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Biology semester 2-FINAL Flashcards

68772505	Genetic Engineering	the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism	0
68772506	Bacterial Transformation	ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by uptaking foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it into their own	1
68772507	Restriction Enzyme	enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides	2
68772508	Recombinant DNA	genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms	3
68772509	Transgenic organism	organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism	4
68772510	Plasmid	a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication	5
68772511	Meiosis	(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms	6
68772512	Mitosis	cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes	7
68772513	Photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	8
68772514	Cell Respiration	the process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down sugar molecules	9
68772515	Framshift	point, insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs	10
68772516	Mutagen	physical or chemical agent that causes mutations	11
68772517	Natural Selection	a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment	12
68772518	Adaptations	the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments	13
68772519	Phylogenetic Trees	a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms	14
68772520	Taxonomy	practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships (classifications of animals, know all 7 types)	15
70311616	biology	the study of life	16
70311617	Organic Molecule	A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous	17
70311618	Acidity	pH values below 7	18
70311619	pH	(chemistry) p(otential of) H(ydrogen). measures the acidity of substances	19
70311620	population	the act of populating (causing to live in a place)	20
70311621	catalyze	change by catalysis or cause to catalyze	21
70311622	enzymes	proteins that act as biological catalysts	22
70311623	fatty acids	simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells	23
70311624	hormones	chemical "messengers" of the endocrine system that are released into the blood	24
70311625	monosaccharides	single sugar molecules	25
70311626	reactants	the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction	26
70311627	products	the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction	27
70311628	biochemical pathway	a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction	28
70311629	lysosomes	An organelle containing digestive enzymes	29
70311630	bond	a connection that fastens things together	30
70311631	distilled water	water that has been purified by distillation	31
70311632	active transport	transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient	32
70311633	osmosis	diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal	33
70311634	cell membrane	a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell	34
70311635	metabolism	the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life	35
70311636	nutrition	a source of materials to nourish the body	36
70311637	synthesis	the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)	37
70311638	ATP	a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue	38
70311639	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics	39
70311640	ribosomes	the organelle that make proteins in cells	40
70311641	combustion	a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light	41
70311642	Aerobic respiration	cellular respiration that uses oxygen, sequentially releasing energy and storing it in ATP	42
70311643	Fermentation	a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances	43
70311644	pyruvate	Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.	44
70311645	oxidative respiration	series of chemical reactions that occur in mitochondria, and the process by which cells get most of their energy	45
70311646	glycolysis	a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP	46
70311647	glucose	a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms	47
70311648	chloroplast	organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	48
70311649	chlorophyll	green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis	49
70311650	lactic acid	waste product produced by Fermentation; causes muscles to be sore	50
70311651	anaerobic respiration	Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.	51
70311652	Eukaryotes	cells that contain nuclei	52
70311653	Krebs cycle	second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions	53
70311654	Prokaryotes	cells that do not contain nuclei	54
70311655	Sensory neuron	a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord	55
70311656	motor neuron	a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord	56
70311657	stimuli	information in the environment that activates the nerves in a sense organ	57
70311658	Central Nervous System	the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord	58
70311659	Digestion	the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body	59
70311660	Prophase	the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes	60
70311661	Metaphase	second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	61
70311662	Telophase	the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle	62
70311663	Chromatids	two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material	63
70311664	Centromere	a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape	64
70311665	Chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	65
70311666	centriole	one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope	66
70311667	Gonads	reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries	67
70311668	testes	The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones.	68
70311669	ovaries	female gonads	69
70311670	gametes	sex cells or reproductive cells	70
70311671	zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	71
70311672	egg	animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes	72
70311673	sperm	the male reproductive cell	73
70311674	trisomy	chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell	74
70311675	segregation	(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes	75
70311676	Polar Body	a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded	76
70311677	dominant	trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present	77
70311678	Allele	one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits	78
70311679	X chromosome	the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females	79
70311680	Y chromosome	the sex chromosome that is carried by men	80
70311681	Recessive	The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism.	81
70311682	hemoglobin	a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color	82
70311683	Prophase I	Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.	83
70311684	metaphase I	The second phase of meiosis I. During metaphase I the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).	84
70311685	Metaphase II	the chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis	85
70311686	Anaphase I	The third phase of meiosis I. During anaphase I the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.	86
70311687	Telophase I	2 cells form, each cell is a haploid but each chromosome is in replicated form	87
70311688	Prophase II	The first phase of meiosis II. Prophase II is identical to mitotic prophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.	88
70311689	Anaphase II	the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell	89
70311690	Telophase II	The fourth and final phase of meiosis II. Telophase II is identical to mitotic telophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I.	90
70311691	Homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis	91
70311692	sister chromatids	identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase	92
70311693	cancer	any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division	93
70311694	protein	any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells	94
70311695	RNA	ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis	95
70311696	double helix	a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis	96
70311697	ribose	a five-carbon sugar present in RNA	97
70311698	amino acid	basic building blocks of protein molecules	98
70311699	uracil	a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine	99
70311700	nitrogen base	A basic compound that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine	100
70311701	replication	the act of making copies	101
70311702	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	102
70311703	transcription	(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	103
70311704	translation	(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm	104
70311705	adenine	The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA	105
70311706	thymine	a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine	106
70311707	cytosine	a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine	107
70311708	guanine	The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA	108
70311709	tRNA	transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome	109
70311710	mRNA	messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome	110
70311711	rRNA	ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome	111
70311712	protein synthesis	the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA	112
70311713	fertilization	process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell	113
70311714	independent assortment	the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes	114
70311715	phenotype	what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype	115
70311716	genotype	genetic makeup of an organism	116
70311717	deoxyribose	a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids	117
70311718	gene	(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain	118
70311719	homozygeous	has two identical alleles for a trait (dominant-dominant; recessive-recessive)	119
70311720	heterozygeous	an organism tht has 2 diff allele for a trait (dominant-recessive)	120
70311721	codominant	A heterozygote in which both alleles are fully expressed	121
70311722	progeny	the immediate descendants of a person	122
70311723	punnet squares	Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross	123
70311724	pedigree	a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family	124
70311725	autosomal	all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked.	125
70311726	embryo	an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life	126
70311727	geographic isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water	127
70311728	interbreeding	reproduction by parents of different species	128
70311729	gene pool	combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population	129
70311730	punctuated equilibrium	a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change	130
70311731	variations	any difference between individuals of the same species	131
70311732	convergence	the occurrence of two or more things coming together (when species look identical but in reality do not have the same traits)	132
70311733	adaptation	when species physically change overtime due to their environment	133
70311734	fossils	the perserved trace, imprint, or remains of a plant or animal	134
70311735	comparative anatomy	The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species	135
70311736	niche	(ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)	136
70311737	virus	an extremely small organism which causes disease in humans, animals and plants	137
70311738	secondary consumer	An organism that eats primary consumers	138
70311739	primary consumers	animals that feed on producers; ex. herbivores	139
70311740	organelles	small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs	140
70311741	spindle fibers	help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules	141
70311742	kingdom	one of seven biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia	142
70311743	phylum	major classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division	143
70311744	class	(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders	144
70311745	Order	second to class ranking in the taxonomic system	145
70311746	family	(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera	146
70311747	genus	a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms	147
70311748	species	(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed	148
70311749	bryophytes	A nonvascular plant that lives on the land; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts	149
70311750	pterophytes	Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns	150
70311751	gymnosperms	woody plants that produce seeds, but their seeds are not enclosed in fruits	151
70311752	angiosperms	flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit	152
70311753	intestine	the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus	153
70311754	pharynx	the passage to the stomach and lungs	154
70311755	esophagus	the passage between the pharynx and the stomach	155
70311756	mouth	the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge	156
70311757	gizzard	thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food	157
70311758	crop	a pouch in many birds and some lower animals that resembles a stomach for storage and preliminary maceration of food	158
70311759	autotroph	plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances	159
70311760	heterotroph	an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition	160
70311761	phylogeny	(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms	161
70311762	fungi	the taxonomic kingdom of lower plants	162
70311763	amphibians	vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded	163
70311764	arthropods	invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages	164
70311765	aves	birds	165
70311766	mammals	vertebrates that live on land, fur or hair covers body, live birth, warm blooded	166
70311767	decomposition	(biology) decaying caused by bacterial or fungal action	167
70311768	coelom	fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm	168

