AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
Colonization of the U.S.
| 950208220 | What was the first established colony? (not successful) | Roanoke Island | 1 | |
| 950208221 | What was the first permanent english settlement? | Jamestown, Virgina | 2 | |
| 950208222 | What did colonies use to make a profit? | Joint stock company | 3 | |
| 950208223 | The pilgrims established a colony based on- | Religious freedom | 4 | |
| 950208224 | What are plantations? and what are they used for? | Really big farms used to grow cash crops | 5 |
The Vocabulary from Module 3.6 for the AP Music Theory Exam
| 63503178 | Chromatic-third relationship | Two chords with roots a third apart, in which one chord contains a chromatic alteration of one or both common tones. The term also refers to two tonalities in which the tonics are in a chromatic-third relationship. | 63503178 | |
| 63503179 | Church modes | Scales that formed the basis of much medieval and Renaissance music and evolved into our present-day Major and minor scales. They have been used again by composers of the twentieth century. | 63503179 | |
| 63503180 | Clef | A sign placed at the left side of a staff to indicate which lines and spaces represent the various pitches. | 63503180 | |
| 63503181 | Closely related keys | The five tonalities that differ from a given tonality by no more than one flat or sharp — thus the relative Major or minor, the dominant and its relative key, and the subdominant and its relative key. | 63503181 | |
| 63503182 | Coda | An extension of the ending of a composition, which helps to create a convincing close by prolonging and reaffirming the tonic. | 63503182 | |
| 63503183 | Common Chord Modulation | A change of tonality aided by a chord diatonic in both keys that acts as a pivot between the two. | 63503183 | |
| 63503184 | Common Practice Period | The period of musical history, roughly 1650-1900, in which composers used functional tonality as the harmonic basis of their music. | 63503184 | |
| 63503185 | Common Tones | The pitches shared between two chords in any harmonic relationship. | 63503185 | |
| 63503186 | Compound Interval | Any interval exceeding the octave in size. | 63503186 | |
| 63503187 | Compound meter | A meter in which the primary division of the beat is into three parts. | 63503187 | |
| 63503188 | Conjunt | Melodic motion involving stepwise intervals. | 63503188 | |
| 63503189 | Consecutive perfect consonances | A succession of perfect 5ths, octaves, and unisons between the same two voices, considered objectionable practice in strict part writing. | 63503189 | |
| 63503190 | Consequent | The final phrase of a period, which, because of its more conclusive cadence, provides a greater sense of completion than the preceding (antecedent) phrase(s). | 63503190 | |
| 63503191 | Consonance | The effect of two or more pitches sounding together that produce a sense of stability and repose. | 63503191 | |
| 63503192 | Continuo | The name given to the figured-bass line in baroque-era compositions. | 63503192 | |
| 63503193 | Contrary motion | The movement by two voices from one tone to the next in the opposite direction. | 63503193 | |
| 63503194 | Contrasting double period | Four phrases that form two pairs, the second pair substantially different from the first and arriving at a more conclusive cadence. | 63503194 | |
| 63503195 | Contrasting period | Phrases in antecedent-consequent relationship that are composed of different material and differ in general character. Counterexposition:In a fugue, a group of subject-answer entries in the tonic, usually appearing immediately after the exposition or separated from the exposition by a brief episode. | 63503195 | |
| 63503196 | Countermelody | A secondary melody set as counterpoint against a principal melody. The term is used more in popular music and jazz arrangements than in art music. | 63503196 | |
| 63503197 | Countermotive | A distinctive counterpoint that appears more or less consistently against the principal motive in an invention. | 63503197 | |
| 63503198 | Counterpoint | Music consisting of two or more melodic lines heard simultaneously but displaying a certain degree of independence (of contour and rhythm). | 63503198 | |
| 63503199 | Countersubject | A counterpoint that is employed frequently against the subject or answer in a fugue, providing a contrasting idea and additional material for development. | 63503199 | |
| 63503200 | Deceptive cadence | A two-chord formula punctuating a musical thought, in which the dominant moves to any chord but the tonic. The chord most often substituted for the expected tonic is the subdominant. | 63503200 | |
| 63503201 | Development | A section of a musical work where a musical idea is worked out and its potential realized through various compositional devices such as imitation, inversion, rhythmic variation, and so on. | 63503201 | |
| 63503202 | devlopmental process | The musical process involved in working out a musical idea. It usually involves rapid tonal changes, abrupt shifts in tempo, dynamics, and texture, and unstable harmonies with infrequent resolutions. | 63503202 |
| 358854409 | Respiration | The breakdown of glucose to form ATP when oxygen is available. | 1 | |
| 358854410 | Respiration (equation) | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP | 2 | |
| 358854411 | Diffusion | Molecules move from a high to low concentration gradient. It is slow but does not require energy. | 3 | |
| 358854412 | Cilia | Tiny hair like projections that extend out of the cell membrane. These cili beat in unison to remove particles from our airways. | 4 | |
| 358854413 | Exocytosis | Exports large molecules out of the cell when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents outside the of the cell. | 5 | |
| 358854414 | Cytoskeleton | Microtubules and microfilaments that are found throughout the the cytoplasm, these give the cell support and maintain the shape of the cell. | 6 | |
| 358854415 | Selectively permeable | The cell membrane allows some molecules through and not others. | 7 | |
| 358854416 | Rough ER | ER with ribosomes attached. The ER is a network of tubes that run from the nucleus to the cell membrane. Rough ER are commonly found in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export. | 8 | |
| 358854417 | Golgi body | Five flattened stack of membrane that modify to store and route products to their next destination. | 9 | |
| 358854418 | Golgi apparatus | Alternative name for Golgi body. | 10 | |
