLASM	the rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical; the doctrine of iconoclasts.	9
64920083	Pendentives	triangular support system for dome	10
64920084	Squinches	architectural devices used as a transition from a square to a polygonal or circular base for a dome	11
64920085	Icon	a conventional religious painting in oil on a small wooden panel	12
64920086	Codex	an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)	13
64920087	CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA	Anthemis of Trailles and Isidorus of Miletus. built for Emperor Justinian in 532-537 by these two famous architects.	14
64920088	Plan of Hagia Sophia		15
64920089	Pendentives and Squinches	Two methods of supporting a round dome	16
64920090	Church of San Vitale	Ravenna. c.546-548	17
64920091	Empress Theodora	South wall of apse at The church of San Vitale	18
64920092	Virgin of Vladimir	This revered panel is painted in tempera. Tempera is powdered pigment mixed with egg yolk and water.Gold leaf applied to Christ's robe and the Maria's cape. 11th-12th C.	19
64920093	Harbaville Triptych	Mid-11th c. Ivory	20
64920094	Archangel Michael	Late 10th - Early 11th c. Silver gilt with Enamel.	21
64920095	ANASTASIS	Apse of funerary chapel, Church of the Monastery of Christ in Chora.	22
64920096	The old testament Trinity	Tempera icon by monk Andrey Rublyov.	23

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Ch. 35 Plant Structure, Growth, & Development Flashcards

info on plant structure from Campbell's Biology textbook, ninth edition

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715232534	Tissue	group of cells consisting of 1 or more cell types - together perform a specialized function	0
715232535	Organ	-several types of tissues together that carry out particular functions	1
715232536	3 Basic Plant Organs	leaves, stems, roots	2
715232537	Vegetative Growth	production of non-reproductive leaves, stems and roots	3
715232538	Root	organ that anchors the vascular plant in the soil - absorbs minerals and water - stores carbohydrates	4
715232539	Taproot	- one main vertical root - develops from an embryonic root - gives rise to lateral roots	5
715232540	Lateral roots	-a.k.a branch roots	6
715232541	adventitious roots	- grow in an unusual location such as roots arising from stems or leaves - occurs in many monocots	7
715232542	fibrous root system	a mat of general thin roots spreading out below the soil surface - do not penetrate deeply, best adapted to areas of light rainfall or shallow soils	8
715232543	Root hairs	- on root tips - increase the surface area of the root enormously - main fxn: absorption	9
715232544	Specialized root adaptations	Prop roots, storage roots, buttress roots, "strangling" aerial roots, & pneumatophores	10
715232545	Prop roots	-support the tall top-heavy trees in sandy soils	11
715232546	Storage roots	store food (starch) and water in their roots	12
715232547	Buttress roots	give architectural support to the trunks of trees in the tropics	13
715232548	"Strangling" aerial roots	- the strangler fig germinates in the branches of the tall trees - they send snakelike roots that wrap around the host trees - the host tree eventually dies from shading of the fig leaves	14
715232549	Pneumatophores	-aka air roots - Ex: mangroves - roots project above the water line, enabling the roots to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the watery mud	15
715232550	Stem	-organ that raises or separates leaves, exposing them to sunlight - raise reproductive structures for fruit and pollen dispersal - consists of nodes and internodes	16
715232551	Nodes	points at which leaves are attached	17
715232552	Internodes	stem segments between nodes	18
715232553	Axillary bud	- in the upper angle(axil) formed by each leaf an the stem - can form a lateral shoot (a branch)	19
715232554	Apical bud	- aka terminal bud - area where most of the growth of a shoot begins - composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes	20
715232555	Apical dominance	- the inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud - removing the apical bud stimulates the growth of axillary buds	21
715232556	Modified Stem Adaptations	- Rhizomes, Bulbs, Stolons, and Tubers	22
715232557	Rhizomes	- a horizontal shoot that grow just below the surface - vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds on the rhizome	23
715232558	Bulbs	- consist of enlarged bases of leaves that store food - Ex: onion	24
715232559	Stolons	- horizontal shoots that grow along the surface - enable a plant to reproduce asexually Ex: strawberries	25
715232560	Tubers	-Ex: potatoes - enlarged ends of stolons or rhizomes specialized for storing food	26
715232561	Leaf	main photosynthetic organ - consist of a blade & petiole	27
715232562	Blade	-flattened photosynthetic part	28
715232563	Petiole	- the stalk - joins the leaf to the stem at a node - grasses & many monocots lack these	29
715232564	Veins	vascular tissue of leaves - monocots - parallel veins -eudicots- branching network of veins	30
715232565	Simple Leaf	single undivided blade - some can be deeply lobed	31
715232566	Compound leaf	blade consists of multiple leaflets - a leaflet has no axillary bud at its base	32
715232567	Doubly compound leaf	each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets Ex: fern	33
715232568	Advantage of compound leaves	- withstands strong wind with less tearing - can confine some pathogens	34
715232569	Leaf Adaptations	tendrils, spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves, and bracts	35
715232570	Tendrils	forms a coil that brings the plant closer to a support structure	36
715232571	Spines	- on cacti - provide some shading and protection	37
715232572	Storage Leaves	succulents- storage water in their leaves	38
715232573	Reproductive leaves	some succulents produce adventitious plantlets which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil	39
715232574	Bracts	ex: Poinsettia - brightly colored leaves that attract pollinators - often mistaken for petals	40
715283634	Dermal Tissue System	plant's outer protective covering -consists of epidermis, cuticle, and periderm - 1st line of defense against of pathogens and physical damage	41
715283635	Epidermis	- layer of tightly packed cells in nonwoody plants	42
715283636	Cuticle	waxy coating on the epidermal surface - helps prevent water loss - in leaves and most stems	43
715283637	Periderm	- in woody plants, it replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots	44
715283638	Trichomes	hairlike outgrowths of the shoot epidermis - reduce water loss and reflect excess light - major fxn: provide defense against insects by secreting sticky fluids to stop insects from eating them	45
715283639	Vascular tissue system	- consists of xylem and phloem - carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots	46
715283640	Xylem	- conducts water and minerals up from roots to shoots	47
715283641	Phloem	- transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed	48
715283642	Stele	- the vascular tissue of a root or stem	49
715283643	Ground Tissue system	- neither part of the dermal or vascular tissue - two types: pith and cortex	50
715283644	Pith	ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue	51
715283645	Cortex	ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue	52
715283646	Plant Cell Types	Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem and Phloem	53