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 3: The Importance of Water Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Importance of Water
Vocabulary: polar molecule, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, kinetic energy, heat, temperature, calorie, degrees Celsius, heat of vaporization, solvent, solute, solution, aqueous solution, hydration shell, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, colloid, mole, Avogadro's number, molarity, molar mass, hydrogen ion (H+), hydroxide ion (OH-), hydronium ion (H3O+), pH, acid, base, acidic solution, basic solution, neutral solution, buffer, precipitation, chemical equilibrium
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Show the molecular formula and structural formula for water.
2. Explain why water molecules are polar.
3. Describe the hydrogen-bond between water molecules.
4. List the properties of water:
It is cohesive and adhesive
It has a high specific heat
It has a high heat of vaporization
It is less dense as a solid than a liquid
It is a good solvent
5. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion of water molecules and describe the capillary
action process of water transport in plants.
6. Distinguish between the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic, and state which types of
substances dissolve in water and which types do not.
7. Explain why liquid H2O is necessary for life on Earth.
8. Explain how water's high heat capacity is important to living things as a temperature buffer.
9. Explain why water's high heat of vaporization is important to living things as a temperature
stabilizer.
10. Ice floats. Explain why this is an unusual property, and give an example of how this is
important to living things.
11. Describe how water is used as the basis of the scientific measurements of temperature, mass,
and energy.
12. Describe an aqueous solution.
13. Define mole and be able to calculate grams to moles and moles to grams
of a given substance.
14. Describe how molarity can be used as a measure of concentration of aqueous solutions.
15.

Terms : Hide Images

898162042	Polar Molecule		1
898162043	Cohesion	Water molecules stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding. At any given moment, many of the molecules are linked by multiple hydrogen bonds. These linkages make water more structured than most other liquids	2
898162044	Adhesion	The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.	3
898162045	Surface Tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.	4
898162046	Kinetic Energy	The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.	5
901696708	Evaporative Cooling	The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.	6
898162047	Heat	The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form.	7
898162048	Temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.	8
898162049	Calorie	The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.	9
898162050	Degrees Celsius	...	10
898162051	Heat of Vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.	11
898162052	Solvent	The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.	12
898162053	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	13
898162054	Solution	A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.	14
898162055	Aqueous Solution	One in which water is the solvent	15
898162056	Hydration Shell	The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion is called a hydration shell	16
898162057	Hydrophilic	Substances that have an affinity for water	17
898162058	Hydrophobic	Susbstances that do not have an affinity for water	18
901696709	Colloid	A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid.	19
898162060	Mole	The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.	20
898162062	Molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity (M) = moles solute/liters solution	21
902486877	How do you calculate molarity?	To calculate molarity: 1. Calculate the number of moles of solute present. 2. Calculate the number of liters of solution present. 3. Divide the number of moles of solute by the number of liters of solution.	22
898162061	Avogadro's Number	6.022 x 10^23	23
898162063	Molar Mass or Molecular Mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule	24
898162064	Hydrogen Ion (H+)	Occasionally a hydrogen atom participating in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules shifts from one molecule to the other. When this happens, the hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind, and what is actually transferred is a hydrogen ion. (H+) is now a single proton with a charge of 1+	25
898162065	Hydroxide Ion (OH-)	A water molecule that has lost a proton	26
898162066	Hydronium Ion (H3O+)	The water molecule that gains a proton, making that molecule H3O+	27
898162067	pH	The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration	28
898162068	Acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.	29
898162069	Base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.	30
898162070	Acidic	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.	31
898162071	Acidic Solution	...	32
898162072	Basic Solution	...	33
898162073	Neutral Solution	...	34
898162074	Buffer	A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution.	35
898162075	Precipitation	...	36
898162076	Chemical Equilibrium	...	37
898162077	Show the molecular formula and structural formula for water?	...	38
898162078	Explain why water molecules are polar?	...	39
898162079	Describe the hydrogen-bond between water molecules?	...	40
898162080	List 5 properties of water	It is cohesive and adhesive It has a high specific heat It has a high heat of vaporization It is less dense as a solid than a liquid It is a good solvent	41
898162081	Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion of water molecules and describe the capillary action process of water transport in plants?	...	42
898162082	Distinguish between the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic, and state which types of substances dissolve in water and which types do not.	...	43
898162083	Explain why liquid H2O is necessary for life on Earth	...	44
898162084	Explain how water's high heat capacity is important to living things as a temperature buffer	...	45
898162085	Explain why water's high heat of vaporization is important to living things as a temperature stabilizer	...	46
898162086	Ice floats. Explain why this is an unusual property, and give an example of how this is important to living things	...	47
898162087	Describe how water is used as the basis of the scientific measurements of temperature, mass, and energy	...	48
898162088	Describe an aqueous solution	...	49
898162089	Define mole and be able to calculate grams to moles and moles to grams of a given substance	...	50
898162090	Describe how molarity can be used as a measure of concentration of aqueous solutions	...	51
898162091	Describe how percentage can be used as a measure of concentration of aqueous solutions	...	52
898162092	Calculate molarities and percentages of aqueous solutions	...	53
898162093	Define pH and describe the pH scale	...	54
901696710	Celsius Scale	A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9(°F - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.	55
898162094	Distinguish between acids and bases and give examples of each	...	56
898162095	Describe how buffers maintain the pH of an aqueous solution and their importance in biological systems	...	57

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Biology terms for Final Exam Flashcards

Biology terms and questions to study for the final exam in Honors Biology. (A-D)