| 358854419 | Mitochondria | Oval shaped organelle with highly folded inner membrane. This is the site of aerobic respiration in the cell where most ATP is produced. | 11 | |
| 359145380 | Isotonic Solution | A concentration that is the same as that that found inside the cell. No net movement of water occurs in this situation. | 12 | |
| 359145381 | Nucleus | Contains and protects DNA. It is known as the cells control centre. | 13 | |
| 359145382 | Chloroplast | Photosynthetic organelles that trap sunlight energy and convert it into glucose. They contain grana and stroma. | 14 | |
| 359145383 | Cytoplasm | A jelly like substance that fills the cell from the cell membrane to the nucleus, it is the site of many cellular reactions. | 15 | |
| 359145384 | Hypertonic Solution | A strongly concentated solution. A cell in this solution would lose water by osmosis. | 16 | |
| 359145385 | Hypotonic Solution | A weak solution. A cell in this solution would gain water by osmosis. | 17 | |
| 359145386 | Facilitated Transportation | Molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration with the help of transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane. Does not require energy. | 18 | |
| 359145387 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | Produces 2 ATP molecules. Occurs in animal muscle when exercising at a high level. | 19 | |
| 359145388 | Eukaryote Cells | These cells have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles. | 20 | |
| 359145389 | Endocytosis | A method of engulfing large molecules into the cell. The cell membrane surrounds he particle and draws it into the cell in a vesicle. | 21 | |
| 359145390 | Nuclear Membrane | Double membrane with pore to allow large particles in and out of the nucleus. | 22 | |
| 359145391 | Osmosis | Passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. | 23 | |
| 359145392 | Plasma Membrane | Another word for cell membrane. | 24 | |
| 359145393 | Photosynthesis | A process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy. The reactants are water and carbon dioxide and the products are glucose and oxygen. | 25 | |
| 359145394 | Ribosomes | Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These are involved in the making of proteins. They can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. | 26 | |
| 359145395 | Vacuoles | Found in the cytoplasm, these are involved in transport. | 27 | |
| 359145396 | Organelle | Part of a cell with a specific function. | 28 | |
| 359145397 | Flagella | Long whip like projections that extend from the cell membrane. These enable unicellular organisms to move when flicked. | 29 | |
| 359145398 | Active Transport | Molecules move from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient against the concentration gradient. | 30 | |
| 359145399 | Lysosomes | Membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes breakdown molecules and recycle cell parts. | 31 |
boroque art, italy, spain, france
| 658162678 | st peters basilica and piazza | Bernini He creates a design of the piazza that brought a sense of common ground of all the "Many artisitc styles and periods" By using his skills as a designer her unifies the buildings making them relate to eachother. Its a significant design because of the unifying qualities which are enhanced by its round shape of a cirlce which often represents usinty. This shape is repeated throughout the design. he creates a design that also depicts the catholic churches aestehtics at the time which was to create a wide open space before the church for a heightened ecxperience. The curved porticos do this as well and create an inviting feeling of the church | 1 | |
| 658162679 | David | Bernini He introduced a new type of three-dimensional composistion by creating a more defined man version of David than what had been done before. He does this by having David in posistion to throw the stone behind the viewers head somewhere. This incorperates the viewers presence with the action and movement of the piece, steps into their space the way he seems to be leaning outwards, a typical characteristic of boroque art. Its a boroque piece of art because he chose the very climactic moment of David about to throw the stone at golieth, creating an intense feeling of emotion and action. By the placement of his limbs and the detail within the muscles shows the figure is tense and in action, down the the scrunched muscles in his eyebrows. There is also a clear look of determination on David's face giving the piece more emotion. These eleements create a clear representation of the drammatic characteristics of the boroque era. | 2 | |
| 658162680 | Calling of Matthew | Crarvaggio He creates a new style of painting by usisng immense shadow and intense light a style known as chiaroscuro that created these dramatic scenes, that was further imitated and influenced art throughout the era and future eras in art. also boroque cuz its a moment of spiritual awakening and transformation. Counter reformation He creates intense light and shadow by using contrasting colors and contrasting gestures in the most climactic moment of the story to make the composition a dramatic boroque piece of art.The figures have limited features created by the selectiveness of the light and dark shadow adding to the elusive quality of the painting. Its as if the his paintings are on a dark thaetrical stage acting out the most emotional scene where all of the attention is on them and their emotions. He is also known for his ability to make the painting relate to the viewer by making these figures look more human rather than idealized figures liek they did in the rennasance. this is doen through the fact that he is in a bar scene and how he gives the induvuals feature of everyday people because he would sketch people fromt he street. | 3 | |
| 658162681 | Susanah and the Elders | Artemisia Gentileschi It was one of her first masterpieces and it was done at the age of 17. It was the piece where she showed off her talent and ignited her reputation as one of the preeeminent painters of her time. She does this by showing how observant of the woman body and anatomy she is, making the proportions and shapes more realistic than the paintings of nude females done before hers. This becomes the first most realistic nude potrait of a woman. As a woman she has a different take on the woman in this scene than the men who painted this scene before her. She shows the womans vulnerability in this scene rathing than exploiting her sexuality. | 4 | |