715283647	Parenchyma Cells	- mature cells have primary walls, most lack secondary walls - large central vacuole - perform most metabollic fxns of the plant - photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast of parenchyma cells - fleshy fruits composed of these cells - store starch in roots and stems - can grow an entire plant from one of these cells	54
715283648	Collenchyma Cells	- support younger parts of the plant shoot - elongated and have thicker primary walls - ex: the strings of celery - provide flexible support w/o restraining growth - living at maturity	55
715283649	Sclerenchyma Cells	- fxn in support - more rigid than collenchyma cells - contain lignin - dead at maturity- cannot elongate 2 types of these cells: sclereids and fibers	56
715283650	Sclereids	- boxier than fibers & irregular shape - used for support and strengthening - very thick secondary walls - give nut shells their hardness	57
715283651	Fibers	long, slender and tapered - used to make linens fxn: strength and support	58
715283652	Xylem	- transports minerals and water - two types of cells : tracheids & vessel elements	59
715283653	Tracheids	- long, thin and tapered - water moves through pits, so it doesn't have to cross the thick secondary walls - dead at maturity - all vascular plants have these - walls have lignin	60
715283654	Vessel Elements	- wider and shorter than tracheids - lignified walls & dead at maturity - found mainly in angiosperms - aligned end to end forming miropipes called vessels, with the end walls having perforation plates that enable water to flow freely between them	61
715283655	Phloem	-moves sugar throughout the plant - alive at maturity - 2 types of cells: sieve tube elements and companion cells	62
715283656	Sieve Tube Elements	- transports nutrients in chain of sieve tubes - lack a nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole, and cytoskeletal elements --> allows nutrients to pass more easily - end walls of the sieve tubes are seperated by the sieve plates that have pores to facilitate flow through the sieve tubes	63
715283657	Companion cells	- non- conducting cell found along side the sieve tube elements - connected via plasmodesmata - help load sugars into the sieve tube elements	64
715283658	Indeterminate Growth	- process of growth that continues all throughout a plant's life	65
715283659	Meristems	areas of undifferentiated growth that divide and lead to new cells that elongate - 2 types: apical and lateral meristems	66
715283660	Apical meristems	- located at the tips of roots and shoots and in axillary buds of shoots - provide additional cells that enable growth in length	67
715283661	primary growth	growth in length in the vertical direction - allows roots to extend in the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light	68
715283662	Secondary growth	growth in thickness - caused by lateral meristems - occurs in roots and woody stems - rarely seen in monocots	69
715283663	Lateral meristems	- called vascular and cork cambiums	70
715283664	Vascular cambium	adds layers of vascular tissue called the secondary xylem and phloem	71
715283665	Cork cambium	replaces the epidermis with thicker periderm - adds secondary dermal tissue	72
715283666	Annuals	- complete life cycle( germination to flowering to seed production to death) in a year or less	73
715283667	Biennials	- require two growing seasons to complete thier life cycle, flowering only in the second year	74
715283668	Perennials	- live many years and include trees, shrubs, and grasses	75
715771956	Root cap	- covers the root tip - protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil - secretes polysaccharide slime to lubricate soil around the root tip	76
715771957	Zones of Growth in a Root	Zones of Cell division, elongation, and maturation (differentiation)	77
715771958	Zone of Cell Division	- includes the root apical meristem - new root cells are produced here	78
715771959	Zone of Elongation	- most of the growth occurs here - cells elongate, pushing the root tip further into the soil	79
715771960	Zone of Differentiation	- cells complete their formation into specialized functioning cells and become distinct cell types	80
715771961	Root Cross section of a Eudicot	- vascular tissue(xylem and phloem) is in the center in the shape of an "X"	81
715771962	Root Cross section of a Monocot	- vascular tissue is in the center but more spread out in a circle with a core of parenchyma cells in the very center	82
715771963	Endodermis	-innermost layer of the cortex - surrounds the vascular cylinder - regulates passage of substances from the soil into the vascular tissue	83
715771964	Pericycle	- where lateral roots grow from - outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder - a ring just inside the endodermis	84
715771965	Leaf primordia	-finger like projections on either side of the apical meristem in a shoot tip	85
715771966	Branching	- part of shoot primary growth - arises from the activation of axillary buds - the closer the axillary bud is to an active apical bud, the more inhibited it is	86
715771967	Lateral shoots	- develop from axillary bud meristems on the stem's surface and disrupt no other tissues	87
715771968	Cross section of a Eudicot stem	- vascular tissue is arranged in a ring - xylem is on the inside and phloem on the outside	88
715771969	Cross section of a Monocot stem	vascular bundles are all scattered throughout the stem - don't graph well - look like a monkey face	89
715771970	Stomata	- located on the epidermis of leaves - allow gas exchange (CO2 and O2) between leaf and air - major avenue for evaporative water loss - surrounded by 2 guard cells	90
715771971	Guard Cell	- regulate the opening and closing of the stomata pore	91
715771972	Mesophyll	ground tissue of a leaf - in between the upper and lower epidermis layers 2 layers: palisade and spongy mesophyll	92
715771973	Palisade mesophyll	- has parenchyma cells specialized for photosynthesis - upper layer of mesophyll	93
715771974	Spongy mesophyll	- parenchyma cells are arranged loosely with air spaces so that oxygen can circulate around	94
715771975	Bundle sheath	- parenchyma cells that surround the vein of vascular tissue in a plant leaf	95
715771976	Vascular cambium	- adds layers of secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior--> thickens roots and stems - the layers of xylem (wood) accumulates over the years = tree rings -older secondary xylem usually gets sloughed off-does not accumulate like the xylem in a tree	96
715771977	Vascular rays	- radial files of parenchyma cells that connect the secondary xylem and phloem -fxn: aid in wound repair, store carbs, and move water and nutrients between the xylem & phloem	97
715771978	Bark	- everything exterior to the vascular cambium - secondary xylem, cork, cork cambium	98
715771979	Periderm	cork and the cork cambium	99
715771980	Heartwood	- layers of secondary xylem that no longer transports water and minerals - closer to the center of a stem or root - darker colored than sapwood	100
715771981	Sapwood	- newest, outer layers of secondary xylem that still transport water and minerals	101
715771982	Asymmetrical cell division	- one daughter cell receives more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis - how guard cells form around the stomata	102

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AP Human Geography Chapter 6: Language Flashcards

Chapter 6 about language in the AP Human Geography book.