Terms : Hide Images

1078511454	Abiotic Factor	Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an organism's habitat.	1
1078511455	Absorption	In optics, the transfer of light energy to particles of matter.	2
1078511456	Accessory Pigment	Pigment that absorbs light at different wavelengths and then pass energy onto chlorophyll	3
1078511457	Acclimation	An organism's change in response to a change in the organism's environment	4
1078511458	Acid	Any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt	5
1078511459	Active Transport	The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.	6
1078511460	Adapt	A changing to fit new conditions	7
1078511461	Adaption	An inherited trait that has become common in a population because the trait provides a selective advantage	8
1078511462	Adenine	A component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base.	9
1078511463	Adenosine Diphosphate	A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which ATP is formed	10
1078511464	Adenosine Triphosphate	ATP Molecule in cells that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells. ATP plays a role in rigor mortis.	11
1078511465	Adhesion	An attraction between molecules of different substances	12
1078511466	Aerobic Respiration	(With oxygen) glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water the total oxidation allows for the maximum amount of energy to be released.	13
1078511467	Age Structure	Describes the abundance of individuals of each age; Often shown in age structure diagrams.	14
1078511468	Allel	An alternative form of a gene.	15
1078511469	Allel Frequency	Number of times an allel occurs in a gene pool	16
1078511470	Allergen	A substance that causes an allergic reaction	17
1078511471	Allergy	An acquired, abnormal immune response to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction; may include medications, food, tape, and many other items	18
1078511472	Alternation of Generations	The alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle	19
1078511473	Animo Acids	A group of smaller moleculse that are the building blocks of proteins.	20
1078511474	Ananphase	The 3rd phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes pairs separates & move toward the opposite pole	21
1078511475	Angiosperm	A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.	22
1078511476	Anther	In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form.	23
1078511477	Antibiotic	...	24
1078511478	Antibody	A substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body	25
1078511479	Anticodon	A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis.	26
1078511480	Anaerobic Respiration	Respiration that does not require oxygen	27
1078511481	Antigen	A protein or carbohydrate that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody	28
1078511482	Aorta	Largest artery in the body	29
1078511483	Aortic Valve	A semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta	30
1078511484	Appendage	Any structure, such as a leg or an antenna, that grows out of an animals body	31
1078511485	Arteriole	Blood vessels that are smaller branches off of arteries.	32
1078511486	Artery	A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart	33
1078511487	Anthropod	An invertabrate that has an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages.	34
1078511488	Asexual Reproduction	A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.	35
1078511489	Atom	Smallest particle of an element	36
1078511490	Atomic Number	Number of protons in an atom	37
1078511491	ATP Synthase	Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP	38
1078511492	Atrium	A heart chamber that receives blood.	39
1078511493	Autotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.	40
1078511494	B cell	Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.	41
1078511495	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	42
1078511496	Base Unit	One of the fundamental units of measurement that describes length, mass, time, and other quantities and from which other units are derived	43
1078511497	Base-Paring Rule	A rule that pairs adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine, and on RNA adenine with uracil	44
1078511498	Binary Fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	45
1078511499	Biodiversity	The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.	46
1078511500	Biogeography	Geographic dist. of species meaning animals are closer together geographically are more alike than those separated.	47
1078511501	Biomass	A measure of the total dry mass of organisms within a particular region	48
1078511502	Biome	A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities	49
1078511503	Biospehere	Cumulative total of living things on Earth and the areas they inhabit	50
1078511504	Biotic Factor	A living or once living part of an organism's habitat	51
1078511505	Birth Rate	The number of births in a population in a certain amount of time	52
1078511506	Blood Pressure	Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels, especially arteries, usually measured by means of a sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury.	53
1078511507	Blood Type	A specific characteristic of a blood of an individual; A, B, AB, or O, depending on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell.	54
1078511508	Botany	Study of plants	55
1078511509	Buffer	A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.	56
1078511510	Cancer	Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division	57
1078511511	Capillary	A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.	58
1078511512	Capsid	Outer protein coat of a virus	59
1078511513	Capsule	A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.	60
1078511514	Carbohydrate	Broken down to glucose to provide energy.	61
1078511515	Carbon Cycle	The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again	62
1078511516	Carbon Fixation	The conversion of inorganic carbon (for example, CO2) into organic forms (for example, sugars).	63
1078511517	Cardiovascular System	Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood., Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.	64
1078511518	Carrier Protein	A protein that transports substances across a cell membrane.	65
1078511519	Carrying Capacity	Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	66
1078511520	Cast	A type of fossil formed when sediments fill in the cavity left by a decomposing organism.	67
1078511521	Catalyst	A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	68
1078511522	Cell	Basic unit of life	69
1078511523	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two.	70
1078511524	Cell Differentiation	The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression.	71
1078511525	Cell Junction	Communication between cells; binding of cells in tissues	72
1078511526	Cell Membrane	A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.	73
1078511527	Cell Plate	A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	74
1078511528	Cell Theory	The theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms	75
1078511529	Cell Wall	Found outside the cell membrane, make mostly of cellulose.	76
1078511530	Cellular Respiration	Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen	77
1078511531	Central Nervous System	A brain and the spinal chord .	78
1078511532	Centriole	Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only	79
1078511533	Centromere	A specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape.	80
1078511534	Chemical Bond	An attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound.	81
1078511535	Chlorophyll	Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis	82
1078511536	Chloroplast	A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.	83
1078511537	Chromatid	Either of the two strands of a replicated chromosome joined at the centromere	84
1078511538	Chromatin	Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell	85
1078511539	Chromosome	Bodies within the nucleus made in DNA and proteins called the histones	86
1078511540	Chromasome Map	A diagram of of allele positions on a chromosome.	87
1078511541	Citric Acid	A series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP	88
1078511542	Class	In taxonomy, a group related to orders.	89
1078511543	Cloaca	a muscular cavity at the end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body	90
1078511544	Clone	a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction	91
1078511545	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	92
1078511546	Colony	A population of cells arising from a single cell or spore or from a group of attached cells	93
1078511547	Community	A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other	94
1078511548	Concentration	A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent	95
1078511549	Concentration Gradient	A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.	96
1078511550	Cone	Cone-shaped visual receptor cells; located in retina; works best in bright light; responsible for viewing color; greatest density in the fovea	97
1078511551	Contractile Vacuole	saclike organelles that expand to collect excess water and contract to squeeze the water out of the cell	98
1078511552	Convection Cell	A circular pattern of air rising, air sinking, and wind.	99
1078511553	Coronary Circulation	Circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue	100
1078511555	Covalent Bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	101
1078511556	Cuticle	A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.	102
1078511557	Cyst	A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.	103
1078511558	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm during cell division	104
1078511559	Cytoplasm	A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended	105
1078511560	Cytoskeleton	A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	106
1090042485	Death and Mortality Rate	The number of deaths occurring in a period of time.	107
1090042486	Deciduous	Falling off or shedding, as in leaves seasonally or at certain stages of development	108
1090042487	Decomposer	An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms	109
1090042488	Dehydration	An abnormally low amount of water in the body.	110
1090042489	Deletion	A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.	111
1090042490	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	A chemical that contains information that an organism needs for growth and function.	112
1090042491	Dependent variable	A variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends in the independent variable	113
1090042492	Development	The process in which an organism grows.	114
1090042493	Differentiation	The structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function	115
1090042494	Diffusion	Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and red blood cells.	116
1090042495	Digestion	Breaking down food	117
1090042496	Diploid	An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number	118
1090042497	Dispersion	In ecology, the pattern of distribution of organisms in a population.	119
1090042498	Division	Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers based on their groups needs and their skills.	120
1090042499	Domain	A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.	121
1090042500	Dominate	To rule over by strength or power, control; to tower over, command due to height	122
1090042501	Double fertilization	A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm.	123

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Biology SAT 2/II Study Guide Flashcards

The BASICS of what you need to know to score highly on the biology SAT II.