| 658162682 | Saint Serapion 1628 | Fransisco Zurban Its the same profile of chirst on the cross and its an iconic matyrdom because of its significant everlasting subject. the attention to detail in flesh and fabric show the characteristics of Spanish painters at the time. The immense accurate detail of the fabric and flesh make the painting still and the black backrground creates a silence in the painting. | 5 | |
| 658162683 | Water Carrier of Seville | Velazquez He used the Natural light in his paintings allowing the natural attraction of light on different textures and surfaces. its a borque piece because its focused on showing what you really see, and how natural sunlight is warm and bright and someimtes soft or sharp depending on what surfaces it hit. Showed realisitc renditions of the sculpture of the vessles with paint through his use of texture and sculptural volume, which he achieves because he sketched from observation straight on. This allowed him to render the natural light more effectively and realistically. This painting shows how boroque artists wanted to paint what we actually saw rather than an intelectual idea like the rennesance did. | 6 | |
| 658162684 | Versailles- Plan, Palace and Gardens | Le vau, le brun, le notre This establishment was the first structure he created to show his status as a rich powerful ruler, showing his ability to create order. The gardens are a symetrical and geometrical design creating a harmony within the whole design. The vast lines within the garden also respresnt order and the order of the palace and the king. The lavish decorations are a representation of his powerful connections and representation of his wealth as a king. also showing its boroque and how it was the center of everything, and was changed as the capitol of france. | 7 | |
| 658162685 | Hall of mirrors Versailles | Hardouin Mansart and Le Brun This hall glorifies him as being a king and pwoerful ruler because of the paintings and embelsihments which only compliment and hieghten his presence. This is done through the mirrors inb the hall which reflected light from the windows making the place appear larger and enhanced his presence as he walked through. The paintings of the celing honor Louis the 14th by glorifying him as the "Sun God" in relation to him being nicknamed "the sun king", apollo because he belieived that he was assisted in his millitary triumphs by the classical gods. | 8 | |
| 658162686 | Potrait of louis XIV | Hyacinth Rigaud The pompus pose and and materials make him come off as arrogant but its juxtaposed by the humanistic quality of his frank expression and forward gase. The background is very boroque becaus eof the lavish velvet drapes showing volume and excentuating the himself as a powerful person. | 9 | |
| 658162687 | Landscape with Saint John on Patmos | poussin Its a classic land scape, showing many refrences of the greek and roman artists through the organization of the landscape and the classical antiquity as well. It was a thought out landscape because its clear that it is organized through the perspective progression hown throughout the piece which is divided into the foreground, middle ground, and background. Its also ordered because of how the trees allign the composistion creating a boarder. It also shows roots of classicism through the use of specific styles like the way the columns are in roaman and greek style, and classical antiquity is seen as his robes are the robes that you would seen ancient greek and roman figures would have been depicted wearing. Poussin focuses on the ordered balance of nature creating hills,clouds, mountains and trees that take on a form of solidarity. Its a | 10 | |
| 659835894 | ecstacy of saint theresa | bernini subject theresa is being pierced with an arrow but is being transported to a state of oneness with god. Its a rewarding exoerience, and exerpeience that is desired by devote catholics. climaxtic moment, drama, emotion, action, counter reformation made to be a spiritual expereince/relationship , promoting the catholic religion. its boroque cuz of the drama. Feels like its on stage with the specators that are on the side looking at the act being depicted. The dramatic natural sunlight makes it seem as a spotlight is on her, as well as the gold rays symbolize light. because of the posistion of the veiwer we feel as if we are a specatotr and have a special view of what is happening. | 11 |
| 167000451 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | 1 | |
| 167000452 | Washington's Farewell Address | He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances | 2 | |
| 167000453 | Election of 1796: President Adams, Vice-president Jefferson | first true election (when Washington ran, there was never any question that he would be elected). Adams was a Federalist, but Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican. | 3 | |
| 167000454 | New states: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee | After the western land claims were settled, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee (in that order) were added to the United States under the Constitution. | 4 | |
| 167000455 | Federalists and Democratic-Republicans | The first two political parties. Many of the Democratic-Republicans had earlier been members of the Antifederalists, which had never organized into a formal political party. | 5 | |
| 167000456 | Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Party leaders and supporters | The leading Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. The leading Democratic- Republicans were Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. | 6 | |
| 167000457 | Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Programs | Federalist programs were the National Bank and taxes to support the growth of industry. The Democratic-Republicans opposed these programs, favoring state banks and little industry. | 7 | |
| 167000458 | Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Philosophies | Federalists believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution. Democratic-Republicans believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution. | 8 | |
| 167000459 | Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Foreign proclivities | Federalists supported Britain, while the Democratic-Republicans felt that France was the U.S.'s most important ally. | 9 | |