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1508008213	Language	Set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication.	1
1508008214	Standard Language	A language variant used for the norm of media, school, government, and public life by the country's political and intelligent elite.	2
1508008215	Dialect	Variant of a language (Pronounciation, grammer, and vocabulary).	3
1508008216	Isogloss	Geogrpahic boundary where linguist reatures occur., A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.	4
1508008217	Mutual Intelligibility	Two people understand each other when speaking., The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking	5
1508008218	Dialect Chains	Set of contigious dielcts where the one near each other at any place in the chain are most closely related.	6
1508008219	Language Family	Grouos of languages with shard, but slightly distant origin., A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.	7
1508008220	Subfamilies	Divisions within a family; commolities more definite.	8
1508008221	Sound Shift	Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin.	9
1508008222	Proto Indo-European	Ancestral Indo-european, language which came before Latin, greek, sanscript	10
1508008223	Backward Reconstruction	Tracking Sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backwards" to the original language.	11
1508008224	Extinct language	language without any native speakers.	12
1508008225	Deep reconstruction	Recreate language that preceded it.	13
1508008226	Nostratic	Proto Indo-European ancient ancenstor	14
1508008227	Language Divergence	1 language formed into 2., new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects	15
1508008228	Language Convergence	2 languages collapsing into 1.	16
1508008229	Reinfrew's Hypothesis	That said Proto Indo-European came from the Fertile Cresent. Anatolia into Europe, West Arc to North Africa and Arab, and East Arc into Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.	17
1508008230	Conquest Theory	THEORY said that early Pro-Indo-Eurpean speakers spread West by horseback, overpowering, beginning diffusion snd differentiation of the Indo-European tongues., theory of how proto-inko european spread into europe that speakers spread westward on horseback	18
1508008231	Dispersal Hypothesis	hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and onto the Balkans	19
1508008232	Romance Languages	French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portugese	20
1508008233	Germanic Languages	English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish	21
1508008234	Slavanic Languages	Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian.	22
1508008235	Lingua Franca	Ancient language in the Mediterranean ports usually for trading and commerce	23
1508008236	Pidgin Language	Where 2 or more languages come. Part of each of them combine into a simplified structure and vocabulary.	24
1508008237	Creole Language	Began as a Pidgin language, but later adopted as mother tongue by the people of the mother tongue land.	25
1508008238	Monolingual States	Countries with one language spoken.	26
1508008239	Official Language	Multilingual countries have language chosen by an educated, powerful elite, usually the language is spoken in Courts and in the government.	27
1508008240	Global Language	Language most commonly used around the world. Basis of many speakers or trade prevelance.	28
1508008241	Place	Uniqueness of a location.	29
1508008242	Toponym	the name by which a geographical place is known	30

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USABO, Unit 5, Chapter 29 - Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Flashcards

How did plants colonize land? Find out the answer to this and many more questions in this stunning 2-part series.

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1398372266	thin coatings of these organisms existed on land about 1.2 billion years ago	cyanobacteria	1
1398372267	cyanobacteria first appeared on earth approximately this many bya	1.2	2
1398372268	within the last ___ million years, small plants as well as animals and fungi joined cyanobacteria ashore	500	3
1398372269	about this many mya, some plants grew much taller, forming forests	370	4
1398372270	green algae called these are the closest relatives of land plants	charophytes	5
1398372271	these are the four characteristics that charophytes share with land plants: rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes, peroxisome enzymes, flagellated sperm, and ___	phragmoplasts	6
1398372272	these are the four characteristics that charophytes share with land plants: rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes, peroxisome enzymes, ___, and phragmoplasts	flagellated sperm	7
1398372273	these are the four characteristics that charophytes share with land plants: rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes, ___, flagellated sperm, and phragmoplasts	peroxisome enzymes	8
1398372274	these are the four characteristics that charophytes share with land plants: ___, peroxisome enzymes, flagellated sperm, and phragmoplasts	rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes	9
1398372275	the rosette-shaped complexes in the plasma membranes of charophytes and land plants synthesize cellulose ___	microfibrils	10
1398372276	noncharophyte algae have ___ arrays of cellulose-synthesizing protein complexes	linear	11
1398372277	these organelles in land plants and charophytes contain enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of photorespiration	peroxisomes	12
1398372278	peroxisomes in land plants and charophytes contain enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of this process	photorespiration	13
1398372279	this is a group of microtubules that forms between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell	phragmoplast	14
1398372280	this develops in the middle of the phragmoplast across the midline of the dividing cell	cell plate	15
1398372281	the cell plate develops in the middle of this structure	phragmoplast	16
1398372282	the cell plate gives rise to a new ___ that separates the daughter cells	cross wall	17
1398372283	these two genera are the closest living relatives of land plants	Chara, Coleochaete	18
1398372284	this is a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out	sporopollenin	19
1398372285	many biologists equate the kingdom Plantae with these	embryophytes	20
1398372286	this is the formal name of the taxon of plants that have embryos	Plantae	21
1398372287	chlorophytes, charophytes, and embryophytes all exist within this kingdom	Viridiplantae	22
1398372288	Viridiplantae is composed of these three types of "plants"	Chlorophytes, Charophytes, Embryophytes	23
1398372289	Charophytes and Embryophytes make up this kingdom	Streptophyta	24
1398372290	Streptophyta consists of these two types of "plants"	Charophytes, Embryophytes	25
1398372291	the four derived traits of land plants are alternation of generations, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, and ___	apical meristems	26