Terms : Hide Images

663632791	Ground state electrons	Electrons in the lowest available energy level	0
663632792	Isotopes	Atoms of one element that vary only in number of electrons in the nucleus	1
663632793	Radioisotopes	Radioactive isotopes	2
663632794	Half-life	Particles that decay at a known rate	3
663632795	Tracer	A radioactive carbon incorporated into molecules of carbon dioxide that are used to track metabolic pathways	4
663632796	Ionic bonds	Form when electrons are transferred	5
663632797	Anion	Atom that gains electrons (A negative ion)	6
663632798	Cation	Atom that loses electrons (A positive ion; needed for normal cell, tissue, and cell function)	7
663632799	Molecule	The resulting structure of a covalent bond	8
663632800	Intermolecular attractions	Attractions between molecules	9
663632801	Hydrophilic	"water-loving" or "attracted to water", unbalanced molecules	10
663632803	Hydrophobic	"water-hating" or "repelled by water, balanced molecules	11
663632805	Specific heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed in order for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature	12
663632806	Adhesion	The clinging of water molecules to another substance	13
663632808	Cohesion	The clinging of water molecules to water molecules	14
663632810	Buffers	Substances that resist change in pH	15
663632811	Bicarbonate ion	Most important buffer in blood	16
663632813	Dehydration synthesis	Process by which two monosaccharides are joined (opposite of hydrolysis)	17
663632814	Hydrolysis	the breakdown of a compound with the addition of water (opposite of dehydration synthesis)	18
663632816	Polysaccharides	Polymers of carbohydrates	19
663632818	Saturated fatty acid	comes from animals, solid at room temperature	20
663632819	Unsaturated fatty acid	comes from plants, liquid at room temperatures	21
663632821	Polymers/Polypeptides	Proteins consisting of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds	22
663632823	Energy of activation	The amount of energy needed to begin a reaction	23
663632825	Substrate	A chemical that an enzyme works on	24
663632827	Induced-fit model	Model that describes how enzymes work	25
663632828	Polymers	Chains of repeating units	26
663632830	Nucleotides	One phosphate, one five-carbon sugar, one nitrogenous base, makes up DNA	27
663632832	Nucleic acid	DNA and RNA, polymers of nucleotides	28
663632833	Atoms	Fundamental units of the physical world	29
663632835	Molecules	Atoms combines in chemical reactions	30
663632837	Compound	A molecule containing multiple types of atoms	31
663632839	Element	A molecule containing only one type of atom	32
663632841	Reactants	Molecules or atoms that are interacting in a chemical reaction (left side of arrow)	33
663632843	Products	The result of molecules or atoms interacting in a chemical reaction (right side of arrow)	34
663632845	Organic	Molecules and compounds that contain carbon	35
663632847	Inorganic	Molecules and compounds that do not contain carbon	36
663632848	Polymers	Strings of repeated units	37
663632850	Monomers	The individual units of polymers	38
663632851	Amino Acids	The monomer that makes up a protein	39
663632852	Amino Group	The NH2 group in a protein	40
663632853	Double Bond	When an atom is bonded to another twice	41
663632854	Carboxyl Group	The COOH group in a protein	42
663632855	Protein	Amino acids bonded together in a chain	43
663632856	Saccharide	The monomer for a carbohydrate	44
663632857	Peptide bond	The bond between two amino acids	45
663632858	Monosaccharides	Carbohydrates made from single saccharides	46
663632859	Glucose	Monosaccharide, carbohydrate, C6H12O6, double bonded oxygen on top, can also form a ring	47
663632860	Fructose	Monosaccharide, carbohydrate, C6H12O6, double bonded oxygen on second carbon from top	48
663632861	Maltose	Disaccharide, made from glucose+glucose, C12H22O11	49
663632862	Sucrose	Disaccharide, made from glucose+fructose, C12H22O11	50
663632863	Polysaccharide	Any number of monosaccharides over two, combined (poly=many)	51
663632864	Glycogen	The form in which animals store glucose, polysaccharide	52
663632865	Starch	the form in which plants store glucose, polysaccharide	53
663632866	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide that forms the plant's cell walls	54
663632867	Hydrocarbon	The monomer for a lipid	55
663632868	Lipids	Fats (oils, butter, lard, etc)	56
663632869	Nonpolar	Another term for hydrophobic	57
663632870	Prokaryote	A bacteria, no nucleus, no internal membranes	58
663632871	Eukaryote	Bacteria that a have nucleus, more complex, ever form of life except bacteria	59
663632872	Theory of Endosymbiosis	Eukaryotic cells containing organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved when free-living prokaryotes took up permanent residence inside other larger prokaryotic cells, about 2 billion years ago	60
663632873	Nucleus	Contains chromosomes made of DNA that is wrapped with histones into a chromosome network.	61
663632874	Histone	Special protein used to wrap DNA	62
663632875	Chromosome Network	DNA in nucleus that is wrapped with special proteins called histones into a visible network	63
663632876	Nucleolus	A prominent region inside the nucleus of a cell that is not dividing (ribosomes synthesized here)	64
663632877	Ribosome	site of protein synthesis, made of ribosomal RNA and protein, either free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER	65
663632878	Endoplasmic Reticulum	a system of membrane channels that traverse the cytoplasm, 2 varieties are rough and smooth	66
663632879	Smooth ER	synthesizes steroid hormones and other lipids, connects rough ER to Golgi, detoxifies cell, carbohydrate/glycogen metabolism	67
663632880	Rough ER	studded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis, transport throughout cytoplasm	68
663632881	Golgi Apparatus	flattened sacs of membranes stacked next to each other (pancakes) and surrounded by vesicles, lies near nucleus, modify, stor package substances produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretes substances to other parts of the cell and to the cell surface for export to other cells	69
663632882	Lysosome	sac of hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes enclosed by a single membrane, principal site of intracellular digestion	70
663632883	Intracellular Digestion	the renewing (breaking down and recycling) of cell parts	71
663632884	Apoptosis	programmed cell death, carried out by lysosomes	72
663632885	Mitochondrion	site of cellular respiration, all cells have them, consist of outer double membrane and folded inner membranes called cristae	73
663632886	Cristae	folded inner membrane in mitochondria	74
663632887	Vacuole	single, membrane bound structures that store substances for the cell (plant = large, central vacuole, animal = many small vacuoles)	75
663632888	Contractile Vacuole	vacuoles in paramecium and amoeba that pump excess water out of the cell	76
663632889	Vesicle	Membrane that carries waste and miscellaneous objects throughout the cytoplasm	77
663632890	Plastids	double membrane, found only in plants and algae, three types are chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts	78
663632891	Chloroplasts	green (because chlorophyll), sites of photosynthesis, inner membrane that forms grana, contain their own nuclear material and can self-replicate	79
663632892	Grana	structures formed by inner membrane of chloroplasts	80
663632893	Stroma	sort of like a chloroplasts cytoplasm	81
663632894	Leucoplasts	colorless, store starch, found in roots or tubers	82
663632895	Chromoplasts	carotenoid pigments, responsible for yellow/orange coloring of carrots, tomatoes, daffodils, and other plants, the bright colors attract insects to flowers	83
663632896	Cytoskeleton	complex network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm, gives the cell its shape and enables it to move, has two types of structures, microtubules, microfilaments	84
