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Physiology

AP Bio Animal Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide

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Introduction to EKG

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Biology
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Cardiac electrophysiology
Physiology
Circulatory system
Medicine
Electrocardiography
QRS complex
PR interval
P wave
T wave
U wave
ST elevation
Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome

Introduction to Electrocardiography Name _______________________________ Date _______________________Pd_______ EKG or ECG stands for electrocardiogram, a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. The test is performed by placing electrodes on the skin which can detect the heart?s electrical impulses. The electrocardiograph that is produced by the test can indicate a variety of heart function irregularities. Do some research to determine what is taking place in the heart to produce the following waves on an EKG tracing. P wave: QRS complex: T wave: Each line on the x-axis of the graph represents 0.04 seconds. The normal ranges for the PR Interval and QRS Interval are listed below. Determine if this EKG represents a normal test for these waves.

Respiratory System

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Respiration
Respiratory physiology
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Muscles of the torso
Anatomy
Respiratory system
Exhalation
Medulla oblongata
Breathing
Lung
Inhalation

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SUMMARY Nitrogen 78% COMPOSITION OF AIR Oxygen 21% Argon 0.93% CO2 0.038% Others 0.008% INHALED & EXHALED AIR inhaled air nitrogen (78%) oxygen (20%) carbon dioxide (0.04%) Other gases exhaled air nitrogen (78%) oxygen (16%) carbon dioxide (4%) Other gases Exhaled air contains less O2, but much more CO2 Respiratory system Mechanical respiration Inhalation Exhalation Cellular respiration Glucose+O2?CO2+H2O+ATP(energy) Respiratory system Mechanical respiration Inhalation Exhalation Cellular respiration Glucose+O2?CO2+H2O+ATP(energy) MECHANICAL RES: INHALATION ? Also termed inspiration ? Diaphragm contracts and flattens. ? Internal intercostal muscles relaxes

Biology Lung

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Respiration
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Respiratory system
Lung
Exhalation
Inhalation
Thorax
Thoracic diaphragm
Breathing

THE ?LUNG ? MODEL ? OBJECTIVES ?? To create a lung model to show the effects of inhalation and exhalation and the effects of respiratory diseases on the function of lungs. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. ?Trachea ? 2. ?Lungs ? 3. ?Diaphragm ? RECAP ?I: ?INHALATION ? 1.?Diaphragm ? contracts ?and ? ?a?ns ? 2.?Rib ?cage ?moves ?up ? and ?out ? ? ?? Thoracic ?cavity ? enlarges ? ?? Lower ?pressure ? within ?the ?lungs ? ?? Air ?enters ?the ? lungs ? RECAP ?II: ?EXHALATION ? 1.?Diaphragm ?relaxes ? and ?moves ?up ? 2.?Rib ?cage ?moves ? ? down ?and ?in. ? ? ?? Rib ?cage ?presses ? on ?the ?lungs ? ?? Air ?is ?forced ?out ?

Gas Exchange

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Pulmonary alveolus
Breathing

Topic 6.5 Gas Exchange IB Objective Students will know that the lungs are actively ventilated to ensure that gas exchange can occur passively Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange and cell respiration Explain the need for a ventilation system I. All Living Things Respire Why living things must respire (breathe): 1. Cellular Respiration ? controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic processes in the cell C6H12O6 + O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP 2. Gas Exchange -- Exchange of gases (Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide) between an organism and it environments 3. Ventilation - process of "changing" or replacing gas (Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide) in a space (ex: lungs) II. Ventilation A. Single celled organisms can easily diffuse gas in and out of a cell

How circadian rhythms are associated with sleep deprivation.

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Sleep
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Circadian rhythm
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Gary Borden October 6, 2012 PY3150 Week 3 How circadian rhythms are associated with sleep deprivation.

homeostasis

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homeostasis

Homeostasis Maintaining internal balance whoaa! Mechanisms of homeostasis moderate changes in the internal environment Any homeostatic control system has 3 functional components: a receptor, a control center and an effector Regulators & Conformers regulators try to maintain the parameter at a constant level even with varying environmental variations. (ex: ectothermic animals? almost all other organisms?exhibit wide body temperature variation. (ex: endothermic mammals and birds maintain a constant body temperature) conformers allow the environment to determine the parameter. Negative feedback A change in an internal variable will stimulate a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation until the system goes back to its normal state Negative feedback Negative feedback

Biology Review (Chapters 1 - 4)

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Chapter 1 Common Characteristics of Life  composed of cells  highly organized  exchanges energy with the environment  responds to stimuli  reproduces itself  evolves over time  adapts to environment  maintains homeostasis 7 characteristics common to life 1. Cells and organization: organisms maintain an internal order – simplest is the cell 2. Energy use and metabolism: to maintain internal order, energy is needed. Energy is utilized in chemical reactions collectively known as metabolism 3. Response to environmental changes: organisms react to environmental changes to increase chances of survival 4. Regulation and homeostasis: organisms regulate cells and body to maintain homeostasis – relatively stable internal conditions
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