1398372292	the four derived traits of land plants are alternation of generations, walled spores produced in sporangia, ___, and apical meristems	multicellular gametangia	27
1398372293	the four derived traits of land plants are alternation of generations, ___, multicellular gametangia, and apical meristems	walled spores produced in sporangia	28
1398372294	the four derived traits of land plants are ___, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, and apical meristems	alternation of generations	29
1398372295	these are the two generations of multicellular land plants	gametophytes, sporophytes	30
1398372296	does alternation of generations occur in some algae? does it occur in charophytes? (separate answers by "and")	yes and no	31
1398372297	this is the haploid land plant generation	gametophyte	32
1398372298	this is the diploid land plant generation	sporophyte	33
1398372299	the gametophyte produces gametes through ___	mitosis	34
1398372300	the sporophyte produces spores through ___	meiosis	35
1398372301	these are reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell, in land plants	spores	36
1398372302	in seed plants, the ___ are microscopic	gametophytes	37
1398372303	this process unites gametes, forming the sporophyte	fertilization	38
1398372304	plant embryos have these cells, which enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo	placental transfer (cells)	39
1398372305	these are sometimes present in maternal tissue adjacent to a plant embryo	placental transfer cells	40
1398372306	the sporophyte has these organs that produce the spores	sporangia	41
1398372307	within a sporanguim, these undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores	sporocytes	42
1398372308	sporocytes are ___loid	dip	43
1398372309	the production of gametes occurs within these multicellular organs	gametangia	44
1398372311	the female gametangia are called these	archegonia	45
1398372312	the male gametangia are called these	antheridia	46
1398372313	these are localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots	apical meristems	47
1398372314	this structure, produced at apical meristems, protects the body of the plant	outer epidermis	48
1398372315	leaves are generated by these in most plants	shoot apical meristems	49
1398372316	the epidermis of land plants has this covering, which consists of polyester and wax polymers	cuticle	50
1398372317	these two polymers make up the cuticle	polyester, wax	51
1398372318	this structure acts as waterproofing and microbial protection in land plants	cuticle	52
1398372319	without roots, plants formed symbiotic associations with fungi called these	mycorrhizae	53
1398372320	land plants produce these molecules that are the product of secondary metabolic pathways	secondary compounds	54
1398372321	examples of these include alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and phenolics such as flavonoids	secondary compounds	55
1398372322	these three secondary compound classes help defend against herbivores and parasites	alkaloids, terpenes, tannins	56
1398372323	these are examples of a phenolic	flavonoids	57
1398372324	flavonoids are this type of compound	phenolic	58
1398372325	these phenolics absorb harmful UV radiation	flavonoids	59
1398372326	fossil spores have been found belonging to this geologic period	Ordovician (period)	60
1398372327	___ is cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body	vascular tissue	61
1398372328	most plants have a complex vascular tissue system and therefore are called these	vascular plants	62
1398372329	these are the three types of plants that do not have an extensive transport system	liverworts, hornworts, mosses	63
1398372330	nonvascular plants are informally called these	bryophytes	64
1398372331	bryophytes lack roots and ___	true leaves	65
1398372332	bryophytes lack ___ and true leaves	roots	66
1398372333	club mosses and their relatives make up this group of plants (common name)	lycophytes	67
1398372334	ferns and their relatives make up this group of plants (common name)	pterophytes	68
1398372335	the seedless vascular plants consist of these two types of plants	lycophytes, pterophytes	69
1398372336	the lycophytes and pterophytes are these types of plants	seedless vascular (plants)	70
1398372337	this is an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat	seed	71
1398372338	the seeds in these plants are not enclosed in chambers	gymnosperms	72
1398372339	all the flowering plants are in this clade	angiosperms	73
1398372340	nearly 90% of living plants are these	angiosperms	74
1398372341	these are the three phyla of bryophytes	Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta	75
1398372342	Hepatophyta includes these plants	liverworts	76
1398372343	liverworts are in this phylum	Hepatophyta	77
1398372344	Anthocerophyta includes these plants	hornworts	78
1398372345	hornworts are in this phylum	Anthocerophyta	79
1398372346	Bryophyta includes these plants	mosses	80
1398372347	mosses are in this phylum	Bryophyta	81
1398372348	the dominant stage of the life cycle of the bryophyte phyla is this	gametophyte	82
1398372349	these are a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments that develop from spores in bryophytes	protonemata	83
1398372350	protonemata in bryophytes produce one or more of these structures, in favorable conditions	"buds"	84
1398372351	"buds" are formed from these structures in bryophytes	protonemata	85
1398372352	this is a gamete-producing structure in bryophytes, arising from "buds"	gametophore	86
1398372353	the two components of the body of a moss gametophyte are a protonema and one or more ___	gametophores	87
1398372354	the two components of the body of a moss gametophyte are a ___ and one or more gametophores	protonema	88
1398372355	these are long, tubular single cells or filaments of cells that anchor gametophytes in bryophytes	rhizoids	89
1398372356	rhizoids are long, tubular, single cells in these bryophytes	liverworts, hornworts	90
1398372357	rhizoids are filaments of cells in these bryophytes	mosses	91
1398372358	some mosses reproduce asexually by forming these, small plantlets that detach from the parent plant and grow into clones	brood bodies	92
1398372359	a typical bryophyte sporophyte consists of a foot, a seta, and a ___	sporangium	93
1398372360	a typical bryophyte sporophyte consists of a foot, a ___, and a sporangium	seta	94
1398372361	a typical bryophyte sporophyte consists of a ___, a seta, and a sporangium	foot	95
1398372362	this sporophyte part absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte, in bryophytes	foot	96
1398372363	this conducts materials obtained by the foot to the sporangium in sporophyte bryophytes	seta	97
1398372364	the sporangium is also called this, in bryophytes	capsule	98
1398372365	the seta brings nutrients to this sporophyte part in bryophytes	sporangium	99