663632897	Microtubules	thick hollow tubes that make up cilia, flagella and spindle fibers	85
663632898	Microfilaments	made of actin, help support the shape of the cell, they enable cleavage furrow, amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods, skeletal muscles to contract by sliding along myosin filaments	86
663632899	Cleavage furrow	occurs in animals cells during anaphase in mitosis and meiosis, the pinching of the outer membrane so that two cells can separate	87
663632900	Centrioles	lie outside nuclear membrane, organize spindle fibers required for cell division, 9 triplets of microtubules, same structure as spindle fibers	88
663632901	Centrosome	2 centrioles at right angles to each other	89
663632902	Cilia	made of microtubules, short, used for traveling (kinda like little legs), consists of 9 pairs of microtubules organized around 2 singlet microtubules	90
663632903	Flagella	made of microtubules, like cilia but longer, also used for traveling, consists of 9 pairs of microtubules organized around 2 singlet microtubules	91
663632904	Cell Wall	one structure not found in animal cells, some (fungi) consist of chitin while others (plants) consist of cellulose	92
663632905	Secondary Cell Wall	some cells produce a second cell wall underneath the primary cell wall	93
663632906	Middle Lamella	the thin, gluey layer formed between the two cell walls, keeps daughter cells attached	94
663632907	Cytoplasm	the entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane	95
663632908	Cytosol	semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm	96
663632909	Myosin	myofilaments that make up the thick filaments in skeletal muscle	97
663632910	Cylosis	process by which organelles that are suspended in the cytosol get carried around the cell as the cytoplasm cycles around that cell	98
663632911	Plasma Membrane	selectively permeable membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell, described as a fluid mosaic because it is made of many small particles that are able to move around in order to control what enters and leaves the cell, consists of phospholipid bilayer, molecules of cholesterol are embedded in it making it less fluid and more stable, external surface has carbohydrate chains attached that are important for cell-to-cell recognition	99
663632912	Phospholipid Bilayer	a sheet of lipids two layers thick, arranged so that hydrophilic heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward	100
663632913	Cholesterol	an organic substance classified as a waxy steroid of fat	101
663632914	Sodium-Potassium Pump	pumps 3 sodium ions into the cell and 2 potassium ions out, active transport	102
663632915	ATP Synthase	acts as enzyme	103
663632916	Selectively Permeable	a characteristic of a living membrane, substances that pass through change with the needs of the cell	104
663632917	Solvent	that substance that does the dissolving	105
663632918	Solute	The substance that dissolves	106
663632919	Hypertonic	having greater concentration of solute than another solution	107
663632920	Hypotonic	having a lower concentration of solute than another solution	108
663632921	Isotonic	two solutions containing equal concentrations of solute	109
663632922	Passive Transport	the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, NEVER requires energy	110
663632923	Diffusion	the flow of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, two types are facilitated and simple	111
663632924	Simple Diffusion	the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration	112
663632925	Osmosis	diffusion of water across a membrane	113
663632926	Alveoli	moist membranes in air sacs (in your lungs)	114
663632927	Facilitated Diffusion	a process of passive transport aided by proteins in the membrane	115
663632928	Active Transport	the movement of molecules against a gradient, requires energy usually in the form of ATP	116
663632929	Pinocytosis	a.k.a. "Cell drinking" is the uptake of large, dissolved molecules	117
663632930	Phagocytosis	the engulfing of large particles or even small organisms by pseudopods	118
663632931	Psuedopods	means "false feet" this is how amoeba and white blood cells move from place to place	119
663632932	Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis	enables a cell to take up large quantities of very specific substances	120
663632933	Ingestion	the intake of nutrients	121
663632934	Digestion	enzymatic breakdown, hydrolysis, of food so it is small enough to be assimilated by the body	122
663632935	Respiration	metabolic processes that produce energy (ATP) for all the life processes	123
663632936	Transport	distribution of molecules from one part of a cell to another or from one cell to another	124
663632937	Excretion	Removal of metabolic wastes	125
663632938	Egestion	removal of undigested waste	126
663632939	Reproduction	Ability to generate offspring	127
663632940	Irritability	ability to respond to stimuli (or as nicki would say, the ability to respond to irritation quickly xD)	128
663632941	Locomotion	moving from place to place (animal cells only)	129
663632942	Metabolism	sum total of all the life functions	130
663632943	Compound Microscope	light microscope that has two converging lens systems: the eyepiece and the objective	131
663632944	Resolution	the measure of clarity (microscope)	132
663632945	Ocular Lens	eyepiece of a microscope	133
663632946	Objective Lens	lens or system of lens that is closest to the object being viewed (microscope)	134
663632947	Phase-Contrast Microscope	A light microscope that enhances contrast, used to examine living, unsustained cells	135
663632948	Transmission Electron Microscope	(TEM) Used to view the interior of cells	136
663632949	Scanning Electron Microscope	(SEM) useful for studying the surface of cells	137
663632950	Ultracentrifuge	A very fast centrifuge used to precipitate large biological molecules, used to isolate specific components in large quantities	138
663632951	Cell Fractionation	process by which you isolate specific components in large quantities to view with a microscope	139
663632952	Freeze Fracture	a.k.a. "freeze etching" is a complex technique used to study details of of membrane structure under an electron microscope	140
663632953	Tissue Culture	a technique used to study the properties of specific cells in vitro (in the laboratory)	141
663632954	Mitosis	functions in the growth and repair of body cells	142
663632955	Meiosis	occurs only in sexually reproducing organisms, produces gametes (sperm and ova) with half the chromosome number of the parent cell	143
663632956	Sister Chromatid	where one chromosome is an exact copy of the other	144
663632957	Centromere	specialized region that holds the two sister chromatids together	145
663632958	Prophase	chromosomes condense, nuclei disappear, spindle fibers form, contrioles migrate, nuclear membrane disintegrates, longest phase	146
663632959	Metaphase	chromosomes line up single-file on "metaphase plate"/equator of the cell, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell, spindle fibers run from centrosomes to the centromeres of the chromosomes	147
663632960	Anaphase	centromeres separate, spindle fibers begin to pull sister chromatids apart, shortest phase	148
663632961	Telophase	chromosomes cluster at opposite ends of the cell, nuclear membrane reforms, supercoiled chromosomes unravel and return to their pre-division state	149
663632962	Cell Plate	middle of cell creates a wall when separates (plant cells)	150
663632963	Reduction Division	another name for meiosis I, homologous pairs separate	151
663632964	Synapsis	process in which homologous chromosomes pair up, occurs during prophase I	152
663632965	Crossing Over	a normal process in which homologous chromatids exchange genetic material , increases variety in the gametes	153
