AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Biology

Forum reference: 
AP Biology
Book page: 
http://course-notes.org/Biology

Intercostal Muscles

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Respiration
Medical Subject Headings
Muscles of the torso
Medical classification
Torso
Respiratory physiology
Intercostal muscle
Exhalation
Muscles of respiration
Internal intercostal muscles
Lung
Inhalation

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES Inhalation and exhalation make up 1 breath Internal intercostal muscles External intercostal muscles Sternum Inhalation ? Also termed inspiration ? Diaphragm contracts and flattens. ? Internal intercostal muscles relaxes ? While the external intercostal muscles contract ? The rib cage moves up and out. ? Enlarging the thoracic cavity and decreases the air pressure within. ? Air from the surrounding enters the lungs Exhalation ? Also termed expiration ? Diaphragm relaxes and arch upwards. ? Internal intercostal muscles contracts ? While the external intercostal muscles relaxes ? The rib cage moves down and in. ? Air is forced out of the lungs Summary

Respiratory System

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Respiration
Respiratory physiology
Physiology
Biology
Muscles of the torso
Anatomy
Respiratory system
Exhalation
Medulla oblongata
Breathing
Lung
Inhalation

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SUMMARY Nitrogen 78% COMPOSITION OF AIR Oxygen 21% Argon 0.93% CO2 0.038% Others 0.008% INHALED & EXHALED AIR inhaled air nitrogen (78%) oxygen (20%) carbon dioxide (0.04%) Other gases exhaled air nitrogen (78%) oxygen (16%) carbon dioxide (4%) Other gases Exhaled air contains less O2, but much more CO2 Respiratory system Mechanical respiration Inhalation Exhalation Cellular respiration Glucose+O2?CO2+H2O+ATP(energy) Respiratory system Mechanical respiration Inhalation Exhalation Cellular respiration Glucose+O2?CO2+H2O+ATP(energy) MECHANICAL RES: INHALATION ? Also termed inspiration ? Diaphragm contracts and flattens. ? Internal intercostal muscles relaxes

Biology Fish Respiration

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Fish anatomy
Respiratory system
Fish
Zoology
Biology
Aquatic ecology
Animal anatomy
Gill
Gas exchange
Fish physiology
Branchial arch
Operculum

Respiration in Fishes Objective ? Understand how gaseous exchange takes place in fish ? To outline similarities and differences between gaseous exchange in fish and in mammals How do fishes obtain sufficient O2 effectively? ? Dissolved oxygen in the water is around 5 ml of oxygen per Liter of water ? For land animals there is approximately 40 times more oxygen available at 210 ml of oxygen per liter of air we breathe External Anatomy Structure: Gills ? Gills are covered by the operculum ? Consist of the gill arch and the gill filaments. ? Each gill arch contains a large number of gill filaments ? Gill filaments has thin walls and are richly supplied with blood capillaries. Gill ventilation

Biology Double Circulation

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular physiology
Angiology
Congenital heart defects
Atrium
Heart
Ventricle
Vein
Aorta
Artery
Systole
Foramen of Panizza

DOUBLE CIRCULATION IN MAMMALS OBJECTIVE ? Describe how the structure of the heart supports its function (blood pressure, force of contraction) ? Describe the flow of blood to and from the heart via the associated blood vessels CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM heart?arteries?arterioles ? ? veins?venules?capillaries HUMAN HEART ? 4 chambers(2 upper chamber, 2 lower chamber) ? Upper chambers are called atria ? Lower chambers are called ventricle ? Right side of the heart is separated from the left by a septum. ? This prevents the mixing of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood. HUMAN HEART RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART 1. Right atrium ? BLOOD LOW IN OXYGEN(HIGH IN CARBON DIOXIDE) FROM ALL PARTS OF THE BODY RETURNS TO THE ATRIUM

Biology Heart Dissection

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Circulatory system
Medicine
Anatomy
Cardiovascular physiology
Congenital heart defects
Atrium
Heart
Ventricle
Blood
Foramen of Panizza
Biolung

The heart ? Consist of 4 chambers ? Function : Pump oxygenated blood to all parts of the body and to remove waste such as carbon dioxide in the cells. External Anatomy External Anatomy L R Right Atrium External Anatomy L R Right Ventricl e External Anatomy L R Left Atrium External Anatomy L R Left Ventricle Internal Anatomy R L Right Atrium Internal Anatomy R L Right Ventricle Internal Anatomy R L Left Atrium Internal Anatomy R L Left Ventricle Direction of blood Deoxygenated blood from the body ? right atrium ? right ventricle The deoxygenated blood ?the lungs where gases exchange occurs. Carbon dioxide is removed and the blood is oxygenated. Oxygenated and nutrient

