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metabolism

Water Cycle

Subject: 
Environmental Science
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Soil biology
Nitrogen metabolism
Biogeochemical cycle
metabolism
Biogeography
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen
Water cycle
Nitrification
Water vapor
Carbon Cycle
Denitrification

Water Cycle: The water cycle describes the existence and movement of water on, in, and above the Earth. Earth's water is always in movement and is always changing states, from liquid to vapor to ice and back again. The water cycle has been working for billions of years and all life on Earth depends on it continuing to work; the Earth would be a pretty stale place without it. The water cycle has no starting point. But once the water is evaporated from its source (seas, oceans, ponds, lakes, etc.), it is taken to the atmosphere by vapor current. When the vapor is in the atmosphere the water condenses into the cloud and it falls back to the earth in the form of cloud particles. This is known as precipitation. Nitrogen Cycle:

Cell bio chapter 9

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
cellular respiration
biochemistry
Chemistry
Glycolysis
Chemiosmosis
Citric acid cycle
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain
metabolism
Fermentation
Technology

Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems Metabolic pathways involved in harvesting the energy of glucose Glycolysis and cellular respiration Glycolysis and fermentation Concept 9.1 How do metabolic pathways yield energy? Redo reactions: chemical reactions that transfer electrons Oxidation: substance loses electrons Reduction: substance gains electrons Oxidation of organic molecules during cellular respiration Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide- electron carrier/acceptor NADH passes electrons to the electron transport chain when O2 is present Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria Stages of cellular respiration Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm Breaks down glucose with end product being pyruvic End process pyruvic goes to citric acid cycle

Cell Bio chapter 8

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Biology
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Chemistry
metabolism
Biology
Catalysis
Enzymes
Biomolecules
cellular respiration
Enzyme
Chemical reaction
Metabolic pathway
Non-competitive inhibition
ATP hydrolysis

Concept 8.1 What is energy? Potential energy = stored energy Chemical bonds Concentration gradients (can be used to do cellular work) Electrical potential Kinetic energy = movement energy Heat = molecular motion Mechanical = moving molecules past each other Electrical = moving charged particles Forms of energy Biker at top of hill potential Biker going down hill kinetic Why do cells need energy? Synthetic work = building macromolecules (e.g., making protein) mechanical work = moving molecules past each other e.g., muscle shortening concentration work = creating chemical gradients e.g. storing glucose electrical work = creating ion gradients e.g., unequal distribution of sodium and potassium ions Metabolic pathways Catabolic pathways ? release energy

Metabolism

Subject: 
Biology
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Chemistry
Biology
metabolism
Enzyme
Bioenergetics
Metabolic pathway
Endergonic
Chemical reaction
Exergonic reaction
energy
Catalysis
Cofactor

Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Overview: The Energy of Life the living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of chemical reactions occur energy is converted in many ways some organisms convert energy into light ? bioluminescence Concept 8.1: An organisms metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics metabolism is the totality of an organism?s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways an emergent property arising from the interaction of molecules Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

Campbell Biology Chapter 9 Outline

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Biology
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Biology
cellular respiration
biochemistry
Chemistry
Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Mitochondrial matrix
metabolism
Technology

Mica Piro Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration & Fermentation Catabolic Pathways Yield Energy by Oxidizing Organic Fuels (9.1) Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP Organic compounds possess potential energy as a result of the arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms Compounds that can participate in exergonic reactions can act as fuels Through enzyme activity, a cell systematically degrades complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy to simpler waste products that have less energy (some energy used to do work; the rest is released as heat) One catabolic process called fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen

Campbell Biology Chapter 8 Outline

Subject: 
Biology
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Chemistry
Biology
metabolism
cellular respiration
Catalysis
Exercise physiology
Enzymes
Bioenergetics
Enzyme
Chemical reaction
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP hydrolysis

Mica Piro Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism An organism?s Metabolism Transforms Matter and Energy, Subject to the Laws of Thermodynamics (8.1) The totality of an organism?s chemical reactions is called metabolism It is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme Metabolism as a whole manages the material and energy resources of the cell Some pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds?these degraditive processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways

AP BIO Chapter 08

Subject: 
Biology
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Chemistry
metabolism
State functions
Enzymes
Catalysis
Chemical kinetics
Enzyme
Chemical reaction
Endergonic reaction
energy
Entropy
Enzyme kinetics

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

AP BIO Chapter 05

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Chemistry
nutrition
Molecular biology
Nitrogen metabolism
Biomolecules
Genetics
Amino acid
Monomer
metabolism
Biomolecular structure
Hydrolysis

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5, the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers, and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure, because this is central to understanding subsequent chapters on metabolism, molecular biology, and molecular medicine. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Humans and mice differ because A) their cells have different small organic molecules. B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules.

AP BIO CHP 8 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e

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Biology
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Chemistry
metabolism
State functions
Enzymes
Catalysis
Chemical kinetics
Enzyme
Chemical reaction
Endergonic reaction
energy
Entropy
Enzyme kinetics
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Personal life
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Technology

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

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