663632966	ATP	(adenosine triphosphate) consists of 1 adenine, 1 ribose sugar, 3 phosphates	154
663632967	Cristae	folded inner membrane (mitochondria)	155
663632968	Outer Compartment (Mitochondria)	space outside the cristae membrane	156
663632969	Matrix	space/stuff inside the cristae membrane	157
663632970	Fermentation	anaerobic phase of cellular respiration	158
663632971	Glycolysis	the anaerobic phase of aerobic respiration, one molecule breaks apart into two molecule of pyruvate	159
663632972	Alcohol Fermentation	the process by which certain cells convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen	160
663632973	Lactic Acid Fermentation	Occurs during strenuous exercise when the body cannot keep up with the increased demand for oxygen by skeletal muscles and pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid, which builds up in the muscle and causes fatigue and burning	161
663632974	Krebs Cycle	a.k.a. the citric acid cycle; the first stage of the aerobic phase of cellular respiration, occurs in the inner matrix of mitochondria	162
663632975	Electron Transport Chain	creates a gradient across the cristae membrane, used to create ATP through chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation	163
663632976	Chemiosmosis	How ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation, protons only flow through the special ATP synthetase channels and transfer energy to molecules of ATP	164
663632977	Oxidative Phosphorylation	process that provides most of the energy (ATP) produced during cell repiration	165
663632978	ATP syntase	structure in membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts where ATP is formed	166
663632979	Redox Reaction	one atom gains electrons (reduction) while one atom loses electrons (oxidation)	167
663632980	Reduction	one atom gains electrons (respiration)	168
663632981	Oxidation	one atom loses electrons (respiration)	169
663632982	Asymmetrical	Having parts or aspects that are not equal or equivalent; unequal in some respect	170
663632983	Transpirational	pull cohesion tension- when water moves up a tall tree from the roots to the leaves without the expenditure of energy by what is referred to as transpirational-pull cohesion tension	171
663632984	Spring Overturn	when after the winter when the ice melts in the lake, the cold dense water sinks to the bottom of the lake bringing with it oxygen. Also nutrients from the depths (made by bottom dwelling bacteria) are carried to the upper layer of the lake	172
663632985	Adhesion	Clinging to other substances.	173
663632986	Cohesion	Clinging to same molecules.	174
663632987	Glucose + Glucose	Maltose	175
663632988	Glucose + Galactose	Lactose	176
663632989	Glucose + Fructose	Sucrose	177
663632990	Aphotic Zone	Part of the marine pelagic zone, and begins 600 feet below the surface of the ocean. only chemosynthetic organisms, scavengers, and predators are able to survive in this habitat.	178
663632991	Autonomic nervous system	The involuntary half of the peripheral nervous system.	179
663632992	Chemical cycles	The cycles in which organic elements move through the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem; carbon and nitrogen cycles.	180
663632993	Chemosynthesis	Synthesizing organic compounds by energy derived from chemical reactions rather than the sun; The production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light.	181
663632994	Circadian rhythms	Behavior cycles that depend on time of day.	182
663632995	Ectotherm	Cold blooded.	183
663632996	Endotherm	Warm blooded.	184
663632997	FADH2	A molecule that stores energy for harvest by the ETC.	185
663632998	Fluid-Mosaic Model	Theory describing the cell membrane as a dynamic structure with proteins floating, yet partially embedded in a sea of phospholipids.	186
663632999	Gram Staining	A process by which components of bacterial cell walls are bound to gram's stain.	187
663633000	Intertidal Zone	Most shallow zone in marine environment, include algae, sponges, mollusks, starfish, crabs.	188
663633001	Bacteria	Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Eubacteria Cell Type: Prokaryote Cell Structures: Cell walls WITH peptidoglycans Number of Cells: Unicellular Mode of Nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph Method of Reproduction - Asexually (Binary Fission) or Sexually Example: Strep or E. coli	189
663633002	Archaea	Domain: Archaea Kingdom: Archaebacteria Cell Type: Prokaryote Cell Structures: Cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycans Number of Cells: Unicellular Mode of Nutrition: Autotroph or heterotroph Method of Reproduction - Asexually (Binary Fission) or Sexually Example: Methanogens, Halophiles	190
663633003	Eukarya	Protista, Fungi, Plantae Animalia	191
663633004	Protista	Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Protista Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell Structures: Cell walls of CELLULOSE: some have chloroplasts Number of Cells: Most unicellular, some colonial or multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph Method of Reproduction - Asexually (Binary Fission) or Sexually Example: AMOEBA, PARAMECIUM, MOLDS, GIANT KELP	192
663633005	Fungi	Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell Structures: Cell walls of CHITIN Number of Cells: some unicellular,,MOST MULTICELLULAR Mode of Nutrition: Heterotroph Method of Reproduction - Asexually (Budding, Fission, Fragmentation, and Sporulation) or Sexually. Example: MUSHROOMS AND YEAST	193
663633006	Plantae	Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell Structures: Cell walls with CELLULOSE; chloroplasts Number of Cells: MULTICELLULAR Mode of Nutrition: Autotroph Example: Moss, ferns, and flowering plants	194
663633007	Animals	Domain: Eukaryotes Kingdom: Animalia Cell Type: Eukaryotes Cell Structures: NO Cell walls and NO CHLOROPLASTS Number of Cells: Multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotroph Example: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals	195
663633008	No Cell walls and no chloroplasts and Heterotrophs	Animals	196
663633009	Cell walls of Chitin and Hetertrophs,	Fungi	197
663633010	Cell walls of Cellulose and some have chloroplasts, most unicellular, some colonial and some multicellular	Protista	198
663633011	Cell walls with peptidoglycans autotrophs and heterotrophs, unicellular	Bacteria	199
663633012	Cells walls without peptidoglycans, autotrophs and heterotrophs, unicellular	Archaea	200
663633013	Examples of Fungi	Mushrooms and Yeast	201
663633014	Examples of protista	Amoeba and Paramecium, Slime, Molds, Giant Kelp	202
663633015	Examples of Plantae	Mosses, Ferns, Flowering plants	203
663633016	Examples of Animalia	SPONGES, WORMS, INSECTS, FISHES, MAMMALS	204
663633017	Four Eukarya	Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animals	205
663633018	Two Prokarya	Bacteria and Archae	206
663633019	Kingdom of Bacteria	Eubacteria	207
663633020	Kingdom of Archaea	Archaebacteria	208
663633021	Two Eukarya which are only Heterotrophs	Fungi and Animalia's Mode of Nutrition	209
663633022	One Eukarya that is either Autotroph or Heterotroph	Protista's Mode of Nutrition	210
663633023	One Eukarya that is only Autotroph	Plantae's Mode of Nutrition	211
663633024	Two Eukarya that have Cellulose and Chloroplasts	Protista (may have chloroplasts) and Plantae	212
663633025	Most unicelluar, some colonial or multicellular	Protista's Number of Cells	213
663633026	Most Multicellular, Some unicellular	Fungi Number of Cells	214
663633027	Methanogens and Halophiles	Examples of Archaea	215
663633028	Strep and E. Coli (Escherichia coli)	Examples of bacteria	216
663633029	Moss	Example of plantae	217
663633030	Slime and molds and paramecium and amoeba	Examples of Protista	218
663633031	Sponges	Example of Animalia	219