1398372366	this is a ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures in bryophytes	peristome	100
1398372367	the peristome is situated on this bryophyte sporophyte structure	capsule	101
1398372368	peristome teeth open under ___ conditions and close under ___ conditions	dry, moist	102
1398372369	liverworts do not have these, but mosses and hornworts do	stomata	103
1398372370	these are pores that support photosynthesis by allowing gas exchange between atmosphere and sporophyte interior	stomata	104
1398372371	these are the main avenues by which water evaporates from the sporophyte	stomata	105
1398372372	some liverworts are described as this, because their gametophytes have a flattened shape	thalloid	106
1398372373	some liverworts are called this, because their stemlike gametophytes have many leaflike appendages	leafy	107
1398372374	these are the two main adjectives to describe various liverworts	leafy, thalloid	108
1398372375	are there more leafy liverworts or thalloid liverworts?	leafy (liverworts)	109
1398372376	the sporophyte in this phylum is microscopic	Hepatophyta	110
1398372377	mosses help retain this nutrient in the soil	nitrogen	111
1398372378	this genus is called peat moss	Sphagnum	112
1398372379	Sphagnum is a genus of this type of plant	peat moss	113
1398372380	Sphagnum forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as this	peat	114
1398372381	these compounds keep Sphagnum from decaying readily	phenolic (compounds)	115
1398372382	lycophytes, ferns, and other seedless vascular plants had well-developed vascular systems by this geologic period	Devonian (period)	116
1398372383	vascular plants have these derived traits: life cycles with dominant sporophytes, transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, well-developed roots, and leaves with ___	sporophylls	117
1398372384	vascular plants have these derived traits: life cycles with dominant sporophytes, transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, well-developed ___, and leaves with sporophylls	roots	118
1398372385	vascular plants have these derived traits: life cycles with dominant sporophytes, transport in vascular tissues called ___, well-developed roots, and leaves with sporophylls	xylem and phloem	119
1398372386	vascular plants have these derived traits: life cycles with dominant ___, transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, well-developed roots, and leaves with sporophylls	sporophytes	120
1398372387	among living vascular plants, this is the larger and more complex plant in the alternation of generations	sporophyte	121
1398372388	on the underside of a vascular plant's sporophyte's reproductive leaves are spots called these	sori	122
1398372389	each one of these is a cluster of sporangia in a vascular sporophyte plant	sorus	123
1398372390	each sorus in a vascular sporophyte plant is a cluster of these	sporangia	124
1398372391	the gametophyte in vascular plants is ___ but still reproduces using cross-reproduction most commonly	bisexual	125
1398372392	this conducts most of the water and minerals in a vascular plant	xylem	126
1398372393	the xylem of most vascular plants include these tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up the roots	tracheids	127
1398372394	tracheids are found in this tissue, in vascular plants	xylem	128
1398372395	vascular plants are sometimes referred to as these, based on the cell type that they have that nonvascular plants do not have	tracheophytes	129
1398372396	the water-conducting cells in vascular plants are strengthened by this phenolic polymer	lignin	130
1398372397	lignin is a ___ polymer	phenolic	131
1398372398	lignin strengthens these cells	tracheids	132
1398372399	this tissue has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products	phloem	133
1398372400	the first forests formed during this geologic period	Devonian (period)	134
1398372401	these are organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil	roots	135
1398372402	these anchor vascular plants, hence allowing the shoot system to grow taller	roots	136
1398372403	these tissues in living plants closely resemble stem tissues of early vascular plants in fossils	root(s)	137
1398372404	these increase the surface area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants	leaves	138
1398372405	leaves can be classified as one of these two types, based on complexity	microphylls, megaphylls	139
1398372406	lycophytes have ___phylls	micro	140
1398372407	microphyll leaves are in this type of plant	lycophyte(s)	141
1398372409	most vascular plants have ___phylls	mega	142
1398372411	leaves originated during this period	Devonian (period)	143
1398372413	microphylls originated from ___ located on the sides of stems	sporangia	144
1398372414	it is called this when a branch grows above all other branches; this type of growth may have led to megaphylls	overtopping (growth)	145
1398372415	these are modified leaves that bear sporangia	sporophylls	146
1398372416	sori grow on the underside of a fern's ___	sporophylls	147
1398372417	in lycophytes and gymnosperms, sporophylls form cone-like ___	strobili	148
1398372418	strobili are made up of these, in lycophytes and gymnosperms	sporophylls	149
1398372419	most seedless tracheophytes are ___sporous	homo	150
1398372420	these species have one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte	homosporous	151
1398372421	these species have two types of sporangia and produce two types of spores	heterosporous	152
1398372422	these develop into female gametophytes in seedless vascular heterosporous plants	megaspores	153
1398372423	these develop into male gametophytes in seedless vascular heterosporous plants	microspores	154
1398372424	all seed plants and some tracheophytes are ___sporous	hetero	155
1398372425	these are the two phyla that are seedless vascular plants	Lycophyta, Pterophyta	156
1398372426	club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are in this phylum	Lycophyta	157
1398372427	Lycophyta consists of these three types of plant	club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts	158
1398372428	Pterophyta consists of these three types of plant	ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns	159
1398372429	ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns are in this phylum	Pterophyta	160
1398372430	Pterophyta was formerly these three phyla	Pterophyta, Sphenophyta, Psilophyta	161
1398372431	Sphenophyta formerly consisted of these plants	horsetails	162
1398372432	horsetails were formerly in this phylum	Sphenophyta	163
1398372433	Psilophyta formerly consisted of these plants	whisk ferns	164
1398372434	whisk ferns were formerly in this phylum	Psilophyta	165
1398372435	by this period, there were two main evolutionary lineages of lycophytes	Carboniferous (period)	166
1398372436	giant tree lycophytes went extinct by the end of this period	Carboniferous (period)	167
1398372437	pterophytes are most diverse in these regions, but do exist in other regions too	tropic(al regions)	168