Biology Lung

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Respiration
Physiology
Zoology
Respiratory physiology
Biology
Respiratory system
Lung
Exhalation
Inhalation
Thorax
Thoracic diaphragm
Breathing

THE ?LUNG ? MODEL ? OBJECTIVES ?? To create a lung model to show the effects of inhalation and exhalation and the effects of respiratory diseases on the function of lungs. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. ?Trachea ? 2. ?Lungs ? 3. ?Diaphragm ? RECAP ?I: ?INHALATION ? 1.?Diaphragm ? contracts ?and ? ?a?ns ? 2.?Rib ?cage ?moves ?up ? and ?out ? ? ?? Thoracic ?cavity ? enlarges ? ?? Lower ?pressure ? within ?the ?lungs ? ?? Air ?enters ?the ? lungs ? RECAP ?II: ?EXHALATION ? 1.?Diaphragm ?relaxes ? and ?moves ?up ? 2.?Rib ?cage ?moves ? ? down ?and ?in. ? ? ?? Rib ?cage ?presses ? on ?the ?lungs ? ?? Air ?is ?forced ?out ?

Thyroidism notes Campbell biology 9th edition

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Endocrine system
Anatomy
Peptide hormones
Glands
Thyroid
Endocrinology
Hormone
Adrenal gland
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone
Insulin
Glucagon

? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Thyroid Gland ? Lies anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx ? Consists of two lobes connected by narrow isthmus ? Thyroid follicles ? Hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium ? Cells surround follicle cavity that contains viscous colloid ? Surrounded by network of capillaries that ? deliver nutrients and regulatory hormones ? accept secretory products and metabolic wastes Figure 18-10 ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Thyroid Gland: Thyroid hormones ? Thyroglobulin (Globular Protein) ? Synthesized by follicle cells ? Secreted into colloid of thyroid follicles ? Molecules contain the amino acid tyrosine ? Thyroxine (T4) ? ?pro-hormone? ? Also called tetraiodothyronine

Ap bio cell respiration4 ppt

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Cellular respiration
Biology
Biochemistry
Cell biology
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
Crista
Mitochondrion
Cytochrome c oxidase
Adenosine triphosphate
Intermembrane space

Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain Cellular respiration What?s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP ATP accounting so far? Glycolysis ? 2 ATP Kreb?s cycle ? 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second There?s got to be a better way! I need a lot more ATP! There is a better way! Electron Transport Chain series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane along cristae transport proteins & enzymes transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose! only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration) O2 That sounds more like it! Mitochondria Double membrane outer membrane inner membrane

Ap bio cell respiration3 ppt

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Cellular respiration
Biology
Biochemistry
Metabolism
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
Adenosine triphosphate
Acetyl-CoA
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Overview 10 reactions convert glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C) produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH consumes: 2 ATP net: 2 ATP & 2 NADH glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P DHAP P-C-C-C G3P C-C-C-P pyruvate C-C-C ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ADP 4 NAD+ 2 2 2Pi 2Pi 2H Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 pyruvate ? ? ? ? ? ? CO2 2x 6C 3C glucose ? ? ? ? ? pyruvate 3C 1C Cellular respiration Mitochondria ??Structure Double membrane energy harvesting organelle smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane cristae

Ap bio cell respiration2 ppt

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
SocialTags: 
Biochemistry
Biology
Chemistry
Cellular respiration
Metabolism
Exercise physiology
Organophosphates
Metabolic pathways
Glycolysis
Substrate-level phosphorylation
1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid
Ethanol fermentation

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis What?s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP Glycolysis Breaking down glucose ?glyco ? lysis? (splitting sugar) ancient pathway which harvests energy where energy transfer first evolved transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration but it?s inefficient generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose occurs in cytosol glucose ? ? ? ? ? pyruvate 2x 6C 3C In the cytosol? Why does that make evolutionary sense? That?s not enough ATP for me! Evolutionary perspective Prokaryotes first cells had no organelles Anaerobic atmosphere life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2

Pages

Subscribe to RSS - Biology

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!