| 167000460 | Society of the Cincinnati | secret society formed by officers of the Continental Army. The group was named for George Washington, whose nickname was Cincinnatus, although Washington himself had no involvement in the society. | 10 | |
| 167000461 | Democratic societies | Clubs which met for discussion, designed to keep alive the philosophies of the American Revolution. They were sometimes called Jacobean clubs because they also supported the French Revolution. | 11 | |
| 167000462 | Alien and Sedition Acts | These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: | 12 | |
| 167000463 | Naturalization Act | which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants | 13 | |
| 167000464 | Alien Act | which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants | 14 | |
| 167000465 | Alien Enemy Act | allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants | 15 | |
| 167000466 | Sedition Act | made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition | 16 | |
| 167000467 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. | 17 | |
| 167000468 | Doctrine of Nullification | Expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it said that states could nullify federal laws. | 18 | |
| 167000469 | Election of 1800, tie, Jefferson and Burr | The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. The final decision went the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Burr became vice-president. This led to the 12th Amendment, which requires the president and vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket. | 19 | |
| 167000470 | Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." | 20 | |
| 167000471 | Jefferson's Inaugural Address | Declared that he would avoid foreign alliances. | 21 | |
| 167000472 | 12th Amendment | Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president. | 22 | |
| 167000473 | Second Great Awakening | series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | 23 | |
| 167000474 | Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) | American painter, most famous for painting the portrait of Washington which was copied for the one dollar bill. | 24 | |
| 167000475 | French Alliance of 1778 | France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. Although France could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. didn't do anything to help. The U.S. didn't fulfill their part of the agreement until World War I. | 25 | |
| 167000476 | French Revolution | The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799. | 26 | |
| 167000477 | Citizen Genêt | Edmond Charles Genêt. A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall Genêt after Genêt began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed Genêt U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest Genêt. | 27 | |
| 167000478 | Neutrality Proclamation | Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. | 28 | |
| 167000479 | XYZ Affair, Talleyrand | 1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. | 29 | |
| 167000480 | Undeclared naval war with France | Late 1790s - Beginning in 1794, the French had began seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay's Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any French ships on the American coast. The conflict became especially violent after the X,Y, Z Affair. A peace convention in 1800 with the newly installed dictator, Napoleon, ended the conflict. | 30 | |
| 167000481 | Convention of 1800 | A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities. | 31 | |
| 167000482 | British seizure of American ships | France blocked English ports during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s; England responded by blocking French ports. The British seized neutral American merchant ships which tried to trade at French ports. | 32 | |
| 167000483 | Rule of 1756" | British proclamation that said that neutral countries could not trade with both of two warring nations; they had to chose sides and only trade with one of the nations. This justified Britain's seizure of neutral American ships during the war between Britain and France in the early 1800s. | 33 | |
| 167000484 | Northwest posts | British fur-trading posts in the Northwest territory. Their presence in the U.S. led to continued British-American conflicts. | 34 | |
| 167000485 | Jay's Treaty | 1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals. | 35 | |
| 167000486 | Washington's Farewell Address | warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances. | 36 | |
| 167000487 | Pickney's Treaty | 1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. | 37 | |
| 167000488 | Spanish intrigue in the Southwest | During the late 1700s/early 1800s Spain was exploring and settling the region which is now the Southwest U.S. The Spanish used the Indians of Florida and Georgia as spies and encouraged the tribes to raid U.S. settlements, which contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 . Zebulon Pike used his expedition to the West as an opportunity to spy on the Spanish and map out their land. | 38 | |
| 167000489 | James Wilkinson (1759-1825) | Wilkinson had been an officer in the Continental Army, and later held several positions relating to the Army, such as secretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot. | 39 | |
| 167000490 | Mad" Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers | Wayne had been one of the leading generals of the Continental Army, and had played a crucial role in the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown. In the early 1790's, the British held trading posts in the Ohio Valley and encouraged the local Indian tribes to attack the Americans. Led by Wayne, the Americans defeated the Miami Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794 near what is today Toledo, Ohio. This paved the way for American settlement of the Ohio Valley. | 40 | |
| 167000491 | Treaty of Greenville, 1795 | Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000. | 41 | |
| 167000492 | Barbary pirates | The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute. | 42 | |
| 167000493 | Rutgers v. Waddington, 1784 | In 1783, the New York State Legislature passed the Trespass Act, which allowed land owners whose property had been occupied by the British during the Revolution to sue for damages. Rutgers sued in the Mayor's Court over the seizure of her brewery, and the Mayor, James Duane, declared the Act void because it conflicted with a provision of the Treaty of Paris. It was the first time a U.S. court had declared a law unconstitutional, and was an important precedent for the later U.S. Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison. | 43 | |