1398372438	this is the genus of horsetails	Equisetum	169
1398372439	Equisetum is the genus of these pterophytes	horsetails	170
1398372440	whisk ferns are in this genus	Psilotum	171
1398372441	Psilotum is the genus of these pterophytes	whisk ferns	172
1398372442	Psilotum and Tmesipteris are tropical ___	epiphytes	173
1398372443	these two genera are commonly referred to as living fossils, since they resemble ancient relatives of living vascular plants	Psilotum, Tmesipteris	174
1398372444	these are plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites	epiphytes	175
1398372445	the sporophytes of ferns typically have horizontal stems that give rise to these large leaves	fronds	176
1398372446	fronds are often divided into these	leaflets	177
1398372447	one of these grows as its curled tip, a fiddlehead, unfurls	frond(s)	178
1398372448	these are the curled tips of fronds, in ferns	fiddleheads	179
1398372449	almost all ferns are ___sporous	homo	180
1398372450	horsetails have separate stems, called these	fertile, vegetative	181
1398372451	horsetails are ___sporous	homo	182
1398372452	horsetails are also called these because their stems have joints	arthrophytes	183
1398372453	arthrophytes are commonly called these	horsetails	184
1398372454	each yellow knob on a whisk fern is composed of three fused ___	sporangia	185
1398372455	whisk ferns are ___sporous	homo	186

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Ch. 30: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards

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931994750	Seed plants originated about ____ years ago	360 million	1
931994751	A seed consists of an ______ and ______ surrounded by a protective coat.	Embryo; nutrients	2
931994752	The following are common to all seed plants:	-reduced gametophytes -heterospory -ovules -pollen	3
931994753	What are the advantages of reduced gametophytes?	The gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte -nourished and protected	4
931994754	The ancestors of seed plants were likely _______, while seed plants are ________.	homosporous;heterosporous	5
931994755	Megasporangia	produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes	6
931994756	Microsporangia	produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes	7
931994757	An ovule consist of:	a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments	8
931994758	Gymnosperm megaspores have __ integument.	1	9
931994759	Angiosperm megaspores usually have __ integuments.	2	10
931994760	Microspores develop into ______, which contain the male gametophytes	pollen grains	11
931994761	Pollination:	the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules -pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals	12
931994762	If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ______.	ovule	13
931994763	A seed is a __________, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat	sporophyte embryo	14
931994764	A seed develops from the ________.	whole ovule	15
931994765	Evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores:	-they may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination -seeds have a supply of stored food -they may be transported long distances by wind or animals	16
931994766	Gymnosperms means:	"naked seeds"	17
931994767	Gymnosperms seeds are exposed on ______ that form cones	sporophylls	18
931994768	Angiosperm seeds are found in _______.	fruits	19
931994769	Fossil evidence reveals that by the late Devonian period some plants, called _________, had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants	progymnosperms	20
931994770	Living seed plants can be divided into two clades:	gymnosperms and angiosperms	21
931994772	__________ appear early in the fossil record about 305 million years ago and dominated Mesozoic (251-65 Mya) terrestrial ecosystems	Gymnosperms	22
931994773	________ were better suited than nonvascular plants to drier (and cooler) conditions	Gymnosperms	23
931994775	______ began to replace gymnosperms near the end of the Mesozoic	Angiosperms	24
931994777	Conifers:	cone-bearing gymnosperms	25
931994779	Four phyla of gymnosperms:	-Cycadophyta (cycads) -Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba) -Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia) -Coniferophyta (conifers: pine, fir, redwood, etc.)	26
931994780	Phylum Cycadophyta	Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves These thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today	27
931994782	Phylum Ginkgophyta	This phylum consists of a single living species, Ginkgo biloba It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree	28
931994784	Phylum Gnetophyta	This phylum comprises three genera -Species vary in appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts	29
931994786	Phylum Coniferophyta	This phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla -Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round	30
931994787	Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:	-dominance of the sporophyte generation -development of seeds from fertilized ovules -the transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen	31
931994788	The pine tree is the sporophyte and produces ______ in male and female cones	sporangia	32
931994790	Small cones:	produce microspores called pollen grains, each of which contains a male gametophyte	33
931994792	Larger cones:	contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes	34
931994794	How many years is it from cone production to mature seed?	3	35
931994796	The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include ______ and _____.	flowers;fruits	36
931994798	What are the most widespread and diverse of all plants?	Angiosperms	37
931994800	Anthophyta:	phylum of angiosperms	38
931994802	Flower:	an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction	39
931994803	Four types of modified leaves on a flower	-sepals -petals -stamens -carpels	40
931994804	Sepals:	enclose the flower	41
931994805	Petals:	brightly colored; attract pollinators	42
931994806	Stamens:	produce pollen -consists of a stalk called the filament with a sac called an anther	43
931994807	Carpels:	produce ovules -has ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma	44
931994808	Anther:	Where pollen is produced on the filament	45
931994809	Stigma:	where pollen is received	46
931994810	A fruit consists of a _________.	mature ovary	47
931994811	Mature fruits can be either _____ or ______.	fleshy; dry	48
931994812	In the flower male gametophytes are contained within:	within pollen grains produced by the microsporangia of anthers	49
931994813	Embryo sac:	develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma	50
931994814	A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte ______________.	grows down to the ovary	51
931994815	Micropyle:	pore in which the ovule is entered	52
931994816	Double fertilization occurs when:	the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule -One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm	53