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Apologia Biology Vocabulary - Module 5: The Chemistry of Life (2nd edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary from Module 5, from Apologia's High School Biology Course Exploring Creation With Biology, by Dr. Jay Wile and Marilyn F. Durnell (2nd edition). There is also a crossword puzzle with these vocabulary words at e-learninglinks.com.

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61423366	Matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space	0
61423367	Model	An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen	1
61423368	Element	A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons	2
61423369	Molecules	Chemicals that result from atoms linking together	3
61423370	Physical change	A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance	4
61423371	Chemical change	A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance	5
61423372	Phase	One of three forms- solid, liquid, or gas- which every substance is capable of attaining	6
61423373	Diffusion	The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration	7
61423374	Concentration	A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent	8
61423375	Semipermeable membrane	A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules pass through	9
61423376	Osmosis	The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration	10
61423377	Catalyst	A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process	11
61423378	Organic molecule	A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfer, and/or phosphorous	12
61423379	Biosynthesis	The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones	13
61423380	Isomers	Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula	14
61423381	Monosaccharides	Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 atoms	15
61423382	Disaccharides	Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides	16
61423383	Polysaccharides	Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	17
61423384	Dehydration Reaction	A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by moving water	18
61423385	Hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	19
61423386	Hydrophobic	Lacking any affinity to water	20
61423387	Saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms	21
61423388	Unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms	22
61423389	Peptide bond	A bond that links amino acids together in a protein	23
61423390	Hydrogen bond	A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules	24

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biology Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

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1762131082	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
1762131113	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
1762131083	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	2
1762131114	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	3
1762131115	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	4
1762131084	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	5
1762131085	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	6
1762131086	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	7
1762131087	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	8
1762131088	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	9
1762131089	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	10
1762131090	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	11
1762131091	Organelles	Complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny compartments within cells called organelles	12
1762131092	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	13
1762131093	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	14
1762131094	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	15
1762131095	Data	Recorded observations.	16
1762131096	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	17
1762131097	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	18
1762131098	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	19
1762131099	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	20
1762131100	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	21
1762131116	What are the 5 Properties of Life?	1. Cellular Organization 2. Metabolism 3. Homeostasis 4. Heredity 5. Growth and Reproduction	22
1762131101	Metabolism	All living things use energy. The transfer of energy from one form of to another in cells is an example of metabolism. Organisms transfer energy from one place to another using special energy-carrying molecules called ATP molecules.	23
1762131102	What are the 6 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Experiment/Test 5. Controls 6. Conclusion	24
1762131103	What 4 kingdoms are Eukaryotic?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	25
1762131104	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	26
1762131105	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	27
1762131106	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	28
1762131107	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	29
1762131108	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	30
1762131109	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	31
1762131117	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	32
1762131118	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	33
1762131110	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	34
1762131119	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	35
1762131120	What are the 13 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Macromolecules 4. Organelles 5. Cells 6. Tissues 7. Organs 8. Organ Systems 9. Organisms 10. Population 11. Species 12. Community 13. Ecosystem	36
1762131121	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	37
1762131111	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	38
1762131112	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	39

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BIOLOGY 100 CH1: The Study of Life Flashcards

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942957806	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	1
942957807	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	2
942957808	Biology	The scientific study of life	3
942957809	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	4
942957810	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	5
942957811	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	6
942957812	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	7
942957813	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	8
942957814	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	9
942957815	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	10
942957816	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	11
942957817	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	12
942957818	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	13
942957819	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	14
942957820	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	15
942957821	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	16
942957822	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	17
942957823	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	18
942957824	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	19
942957825	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	20
942957826	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	21
942957827	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	22
942957828	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	23
942957829	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	24
942957830	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	25
942957831	Data	Recorded observations.	26
942957832	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	27
942957833	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	28
942957834	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	29
942957835	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	30
942957836	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	31
942957837	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	32
942957838	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	33
942957839	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	34
942957840	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	35
942957841	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	36
942957842	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	37
942957843	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	38
942957844	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	39
942957845	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	40
942957846	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	41
942957847	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	42
942957848	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	43
942957849	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	44
942957850	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	45
942957851	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	46
942957852	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	47
942957853	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	48
942957854	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	49
942957855	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	50
942957856	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	51
942957857	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	52
942957858	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	53
942957859	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	54
942957860	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	55
942957861	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	56
942957862	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	57
942957863	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	58
942957864	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	59
942957865	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	60
942957866	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	61
942957867	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	62
942957868	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	63
942957869	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	64
942957870	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	65
942957871	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	66

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Gymnosperms Flashcards

Gymnosperms flashcards

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775242960	Seed plants	Group of plants that includes the gymnosperms and angiosperms and is characterized by the production of seeds.	1
775242961	Gymnosperms	Group of seed plants that produce 'naked seeds'	2
775242962	3 phyla of gymnosperms	Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, Coniferaphyta	3
775242963	Ginkgophyta	Phylum of gymnosperms characterized by fan-shaped leaves, only 1 existing species remains that is valued for its resilience against pollution - however, the female plants are disliked due to their stinky seeds!	4
775242964	Cycadophyta	Phylum of gymnosperms that are palm-like trees that produce cones, and that were very common during the Mesozoic era at the time of the dinosaurs.	5
775242965	Coniferaphyta	Largest phylum of gymnosperms that are typically evergreen, softwood, cone-bearing species.	6
775242966	Stoma	Opening in a leaf that enables gas exchange.	7
775242967	Guard cells	Cells on either side of stomata that close when conditions are dry.	8
775242968	Bark	Outer part of a tree, consisting of cork, cork cambium and phloem (where nutrient transport occurs).	9
775242969	Wood	The inner part of a tree consisting of non-living xylem tissue.	10
775242970	Sapwood	Outer part of wood where water transport occurs.	11
775242971	Heartwood	Inner part of wood where water transport no longer occurs.	12
775242972	Cork	Outermost layer of bark; non-living.	13
775242973	Cork cambium	Meristematic tissue that produces cork.	14
775242974	Vascular cambium	Meristematic tissue located between the bark and the wood in a tree that produces xylem and phloem.	15
775242975	Cuticle	Waxy outerlayer of leaves that prevents water loss.	16
775242976	Pollination	The transfer of pollen from the male parts of a plant to the female parts of the plant (not the same thing as fertilization).	17
775242977	Megaspores	Spores that develop into the female gametophytes.	18
775242978	Microspores	Spores that develop into the male gametophytes.	19
775242979	Endosperm	Haploid nutritious tissue that nourishes the developing embryo.	20
775242980	Seed cone	Female cone of conifers.	21
775242981	Pollen cone	Male cone of conifers	22
775242982	Pollen	Common term for the male gametophyte in conifers	23
775242983	Heterosporous	Refers to plants that produce two different types of spores.	24
775242984	Seed coat	Diploid part of a seed that provides protection to the developing embryo and is derived from the integument of the ovule.	25