| 167000494 | Trevett v. Weeden, 1786-1787 | Occurred under the Articles of Confederation, when each state had a different type of currency. Acts passed by the Rhode Island Legislature imposed heavy fines on those who refused to accept the state's depreciated currency at face value. Weeden was acquitted on the grounds that the acts were unconstitutional. | 44 | |
| 167000495 | Bayard v. Singleton | 1787 - First court decision in which a law was found unconstitutional based on a written constitution | 45 | |
| 167000496 | Supreme Court: Chisholm v. Georgia | The heirs of Alexander Chisholm (a citizen of South Carolina) sued the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court upheld the right of citizens of one state to sue another state, and decided against Georgia | 46 | |
| 167000497 | Supreme Court: Ware v. Hylton, 1796 | treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain required that all debts owed by the U.S. to Britain had to be paid in full. However, a Virginia statute said that American debts to Britain could be paid in depreciated currency. The Supreme Court upheld the treaty, proving that federal laws take precedence over state laws. | 47 | |
| 167000498 | War of 1812 (1812-1814) | A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain. The War Hawks argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. | 48 | |
| 167000499 | Clay's American System | Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank. | 49 | |
| 167000500 | Bank war: its enemies and defenders | During Jackson's presidency, this was a struggle between those who wanted to keep the national bank in operation and those who wanted to abolish it. Jackson and states' rights advocates opposed the national bank, which they felt imposed discriminatory credit restrictions on local banks, making it more difficult for farmers and small businessmen to obtain loans. The bank was defended by Nicholas Biddle and Henry Clay, the National Republicans, the wealthy, and larger merchants, who felt that local banks credit policies were irresponsible and would lead to a depression | 50 | |
| 167000501 | Bank war: Veto message by Andrew Jackson | 1832 - President Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the national bank. | 51 | |
| 167000502 | Bank war: laws from 1800 to 1865 on banking | These laws moved away from favoring the national bank towards favoring state banks. | 52 | |
| 167000503 | Changes in federal land laws and policies | The Land Acts of 1800 and 1820, and the Preemptive Acts of the 1830s and 1840s lowered the price of land and made it easier for prospective settlers to acquire it. This encouraged people to move west. | 53 | |
| 167000504 | Changes and improvements in transportation and its effect | These included canals in the Great Lakes region, toll roads, steamboats, and clipper ships. The result was faster trade and easier access to the western frontier. It aided the growth of the nation. | 54 | |
| 167000505 | President Jefferson | He believed in a less aristocratic presidency. He wanted to reduce federal spending and government interference in everyday life. He was a Democratic-Republican (originally an Anti- Federalist), so he believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution. | 55 |
| 911748900 | Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes | 1 | |
| 911748901 | Nature | The influence from every genetic influence (DNA, chormosomes, etc.) | 2 | |
| 911748902 | Nurture | The influence of the environment, every non genetic influence that surrounds us | 3 | |
| 911748903 | Twin Studies | The study of twins | 4 | |
| 911748904 | Scientific Experimental Method | A study that requires experiment, hypothesis and an operational definition | 5 | |
| 911748905 | Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that confirms a preconception | 6 | |
| 911748906 | Social Desirability Bias | Seeking to viewed favorably | 7 | |
| 911748907 | Participation Bias | A tendency for research participants to behave in a certain way because they know they are being observed | 8 | |
| 911748908 | Naturalistic Observation | Observing and recording behaviors without manipulating or controlling the situation | 9 | |
| 911748909 | Dependent Variable | The variable that should show the effect of the independent variable | 10 | |
| 911748910 | Independent Variable | The variable that the researcher will actively manipulate and, if the hypothesis is correct, that will cause a change in the dependent variable | 11 | |
| 911748911 | Case Study | A research technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hopes of revealing universal principles | 12 | |
| 911748912 | Correlational Study | A research project that strategy that investigates the degree to which two variables are related to each other | 13 | |
| 911748913 | Survey | A research technique that questions a sample of people to collect information about their attitudes or behaviors | 14 | |
| 911748914 | Longitudinal Study | A research technique that follows the same group of individuals over a long period | 15 | |
| 911748915 | Cross Sectional Study | A research technique that compares individuals from different age groups at one time | 16 | |
| 911748916 | Confounding Variable | A variable other than the independent variable that could cause a change in the dependent variable | 17 | |
| 911748917 | Placebo | An inactive substance or condition used to to control for confounding variables | 18 | |
| 911748918 | Neuron | A nerve cell | 19 | |
| 911748919 | Neural Chain | the path information takes as it is processed by the nervous system (Receptor Cells, Sensory Nerves, Interneurons) | 20 | |
| 911748920 | Phases Of Communication | Action Potential, Refractory Period & Resting Potential | 21 | |
| 911748921 | Hormones | A chemical messenger produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood | 22 | |
| 911748922 | Structuralism | Theory that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by studying the basic elements of thoughts and sensations | 23 | |
| 911748923 | Behaviorism | The theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes | 24 | |
| 911748924 | Functionalism | Theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness or the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their enviornment | 25 | |