931994817	Triploid endosperm	nourishes the developing embryo	54
931994818	Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called _____.	cotyledons	55
931994819	Angiosperms originated at least ___ million years ago	140	56
931994820	Angiosperms may be closely related to ________, extinct seed plants with flowerlike structures	Bennettitales	57
931994821	Angiosperms were divided into two main groups	-monocot -dicot	58
931994822	monocot:	one cotyledon -veins usually parallel -vascular tissue scattered -root system usually fibrous -pollen grain with 1 opening -floral organs usually in multiples of three	59
931994823	dicot:	two cotyledons	60
931994824	DNA studies suggest that monocots form a clade, but dicots are __________.	polyphyletic	61
931994825	Polyphyletic:	group with no common ancestor	62
931994826	The clade _______ ("true" dicots) includes most dicots	eudicot	63
931994827	basal angiosperms	-dicot lineage -are less derived and include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages	64
931994828	magnoliids	-dicot lineage -share some traits with basal angiosperms but evolved later	65
931994829	Three lineages that constitute the basal angiosperms:	Amborella trichopoda, water lilies, and star anise	66
931994830	Three lineages that constitute the magnollids:	magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants	67
931994831	More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are ________.	monocots	68
931994832	More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are ________.	eudicots	69
931994833	Eudicot:	Two cotyledons -veins usually netlike -vascular issue usually arranged in a ring -taproot usually present -pollen grain with 3 openings -floral organs usually in multiples of four or five	70
931994834	Animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa; for example:	-animal herbivory selects for plant defenses -interactions between pollinators and flowering plants select for mutually beneficial adaptations	71
931994835	Clades with _______ symmetrical flowers have more species than those with ______ symmetrical flowers.	bilaterally; radially -likely because bilateral symmetry affects the movement of pollinators and reduces gene flow in diverging populations	72
931994836	Five Derived Traits of Seed Plants	-Reduced gametophytes -Heterospory -Ovules -Pollen -Seeds	73
932054243	What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?	Megaspore or microspores	74
932054244	Which of these structures is a separate generation from the plant sporophyte?	A male gametophyte within a pollen grain.	75
932054245	Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperm	Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus	76
932054246	In which of the following pairs do the structures play comparable roles in the plant and animal life cycles?	A plant sporophyte and an adult animal	77
932054247	In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.	archegonia ... egg	78
932054248	In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.	immature sporophyte	79
932054249	In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.	micropyle	80
932054250	Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?	It functions as a haploid food reserve.	81
932054251	Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).	one	82
932054252	In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.	haploid; meiosis	83
932054253	Which of these is unique to flowering plants?	double fertilization	84
932054254	The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____.	pollen grains	85
932054255	In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.	seed coat	86
932054256	A carpel is composed of _____.	stigma, style, and ovary	87
932054257	In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei	eight haploid	88
932054258	A stamen consists of _____.	anther and filament	89
932054259	In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species.	stigma	90
932054260	Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?	within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower	91
932054261	A fruit is most commonly	a mature ovary	92
932054262	With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?	megaspore-2n	93
932054263	Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?	alternation of generations	94
932054264	Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except	ovaries.	95
932054265	When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____.	diploid sporophyte	96
932054266	All seed plants _____.	are heterosporous	97
932054267	The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.	pollen	98
932054268	Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____.	Mesozoic	99
932054269	In gymnosperms megaspores develop into _____ .	female gametophytes	100
932054270	In pine, the embryo develops within the _____.	female gametophyte	101
932054271	The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____.	presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule	102
932054272	Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.	flowers	103
932054273	Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower?	petals	104
932054274	Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____.	angiosperms	105

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AP Calculus BC Flashcards

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1130394051	Intermediate Value Theorem	If f(1)=-4 and f(6)=9, then there must be a x-value between 1 and 6 where f crosses the x-axis.	1
1130394052	Average Rate of Change	Slope of secant line between two points, use to estimate instantanous rate of change at a point.	2
1130394053	Instantenous Rate of Change	Slope of tangent line at a point, value of derivative at a point	3
1130394054	Formal definition of derivative	limit as h approaches 0 of [f(a+h)-f(a)]/h	4
1130394055	Alternate definition of derivative	limit as x approaches a of [f(x)-f(a)]/(x-a)	5
1130394056	When f '(x) is positive, f(x) is	increasing	6
1130394057	When f '(x) is negative, f(x) is	decreasing	7
1130394058	When f '(x) changes from negative to positive, f(x) has a	relative minimum	8
1130394059	When f '(x) changes fro positive to negative, f(x) has a	relative maximum	9
1130394060	When f '(x) is increasing, f(x) is	concave up	10
1130394061	When f '(x) is decreasing, f(x) is	concave down	11
1130394062	When f '(x) changes from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing, f(x) has a	point of inflection	12
1130394063	When is a function not differentiable	corner, cusp, vertical tangent, discontinuity	13
1130394064	Product Rule	uv' + vu'	14
1130394065	Quotient Rule	(uv'-vu')/v²	15
1130394066	Chain Rule	f '(g(x)) g'(x)	16
1130394067	y = x cos(x), state rule used to find derivative	product rule	17
1130394068	y = ln(x)/x², state rule used to find derivative	quotient rule	18
1130394069	y = cos²(3x)	chain rule	19
1130394070	Particle is moving to the right/up	velocity is positive	20
