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Biology

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AP Bio_Meiosis

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Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid * Like mitosis, meiosis is preceded by the replication of chromosomes * Meiosis takes place in two consecutive cell divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II * The two cell divisions result in four daughter cells, rather than the two daughter cells in mitosis * Each daughter cell has only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell The Stages of Meiosis * Chromosomes duplicate before meiosis * The resulting sister chromatids are closely associated along their lengths * This is called sister chromatid cohesion * The chromatids are sorted into four haploid daughter cells * Division in meiosis I occurs in four phases: Prophase I

AP Bio_Cell division

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Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Variations on a Theme * Offspring resemble their parents more than they do unrelated individuals * Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next * Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings * Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes * In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents * It is genes that are actually inherited Inheritance of Genes * Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA * Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)

Muscles

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Muscle Types & Characteristics Name ______________________________ Date ______________________Pd_______ Label each type of muscle pictured below and list the location and characteristics of each type. Location Cell Characteristics Contraction Characteristics Type ?Science Island Muscle Types & Characteristics ANSWER KEY Label each type of muscle pictured below and list the location and characteristics of each type. Location Cell Characteristics Contraction Characteristics Type ?Science Island Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Walls of the heart; also called myocardium Attached to bones (facial muscles are attached to other muscles or skin) In the walls of hollow internal organs and blood vessels Striated Branching chains of cells Intercalated discs One nucleus

External Eye Anatomy

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External Eye Anatomy Instructions for students: Study this image of the external eye and identify as many structures as possible. On a piece of scratch paper, number from 1-6 1 (1) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) Can you identify these 6 structures? Write the names of these structures on your paper. 2 (1) eyelashes (6) Lower eyelid (5) lens (4) pupil (3) sclera (2) Upper eyelid Check your answers. How did you do? Note: The sclera is covered by a thin membrane called the conjunctiva, which also lines the inner surface of the eyelids. The cornea is a transparent membrane that covers the iris and pupil; it is continuous with the conjunctiva. Suggested activity: Give students time to look at their own eyes in a hand-held mirror. If possible, provide magnifying mirrors.

Blood Types

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ABO and Rh Blood Groups Blood type is inherited from your parents and is determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens, or agglutinogens, on the surface of red blood cells. Blood plasma also contains specific antibodies, or agglutinins. These antibody molecules will react to foreign antigens causing those cells to burst, a process called hemolysis. This is why it?s important to perform blood type testing before blood transfusions. There are several types of surface antigens on blood cells, but the ABO and Rh antigens are the most common. Rh Blood Group: The Rh blood groups has two types, Rh positive and Rh negative. The Rh surface antigen is also called the D antigen. If the antigen is present, the type is Rh+ and if it is absent, the type is Rh-.

Hematocrit Activity

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Hematocrit Name _______________________ Date _______________Pd_______ A hematocrit is a blood test that measures the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. A blood sample is usually collected in a small capillary tube and spun down in a centrifuge so that the more dense erythrocytes settle at the bottom and the liquid plasma rises to the top. The leukocytes and thrombocytes form a whitish layer below the plasma. A hematocrit can also be run from a sample of blood taken from a vein. Then the length of the column is measured and calculations are performed to determine the % of red blood cells. Using what you know about blood composition, draw and label a normal hematocrit result on the test tube image below.

Pituitary & Hypothalamus

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OR & ?Science Island Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship TROPIC HORMONES Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary (storage) 3 Targets: ? ? ? 2 Targets: ? ? OR & ?Science Island Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship TROPIC HORMONES Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary (storage) 3 Targets: ? ? ? 2 Targets: ? ? OR & ?Science Island ANSWER KEY Mammary Glands Prola ctin bones muscles A dr en oc or ti co tr op ic Thyroid Adrenal Cortex Ovaries Testes Kidneys mammary glands uterus brain Antidiuretic IN H IB IT IN G RE LE A SI N G O xytocin A ntidiuretic Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship

Arteries and Veins

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Compare and Contrast Arteries and Veins Name ___________________________ Date ___________________Pd_______ Compare and contrast the anatomy of arteries and veins. Use the diagrams below and other resources to help you. ?Science Island Similarities: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Differences:

Introduction to EKG

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Introduction to Electrocardiography Name _______________________________ Date _______________________Pd_______ EKG or ECG stands for electrocardiogram, a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. The test is performed by placing electrodes on the skin which can detect the heart?s electrical impulses. The electrocardiograph that is produced by the test can indicate a variety of heart function irregularities. Do some research to determine what is taking place in the heart to produce the following waves on an EKG tracing. P wave: QRS complex: T wave: Each line on the x-axis of the graph represents 0.04 seconds. The normal ranges for the PR Interval and QRS Interval are listed below. Determine if this EKG represents a normal test for these waves.

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology 1 Anatomy & Physiology Overview 2 The Human Body Each individual is unique, but the basic structure and function of the human body does not vary much from one person to the next. 3 3 Anatomy Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts as well as their relationship to one another. For example, to describe the anatomy of the stomach, you might discuss its size, shape, color and location. 4 The word ?anatomy? is from the Greek ?tomy? which means to cut and ?ana? which means apart. Gross anatomy is the study of dissected animals or organs. Microscopic anatomy refers to the study of structures too small to be seen without a microscope or other magnifying instrument. 4 Physiology

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