| 911748925 | Nervous System | Electrochemical communcation system made up of neurons that tells your body parts to move, your face to express emotions, etc. | 26 |
The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)
| 1334946084 | Puritan motive | - Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England | 0 | |
| 1334946085 | Motive of settling Virginia | - paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England | 1 | |
| 1334946086 | First Great Awakening | - led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards | 2 | |
| 1334946087 | Deism | - 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs | 3 | |
| 1334946088 | Albany Congress, 1754 | - led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected | 4 | |
| 1334946089 | Legal rights of women | -no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers | 5 | |
| 1334946090 | Stamp Act / Stamp Congress | - tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax | 6 | |
| 1334946091 | Slavery in pre-independence times | - unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy | 7 | |
| 1334946092 | Indentured servants | - extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years | 8 | |
| 1334946093 | Proclamation of 1763 | - created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve" | 9 | |
| 1334946094 | Articles of Confederation | - first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification) | 10 | |
| 1334946095 | Bill of Rights | - 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government | 11 | |
| 1334946096 | Hamilton's economic plans | - national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports | 12 | |
| 1334946097 | Shays' Rebellion | - farmers revolt 1786-1787 - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts | 13 | |
| 1334946098 | XYZ affair | - France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan | 14 | |
| 1334946099 | Marbury v. Madison | - Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck - said his appointment was unconstitutional - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review | 15 | |
| 1334946100 | Louisiana Purchase | - Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port | 16 | |
| 1334946101 | Hartford Convention | - group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future | 17 | |
| 1334946102 | Eli Whitney | - 1793 Eli Whitney invents cotton gin - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle | 18 | |
| 1334946103 | Henry Clay's "American System" | - high tariffs on imports (20%-25%) - provide federal funding for internal improvements - support and maintain Bank of the United States | 19 | |
| 1334946104 | Monroe Doctrine | - done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy | 20 | |
| 1334946105 | Andrew Jackson | - Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank | 21 | |
| 1334946106 | Trail of Tears | - 1838 removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot) | 22 | |
| 1334946107 | Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations | - South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it - Jackson passes Tariff of 1828 (Abominations) harshly limiting trade - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them | 23 | |
| 1334946108 | Transcendentalists | - an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson | 24 | |
| 1334946109 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | - transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence | 25 | |
| 1334946110 | William Lloyd Garrison | - published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights | 26 | |
| 1334946111 | Harriet Tubman | - escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape | 27 | |
| 1334946112 | Dred Scott v. Sanford | - 1857 Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court | 28 | |
| 1334946113 | Popular Sovereignty | - measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s | 29 | |
| 1334946114 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | - 1854 legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise | 30 | |
| 1334946115 | Douglas's Freeport Doctrine | - statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty | 31 | |
| 1334946116 | Causes of Civil War | - maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery | 32 | |
| 1334946117 | Emancipation Proclamation | - 1863 decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free - not effective, simply symbolic - made North the moral side of the war | 33 | |
| 1334946118 | Radical Reconstruction | - Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan | 34 | |
| 1334946119 | Compromise of 1877 | - 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction | 35 | |
| 1334946120 | Knights of Labor | - first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886 | 36 | |
| 1334946121 | Dawes Act | - 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans | 37 | |
| 1334946122 | Social Gospel | - Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions | 38 | |
| 1334946123 | Populists | - political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry | 39 | |
| 1334946124 | Yellow Press | - started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens | 40 | |
| 1334946125 | "New Immigration" | - immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions | 41 | |
| 1334946126 | Open Door Policy | - European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States | 42 | |
| 1334946127 | DuBois & Booker T. Washington | - W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it | 43 | |
| 1334946128 | Muckrakers | - term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more | 44 | |
| 1334946129 | Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare | - U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy | 45 | |
| 1334946130 | Wilson's 14 Points | - 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization | 46 | |
| 1334946131 | Bonus Army | - 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945 | 47 | |
| 1334946132 | 100 Day Congress, New Deal | - passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency | 48 | |
| 1334946133 | Civilian Conservation Corps | - FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects | 49 | |
| 1334946134 | Cuban Missile Crisis | - 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference | 50 | |
| 1334946135 | Brown v. Board of Education | - ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement | 51 | |
| 1334946136 | Sputnik | - 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school | 52 | |
| 1334946137 | Sit-Ins | - form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point | 53 | |