1130394071	Particle is moving to the left/down	velocity is negative	21
1130394072	absolute value of velocity	speed	22
1130394073	y = sin(x), y' =	y' = cos(x)	23
1130394074	y = cos(x), y' =	y' = -sin(x)	24
1130394075	y = tan(x), y' =	y' = sec²(x)	25
1130394076	y = csc(x), y' =	y' = -csc(x)cot(x)	26
1130394077	y = sec(x), y' =	y' = sec(x)tan(x)	27
1130394078	y = cot(x), y' =	y' = -csc²(x)	28
1130394079	y = sin⁻¹(x), y' =	y' = 1/√(1 - x²)	29
1130394080	y = cos⁻¹(x), y' =	y' = -1/√(1 - x²)	30
1130394081	y = tan⁻¹(x), y' =	y' = 1/(1 + x²)	31
1130394082	y = cot⁻¹(x), y' =	y' = -1/(1 + x²)	32
1130394083	y = e^x, y' =	y' = e^x	33
1130394084	y = a^x, y' =	y' = a^x ln(a)	34
1130394085	y = ln(x), y' =	y' = 1/x	35
1130394086	y = log (base a) x, y' =	y' = 1/(x lna)	36
1130394087	To find absolute maximum on closed interval [a, b], you must consider...	critical points and endpoints	37
1130394088	mean value theorem	if f(x) is continuous and differentiable, slope of tangent line equals slope of secant line at least once in the interval (a, b) f '(c) = [f(b) - f(a)]/(b - a)	38
1130394089	If f '(x) = 0 and f"(x) > 0,	f(x) has a relative minimum	39
1130394090	If f '(x) = 0 and f"(x) < 0,	f(x) has a relative maximum	40
1130394091	Linearization	use tangent line to approximate values of the function	41
1130394092	rate	derivative	42
1130394093	left riemann sum	use rectangles with left-endpoints to evaluate integral (estimate area)	43
1130394094	right riemann sum	use rectangles with right-endpoints to evaluate integrals (estimate area)	44
1130394095	trapezoidal rule	use trapezoids to evaluate integrals (estimate area)	45
1130394096	[(h1 - h2)/2]*base	area of trapezoid	46
1130394097	definite integral	has limits a & b, find antiderivative, F(b) - F(a)	47
1130394098	indefinite integral	no limits, find antiderivative + C, use inital value to find C	48
1130394099	area under a curve	∫ f(x) dx integrate over interval a to b	49
1130394100	area above x-axis is	positive	50
1130394101	area below x-axis is	negative	51
1130394102	average value of f(x)	= 1/(b-a) ∫ f(x) dx on interval a to b	52
1130394103	If g(x) = ∫ f(t) dt on interval 2 to x, then g'(x) =	g'(x) = f(x)	53
1130394104	Fundamental Theorem of Calculus	∫ f(x) dx on interval a to b = F(b) - F(a)	54
1130394105	To find particular solution to differential equation, dy/dx = x/y	separate variables, integrate + C, use initial condition to find C, solve for y	55
1130394106	To draw a slope field,	plug (x,y) coordinates into differential equation, draw short segments representing slope at each point	56
1130394107	slope of horizontal line	zero	57
1130394108	slope of vertical line	undefined	58
1130394109	methods of integration	substitution, parts, partial fractions	59
1130394110	use substitution to integrate when	a function and it's derivative are in the integrand	60
1130394111	use integration by parts when	two different types of functions are multiplied	61
1130394112	∫ u dv =	uv - ∫ v du	62
1130394113	use partial fractions to integrate when	integrand is a rational function with a factorable denominator	63
1130394114	dP/dt = kP(M - P)	logistic differential equation, M = carrying capacity	64
1130394115	P = M / (1 + Ae^(-Mkt))	logistic growth equation	65
1130394116	given rate equation, R(t) and inital condition when t = a, R(t) = y₁ find final value when t = b	y₁ + Δy = y Δy = ∫ R(t) over interval a to b	66
1130394117	given v(t) and initial position t = a, find final position when t = b	s₁+ Δs = s Δs = ∫ v(t) over interval a to b	67
1130394118	given v(t) find displacement	∫ v(t) over interval a to b	68
1130394119	given v(t) find total distance travelled	∫ abs[v(t)] over interval a to b	69
1130394120	area between two curves	∫ f(x) - g(x) over interval a to b, where f(x) is top function and g(x) is bottom function	70
1130394121	volume of solid with base in the plane and given cross-section	∫ A(x) dx over interval a to b, where A(x) is the area of the given cross-section in terms of x	71
1130394122	volume of solid of revolution - no washer	π ∫ r² dx over interval a to b, where r = distance from curve to axis of revolution	72
1130394123	volume of solid of revolution - washer	π ∫ R² - r² dx over interval a to b, where R = distance from outside curve to axis of revolution, r = distance from inside curve to axis of revolution	73
1130394124	length of curve	∫ √(1 + (dy/dx)²) dx over interval a to b	74
1130394125	L'Hopitals rule	use to find indeterminate limits, find derivative of numerator and denominator separately then evaluate limit	75
1130394126	indeterminate forms	0/0, ∞/∞, ∞*0, ∞ - ∞, 1^∞, 0⁰, ∞⁰	76
1130394127	6th degree Taylor Polynomial	polynomial with finite number of terms, largest exponent is 6, find all derivatives up to the 6th derivative	77
1130394128	Taylor series	polynomial with infinite number of terms, includes general term	78
1130394129	nth term test	if terms grow without bound, series diverges	79
1130394130	alternating series test	lim as n approaches zero of general term = 0 and terms decrease, series converges	80
1130394131	converges absolutely	alternating series converges and general term converges with another test	81
1130394132	converges conditionally	alternating series converges and general term diverges with another test	82
1130394133	ratio test	lim as n approaches ∞ of ratio of (n+1) term/nth term > 1, series converges	83
1130394134	find interval of convergence	use ratio test, set > 1 and solve absolute value equations, check endpoints	84
1130394135	find radius of convergence	use ratio test, set > 1 and solve absolute value equations, radius = center - endpoint	85
1130394136	integral test	if integral converges, series converges	86
1130394137	limit comparison test	if lim as n approaches ∞ of ratio of comparison series/general term is positive and finite, then series behaves like comparison series	87
1130394138	geometric series test	general term = a₁r^n, converges if -1 < r < 1	88
1130394139	p-series test	general term = 1/n^p, converges if p > 1	89
1130394140	derivative of parametrically defined curve x(t) and y(t)	dy/dx = dy/dt / dx/dt	90
1130394141	second derivative of parametrically defined curve	find first derivative, dy/dx = dy/dt / dx/dt, then find derivative of first derivative, then divide by dx/dt	91
1130394142	length of parametric curve	∫ √ (dx/dt)² + (dy/dt)² over interval from a to b	92
1130394143	given velocity vectors dx/dt and dy/dt, find speed	√(dx/dt)² + (dy/dt)² not an integral!	93
1130394144	given velocity vectors dx/dt and dy/dt, find total distance travelled	∫ √ (dx/dt)² + (dy/dt)² over interval from a to b	94
1130394145	area inside polar curve	1/2 ∫ r² over interval from a to b, find a & b by setting r = 0, solve for theta	95
1130394146	area inside one polar curve and outside another polar curve	1/2 ∫ R² - r² over interval from a to b, find a & b by setting equations equal, solve for theta.	96

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