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Psychology

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Biopsychology

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Introduction to Biopsychology Learning I Psychology 230 The University of Michigan Winter 2007 Scott P Baron, PhD, Instructor Learning Learning: Acquisition The process by which behavior is added to an organism?s repertory. The behavior may be a discriminated operant, a topographically complex operant, a conditional reflex relation or the performance controlled by a schedule, or, in other words, changes in performance caused by any change in contingencies. - Catania (Learning. 4th edition 1998) Memory Memory: Remembering

Psychology Notes

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Intro to Psychology 200.101 8/30/10 4 exams and a cumulative final read ch. 2 Personality x Environment = Behavior (nature) (nature) LEVELS -Genetic, Neurochemical, Brain Systems, Behavioral, Perceptual and Cognitive, Individual, Social and Cultural 9/1/10 Psychology as a Science: Theory Based *Theory Definition: -Theory vs. Phenomenon *Theory Development -Inductive: specific to general (e.g. attachment) -Deductive: general to specific (e.g., ego depletion) *Theory Evaluation: -Testable/Falsifiable -fits data -parsimony -generates research *Number One: Formula Theory - Steps in Research Formulate Hypothesis Design Study Collect the Data Analyze Data Disseminate the Results 9/3/10 1) Experimental - Manipulate (Independent Var.)

Psychology Notes

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Intro to Psychology 200.101 8/30/10 4 exams and a cumulative final read ch. 2 Personality x Environment = Behavior (nature) (nature) LEVELS -Genetic, Neurochemical, Brain Systems, Behavioral, Perceptual and Cognitive, Individual, Social and Cultural 9/1/10 Psychology as a Science: Theory Based *Theory Definition: -Theory vs. Phenomenon *Theory Development -Inductive: specific to general (e.g. attachment) -Deductive: general to specific (e.g., ego depletion) *Theory Evaluation: -Testable/Falsifiable -fits data -parsimony -generates research *Number One: Formula Theory - Steps in Research Formulate Hypothesis Design Study Collect the Data Analyze Data Disseminate the Results 9/3/10 1) Experimental - Manipulate (Independent Var.)

Research Methods

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4 GOALS OF SCIENCE Describe Predict Explain Control DISCIPLINES Metaphysical: untestable, subj. (religion) Formal: testable, subj. (music, art) Science: testable, obj. (natural vs social) HOW WE?VE AQUIRED INFO Tenacity (strong belief in superstition) Intuition (insight based on instinct) Authority Common sense (based on exp.) Subjective Empirical (systematic &objective measures/observations ASSUMPTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD Empiricism (experiences of senses) Determinism(behavior linked to cause) interaction b/t genetic & enviro. Parsimony (precise explanations) Testability (probability) Reductionism (reduce & rebuild) 8 STEPS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH Identify topic (subjective) Learn about topic Form a hypothesis Null=Ho Alternative=Ha one tail or two tail True False

D.G. Myers exploring psychology 6e7e terms and definitions

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TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Psychology- the scientific study of the behavior of living things 4 goals- describe, understand, predict and control theory ? general framework for scientific study; smaller aspects can be tested Charles Darwin ? theories led to comparative psychology, inspired early functionalists Wilhelm Wundt- ?father of psychology?, first scientific lab Introspection- the process of looking into yourself and describing what is there Structuralism- the first theoretical school in psychology, stated that all complex substances could be separated and analyzed into component elements Sigmund Freud- psychodynamic approach, emphasis on the unconscious William James- wrote ?Principles of Psychology?, a functionalist, coined the phrase ?stream of consciousness?

Psychology Notes Chapter 1 D.G. Myers

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Psychology notes The Scientific Attitude Scientific approach that is skeptical and open-minded To shift away from illusions to reality, one must use Smart thinking or critical thinking: thinking that does not blindly accept things, but approaches with skepticism and examines the evidence carefully; Ask how did they know, on guts and instinct? Are the evidence biased? However, must remember to have humility as too extreme would be stubbornness ? The Limits of Intuition and Common Sense Intuition often ends up nowhere Tend to use a lot hindsight bias: tendency to believe that one would have known it after the results are shown; Seems like common sense;? The answer was right there and look how obvious it was

Physiology and Behavior Study Guide

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Name: _______________________ October 16, 2009 Psychology Study Guide: Physiology and Behavior Brain Structure, The Neuron, and Neurotransmitters: Medulla Occipital Lobe Amygdala Neuron Pons Parietal Lobe Cerebrum Dendrites Spinal Cord Frontal Lobe Right Hemisphere Soma Cerebellum Temporal Lobe Left Hemisphere Axon Thalamus Broca?s Area Neurotransmitters Terminal Buttons Hypothalamus Wernicke?s Area Acetycholine Synapse Corpus Collosum Sensory Cortex Dopamine Hippocampus Motor Cortex Serotonin The Peripheral Nervous System and the Endocrine System Somatic Nervous System Thyroid Gland Testosterone Afferent Neurons Pineal Gland Estrogen Efferent Neurons Pituitary Gland

Technology

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1 CAT: x-ray images combined by a computer to create 3-D image of the brain. MRI: produces still images by using radio waves pulses to make a 2-D or 3-D map of tissues. fMRI: produces moving images (3-D) of brain structures. PET: a type of nuclear medicine, which studies the metabolism of a certain organs/tissues so that information can be evaluated an may detect biochemical changes. EEG: ?print out? of brain waves. EEG?s recognizes the patterns and voltage changes in the brain. Advantages of: CAT: able to viewed on a monitor MRI: clear detailed images fMRI: higher resolution, easier to carryout PET: localization. Real time images, etc. EEG: provides a better understanding of behaviors such as: sleep, emotions, and epilepsy Disadvantages of:

Effects of environment on behavior

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Discuss Two Effects of the Environment on Physiological Processes Physiological processes in the glands and nervous system play a pivotal role in behavior. These processes are in turn influenced by environmental stimuli. Environmental influences on physiological processes are most likely to be detrimental if the organism is over- or understimulated. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the effect of two extreme and divergent environmental influences on physiological processes. On the one hand the effect of environmental stressors on the nervous and endocrine systems, and on the other hand the effect of deprivation on neuroplasticity.

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