| 1334946138 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | - most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting | 54 | |
| 1334946139 | Malcolm "X" | - leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism | 55 | |
| 1334946140 | Gulf of Tonkin incident | - said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam | 56 | |
| 1334946141 | Watergate | - scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned | 57 | |
| 1334946142 | Tet Offensive | - Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks | 58 | |
| 1334946143 | Camp David Accords | - 1978 meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high | 59 |
Genetics Review material
| 697667789 | Allele | one of a number of different forms of a gene | 1 | |
| 697667790 | Dominant Allele | an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present | 2 | |
| 697667792 | Genetics | the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms | 3 | |
| 697667794 | Genotype | the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism | 4 | |
| 697667797 | Heterozygote | consists of one dominant and one recessive allele | 5 | |
| 697667799 | Homozygote | consists of either both dominant or both recessive alleles | 6 | |
| 697667801 | Hybrid | an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock | 7 | |
| 697667804 | Law of Independent Assortment | each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random | 8 | |
| 697667806 | Law of Segregation | first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed | 9 | |
| 697667808 | Phenotype | what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype | 10 | |
| 697667809 | Pollination | transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant | 11 | |
| 697667810 | Recessive Allele | an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present | 12 | |
| 697667811 | Codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism | 13 | |
| 697667812 | Incomplete Dominance | one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele | 14 | |
| 697667813 | Polygenic Characteristic | characteristics controlled by more than | 15 | |
| 697667814 | each gene | may have two or more alleles | 16 | |
| 697667815 | Punnett Square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross | 17 | |
| 697667816 | Gregor Mendel | 19th century Austrain monk, know as the father of hereditary studies | 18 | |
| 697667817 | Dominant Gene | one characteristic is equal to or always is visible, can;t hide | 19 | |
| 697667818 | recessive Gene | characteristic that usually dominated by another characteristic, only visible if doubled | 20 | |
| 697667820 | Genotype | letters represent traits | 21 | |
| 697667822 | Phenotype | visible traits | 22 | |
| 697667824 | What are some obervable traits? | eye color, hair color, earlobes, and vison | 23 | |
| 697667826 | Hybrid Traits | a trait where one gene dominates a recessive gene and the dominant triat is visible and the recessice one is not. the parent can pass along the recessive trait to their children, where if paired with another recessive gene, the recessive trait WILL be visible | 24 | |
| 697667828 | Chromosomes | cell structures that carry hereditary information | 25 | |
| 697667830 | Genes | short segments of DNA information, within chromosomes, that serve as a code for bits of hereditary information | 26 | |
| 697667832 | How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 | 27 | |
| 697667838 | How many chromosomes are donated by each parent | 23 | 28 | |
| 697667840 | What pair of chromosomes determines the sex of a person? | 23 rd-last set | 29 | |
| 697667844 | how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? | 23 | 30 | |
| 697667848 | what is xx? | girl | 31 | |
| 697667852 | What is xy? | boy | 32 | |
| 697667856 | Who determines the sex of child? | Male- the only one that can contribute a Y chromosome | 33 | |
| 697667860 | females only carry | x chromosomes | 34 | |
| 697667864 | Type A blood genotype | Genotypes AA & AO | 35 | |
| 697667869 | Type B blood genotype | Genotypes BB & BO | 36 | |
| 697667872 | Type AB blood genotype | Genotype AB | 37 | |
| 697667875 | Type O-blood genotype | Genotype OO | 38 | |
| 697667877 | Blood type O is the what donor? | Universal | 39 | |
| 697667879 | What blood type does A & B always dominate? | Blood type O | 40 | |
| 697667881 | Blood type AB is what? | Universal Receiver | 41 | |
| 697667883 | Homozygous | 2 identical allele for a trait. | 42 | |
| 697667884 | Heterozygous | 2 different alleles for a trait. | 43 | |
| 697667886 | co-dominance | Some alleles it is the inheritance pattern. | 44 | |
| 697667888 | Trait which appears in the first generation | Dominant trait | 45 | |
| 697667890 | A plant which contains both male and female reproductive structures | self-pollination | 46 | |
| 697667892 | Tool used to visualize all the possible combinations of alleles from parents. | Punnett Square | 47 | |
| 697667894 | Two of these make up a gene. They are shown with capitol or lowercase letters. | Alleles | 48 | |
| 697667896 | An organisms appearance. | phenotype | 49 | |
| 697667898 | A plant with one dominant and one recessive allele. | Heterozygous | 50 | |
| 697667899 | When one trait is not completely dominant over another. | incomplete dominance | 51 | |
| 697667900 | The passing of traits from parents to offspring. | Heredity | 52 | |
| 697667902 | Trait which seemed to disappear and reappears in the second generation. | recessive trait | 53 | |
| 697667903 | The entire genetic makeup of an organism. | genotype | 54 | |
| 697667905 | Fertilization of one plant to another plant. | cross-pollinating | 55 | |
| 697667906 | A plant with two dominant OR two recessviv alleles is said to be this. | Homozygous | 56 | |
| 697667908 | The mathematical chance that something will happen. | probability | 57 | |
| 697667909 | A plant that always produces offspring with the same trait as the parent. | true-breeding | 58 | |
| 697667910 | Located on chromosomes and carry hereditary instructions. Each parent gives one set of these to the offspring. | genes | 59 | |
| 697667911 | Monk who studied pea plants - the "Father of Genetics" | Gregor Mendel | 60 |
Formulas and Concepts from AP Calculus AB.
| 755456713 | The existence or nonexistence of f(x) at x=c has no bearing on the existence of what? | The limit of f(x) as x approaches e | 1 | |