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Angiosperms Flashcards

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100021805	Angiosperms	A plant that produces seeds that are enclosed in a fruit.	0
100021806	Ovary	Seeds develop in the ovary. The ovary is located in the flower.	1
100021807	Fruit	the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.	2
100021808	Flowers come in all	sort of sizes, shapes, and colors.	3
100021809	All flowers have the same purpose	reproductions	4
100021810	Petals	Colorful structures that produce an odor to attract insects or other animals. These organisms ensure that pollination occurs.	5
100021811	Sepals	Sepals protect the developing flower. Sepals surround the flower when it is still a bud (undeveloped flower).	6
100021812	Stamen	The male reproductive part. Consists of two parts:  Filament - A thin stalk that holds up the anther.  Anther - Pollen is produced in the anther.  Pollen - Inside a pollen grain is a sperm cell.	7
100021813	Pistil	Female part of the flower usually found in the middle. Consists of three parts:  Stigma - The top of the pistil that is sticky so it can catch pollen.  Style - tube that connects the stigma to the ovary.  Ovary - A hollow structure which contains ovules that have eggs.	8
100021814	Reproduction Stages	1.Pollen grains fall on a stigma. 2.The Pollen grain produces a pollen tube that grows into the ovule. 3. A sperm cell travels down the style inside the pollen tube. It joins the egg cell and fertilization occurs. 4. The fertilized egg becomes a zygote which will develop into the seed's embryo.	9
100021815	Pollination	The transfer of pollen from male reproduction structures to female reproduction structures in plants.	10
100021816	Fertilization	The joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell.	11
100021817	Pollinators	Birds, Bats, Insects (Bees), Wind. Nectar: a sugar-rich food is located deep inside the flower. When an animal/insect enters a flower to eat the nectar, it brushes up against the anther and becomes coated with pollen.	12
100021818	Self Pollinating	 Some of the pollen can drop onto the flower's stigma as the animal leaves the plant.	13
100021819	Cross Pollinating	The pollen can also be brushed onto the next flower the animal visits.	14
100021820	Fruit Ovary	As the seeds develops, the ovary changes into a fruit. Fruit: A ripened ovary and other structures that enclose one or more seeds. Animals that eat fruits help to disperse the seeds.	15
100021821	Monocots	 Monocots:  Grasses (corn, wheat, and rice)  Plants (lilies and tulips)	16
100021822	Dicots	Dicots:  Plants (roses, violets, dandelions)  Oak and Maple trees	17
100021823	Medicines	Some angiosperms are used to make medicines. - Aspirin was first made from a substance found in the leaves of willow trees. - Cortisone is a medicine made from the roots of the Mexican Yam. (treats arthritis/ joint problems).	18
100021824	Angiosperms and the living world	Angiosperms are an important source of: Food - Animals eat flowering plants such as grasses and leaves of trees. - People eat vegetables, fruits, a n d cereals (all are angiosperms).	19
100021825	Clothing/furniture	People produce clothing and other products from angiosperms. - Seeds of cotton plants are covered with cotton fibers. - Stems of flax plants provide linen fibers. - Sap of tropical rubber trees are used to make rubber for tires. - Furniture is made from wood of maple, cherry, and oak trees.	20

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AP Biology Ch 51: Behavioral Biology Vocabulary Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 51: Behavioral Biology Vocabulary

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94459367	Ethology	the study of animal behavior in natural conditions.	0
94459368	Fixed action pattern (FAP)	a sequence of behavioral acts that is especially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated. pg. 1124	1
94459369	Sign stimulus	a FAP that is triggered by an external sensory stimulus. pg. 1124	2
94459370	Behavior ecology	the research field that views behavior as an evolutionary adaptation to the ecological conditions of animals. pg 1126	3
94459371	Foraging	food obtaining behaviors including not only eating, but the mechanism animal uses to recognize, search for and capture food. pg. 1127	4
94459372	Optimal foraging theory	the basis for analyzing foraging behavior as a compromise of feeding costs verses feeding benefits. pg. 1127	5
94459373	Learning	the modification of behavior (behavioral change) resulting from specific experiences. pg. 1128	6
94459374	Maturation	behavior that changes because of ongoing developmental changes in neuromuscular systems. pg 1129	7
94459375	Habituation	a very simple type of learning that involves loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information. pg. 1129	8
94459376	Imprinting	learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and is generally irreversible; a learned behavior with a significant innate component, aired during a critical period. pg 1129	9
94459377	Sensitive period	a limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place. pg. 1130	10
94459378	Associative learning	the ability of animals to associate one stimuli with another. ex.: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. pg. 1132	11
94459379	Classical conditioning	type of associative learning where the animal learns to associate an arbitrary stimulus with a reward or punishment. pg. 1132	12
94459380	Operant conditioning	type of associative learning where the animal learns to associate one of it's own behaviors with a reward or punishment. pg. 1132	13
94459381	Play	behavior that has no apparent external goal but involves movements closely associated with goal-directed behaviors. pg.1132	14
94459382	Cognition	the ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by sensory receptors. Consciousness, or awareness. pg. 1133	15
94459383	Cognitive Ethology	the study of animal cognition examines the connection between an animal's nervous system and it's behaviors. pg. 1134	16
94459384	Kinesis	a simple change in activity or turning rate in response to stimuli. pg. 1134	17
94459385	Taxis	movement toward or away from a stimulus. pg. 1134	18
94459386	Landmark	a point of reference for orientation during navigation. pg. 1134	19
94459387	Cognitive map	an internal representation (within the nervous system) , or code, of the spatial relationship among objects in an animal's surroundings. pg.1134	20
94459388	Migration	regular movement over relatively long distances. pg.1134	21
94459389	Social behavior	ay kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species. pg. 1137	22
94459390	Sociobiology	the study of social behavior based on evolutional theory. pg. 1137	23
94459391	Agonistic behavior	a type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates. pg. 1138	24
94459392	Ritual	a type of symbolic activity. pg 1138	25
94459393	Reconciliation behavior	post-conflict behavior that renews friendly relations. pg. 1138	26
94459394	Dominance hierarchy	a linier "pecking order" of animals, where positions dictate characteristic social behaviors. pg. 1138	27
94459395	Territory	an area that an individual or individuals defend and from which other members of the same species are usually excluded. pg. 1138	28
94459396	Courtship	behavior patterns that lead up to copulation or gamete release. pg.1140	29
94459397	Parental investment	the time and resources and individual must spend to produce and nurture offspring. pg.1141	30
94459398	Promiscuous	mating with no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships. pg.1142	31
94459399	Monogamous	mating were the mates stay together for longer periods of time.; one male with one female. pg. 1142	32
94459400	Polygamous	a type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other. Two types are progeny and polyandry. pg.1142	33
94459401	Polygamy	a polygamous mating system involving one male and many females. pg.1142	34
94459402	Polyandry	a polygamous mating system involving one female and many males. pg.1142	35
94459403	Signal	a behavior that causes a change in behavior in another animal. pg.1142	36
94459404	Communication	the transmission of, reception of, and response to signals. pg.1142	37
94459405	Pheromones	a small, volatile chemical signal (odor) that functions in communication between animals and acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior. pg.1143	38
94459406	Altruism	behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual. pg.1145	39
94459407	Inclusive fitness	the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring. pg.1146	40
94459408	Coefficient of relatedness	equals the probability that a particular gene present in one individual will also be inherited from a common parent or ancestor in a second individual. pg.1146	41
94459409	Hamilton's rule	the principle that for natural selection to favor an altruistic act, the benefit to the recipient, devalued (multiplied) by the coefficient of relatedness, must exceed cost to altruist. ( rB > C ) pg.1146	42
94459410	Kin selection	a phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals. pg.1147	43
94459411	Reciprocal altruism	altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates. pg.1147	44

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