| 755456714 | What are the three common types of behavior associated with the nonexistence of a limit? | 1. f(x) approaches a different number from the right side of c than it approaches from the left side of c 2. f(x) increases or decreases without bound as x approaches c (asymptote). 3. f(x) oscillates between two fixed vales as x approaches e | 2 | |
| 755456715 | What is lim (x→c) b? | b | 3 | |
| 755456716 | What is lim (x→c) x? | c | 4 | |
| 755456717 | What is lim (x→0) x''? | c'' | 5 | |
| 755456718 | What is lim (x→0) √x | Does not exist | 6 | |
| 755456719 | 0/0 is called what? | Indeterminate form | 7 | |
| 755456720 | lim (x→0) [sinx / x] = | 1 | 8 | |
| 755456721 | lim (x→0) [(1-cosx) / x] = | 0 | 9 | |
| 755456722 | lim (x→0) [x / (sinx)] = | 0 | 10 | |
| 755456723 | In common sense terms, a function is continuous at x=c if you don't have what three things at c? | 1. no holes 2. no jumps/gaps 3. no asymptotes | 11 | |
| 755456724 | By the definition of continuity, a function is continuous at x=c if what three conditions are met? | 1. f(c) is defined 2. lim (x→c) f(x) exists 3. lim (x→c) f(x) = f(c) | 12 | |
| 755456725 | By the definition of a limit, when does lim (x→c) f(x) = L | 1. limit from the right equal the limit from the left 2. lim (x→c⁺) f(x) = lim (x→c⁻) f(x) = L | 13 | |
| 755456726 | Continuity can be destroyed by any one of what three conditions? | 1. the function is not defined at x=c 2. the limit of f(x) does not exist at x=c 3. the limit of f(x) exists at x=c, but is not equal to f(c) | 14 | |
| 755456727 | When is a function continuous on the open interval (a,b)? | When f is continuous at each point in the interval (a,b) | 15 | |
| 755456728 | When is f continuous everywhere? | When f is continuous on the entire real line (-∞,∞) | 16 | |
| 755456729 | What are the two types of discontinuity? | Removable and nonremovable | 17 | |
| 755456730 | What is another term for non-removable discontinuity? | Essential | 18 | |
| 755456731 | If a discontinuity at x=c can be made continuous by appropriately defining or redefining f(c), then f has what type of discontinuity | Removable | 19 | |
| 755456732 | Is lim (x→c⁺) f(x) a limit from the right or left? | Right | 20 | |
| 755456733 | Is lim (x→c⁻) f(x) a limit from the right or left? | Left | 21 | |
| 755456734 | lim (x→0⁺) ⁿ√x = | 0 | 22 | |
| 755456735 | If n is even, lim (x→0⁻) ⁿ√x = | DNE | 23 | |
| 755456736 | What is [x]? | Greatest integer function | 24 | |
| 755456737 | If f and g are continuous at x=c, then what else is continuous at x=c? | 1. scalar multiple: bf and bg 2. sum: f+g 3. difference: f-g 4. product fg 5. Quotient: f/g if g(c)≠0 | 25 | |
| 755456738 | What is the Intermediate Value Theorem | If f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and k is any number between f(a) and f(b), then there is at least one number c in [a,b] such that f(c)=k | 26 | |
| 755456739 | What is an infinite limit? | A limit in which f(x) increases or decreases with bound | 27 | |
| 755456740 | If f decreases without bound, what does the limit approach? | ∞ | 28 | |
| 755456741 | If f decreases without bound, what does the limit approach? | ⁻∞ | 29 | |
| 755456742 | To prove that x=c is a vertical asymptote, what two choices do you have to justify your answer? | 1. lim (x→c⁺) f(x) = ∞ or ⁻∞ 2. lim (x→c⁻) f(x) = ∞ or ⁻∞ | 30 |
AP Calculus AB, calculus terms and theorems
| 720712265 | 1 |  | 1 | |
| 720712266 | 0 |  | 2 | |
| 720712267 | Squeeze Theorem |  | 3 | |
| 720712268 | f is continuous at x=c if... |  | 4 | |
| 720712269 | Intermediate Value Theorem | If f is continuous on [a,b] and k is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number c such that f(c)=k | 5 | |
| 720712270 | Global Definition of a Derivative |  | 6 | |
| 720712271 | Alternative Definition of a Derivative | f '(x) is the limit of the following difference quotient as x approaches c |  | 7 |
| 720712272 | nx^(n-1) |  | 8 | |
| 720712273 | 1 |  | 9 | |
| 720712274 | cf'(x) |  | 10 | |
| 720712275 | f'(x)+g'(x) |  | 11 | |
| 720712276 | f'(x)-g'(x) |  | 12 | |
| 720712277 | uvw'+uv'w+u'vw |  | 13 | |
| 720712278 | cos(x) |  | 14 | |
| 720712279 | -sin(x) |  | 15 | |
| 720712280 | sec²(x) |  | 16 | |
| 720712281 | -csc²(x) |  | 17 | |
| 720712282 | sec(x)tan(x) |  | 18 | |
| 720712283 | dy/dx |  | 19 | |
| 720712284 | f'(g(x))g'(x) |  | 20 | |
| 720712285 | Extreme Value Theorem | If f is continuous on [a,b] then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [a,b]. The global extrema occur at critical points in the interval or at endpoints of the interval. | 21 | |
| 720712286 | Critical Number | If f'(c)=0 or does not exist, and c is in the domain of f, then c is a critical number. (Derivative is 0 or undefined) | 22 | |
| 720712287 | Mean Value Theorem | The instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line. |  | 23 |
| 720712288 | First Derivative Test for local extrema |  | 24 | |
| 720712289 | Point of inflection at x=k |  | 25 | |
| 720712290 | Combo Test for local extrema | If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)<0, there is a local max on f at x=c. If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)>0, there is a local min on f at x=c. |  | 26 |
| 720712291 | Horizontal Asymptote |  | 27 | |
| 720712292 | L'Hopital's Rule |  | 28 | |
| 720712293 | Squaring function | D: (-∞,+∞) R: (o,+∞) |  | 29 |
| 720712294 | Cubing function | D: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞) |  | 30 |
| 720712295 | Reciprocal function | D: (-∞,+∞) x can't be zero R: (-∞,+∞) y can't be zero |  | 31 |
| 720712296 | Square root function | D: (0,+∞) R: (0,+∞) |  | 32 |
| 720712297 | Exponential function | D: (-∞,+∞) R: (0,+∞) |  | 33 |
| 720712298 | Natural log function | D: (0,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞) |  | 34 |
| 720712299 | Sine function | D: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1] |  | 35 |
| 720712300 | Cosine function | D: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1] |  | 36 |
| 720712301 | Absolute value function | D: (-∞,+∞) R: [0,+∞) |  | 37 |
| 720712302 | Greatest integer function | D: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞) |  | 38 |
| 720712303 | Given f(x): Is f continuous @ C Is f' continuous @ C | Yes lim+=lim-=f(c) No, f'(c) doesn't exist because of cusp |  | 39 |
| 720712304 | Given f'(x): Is f continuous @ c? Is there an inflection point on f @ C? | This is a graph of f'(x). Since f'(C) exists, differentiability implies continuouity, so Yes.
Yes f' decreases on X | | 40 |
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