Scientific Notation

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 1 Notes

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Chemistry

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measurement

Metrology

Numeral systems

Scottish inventions

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Significant Figures

Celsius

Temperature

International System of Units

Accuracy and precision

Scientific Notation

Gas constant

1 AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 1 Notes - Chemical Foundations 1.1 Chemistry: An Overview A. Reaction of hydrogen and oxygen 1. Two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules of water 2H2 + O2 ? 2H2O 2. Decomposition of water 2H2O ? 2H2 + O2 B. Problem Solving in Chemistry (and life) 1. Making observations 2. Making a prediction 3. Do experiments to test the prediction 1.2 The Scientific Method A. General Framework 1. Making observations a. Quantitative ( measurement) b. Qualitative (color, phase, shape, etc) 2. Making a prediction 3. Do experiments to test the prediction B. Vocabulary 1. Observation a. Something that is witnessed and can be recorded 2. Theory (Model)

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 3b

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Chemistry

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Mathematics

Numbers

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Arithmetic

Elementary arithmetic

measurement

Numeral systems

Computer arithmetic

Significant Figures

Scientific Notation

Floating point

pi

Measurements Reporting 1 how close a measurement or the average of several measurements is to the established or theoretical value accuracy Accuracy How close you are to the correct answer Small percent error ? 100% Percent Error O ? A A percent error = Your answer is 2351. The correct answer is 2048. What is your percent error? 2351 ? 2048 2048 ? 100 = 14.79% Sample Problem how close several measurements of the same event are to each other how reproducible the results are precision precise but not accurate 9.75 sec 9.74 sec 9.73 sec 9.75 sec Electronic Gate Timer Hand Timers Avg: 9.7425 9.0241sec accurate but not precise 9.51 sec 9.20 sec 8.52 sec 8.85 sec Electronic Gate Timer Hand Timers Avg: 9.0200 9.0241sec precise and accurate 9.02 sec 9.01 sec 9.03 sec 9.02 sec

Chapter 2 Outline

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Chemistry

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measurement

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Science

Accuracy and precision

Units of measurement

International System of Units

scientific method

Decibel

Scientific Notation

Arithmetic precision

Uncertainty

Significant Figures

Measurements and Calculations

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 2 Notes-Measurements and Calculations 2.1 The Scientific Method The process that researchers use to carry out their investigations is often called the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. 2.2 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurements are quantitative information. They represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. A quantity is not the same as a measurement. For example, the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement, while the volume is a quantity.

Chapter 2 Outline

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Chemistry

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measurement

Statistics

Science

Accuracy and precision

Units of measurement

International System of Units

Decibel

Scientific Notation

Arithmetic precision

Uncertainty

scientific method

Significant Figures

Measurements and Calculations

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 2 Notes-Measurements and Calculations 2.1 The Scientific Method The process that researchers use to carry out their investigations is often called the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. 2.2 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurements are quantitative information. They represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. A quantity is not the same as a measurement. For example, the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement, while the volume is a quantity.

AP Physics

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Physics

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Units of length

Metrology

Customary units in the United States

Arithmetic

Centimetre

Foot

Uncertainty

Conversion of units

Scientific Notation

1 centimetre

Litre

Presentation of chapter 1 Frank Chen Period 5 1.4 Conversion of Units In 1960, an international committee established a set of fundamental quantities of science which is called SI. There is also a set of U.S. customary units, theses are some examples of convert U.S. into SI: 1 mile = 1609 m = 1.609 km; 1 m = 39.37 in. = 3.281 ft; 1 ft = 0.3048m = 30.48 cm; 1 in = 0.0254m = 2.54 cm Conversion Factors The method to convert the different units into the required unit Ex. 13.0 in. = (15 in.)(2.54 cm/1in.) = 38.1 cm 1.5 Order of magnitude Order of Magnitude is an scientific method use symbol ?~?to estimate a magnitude round into one digit and expressed in scientific notation. Ex. 0.00054m ~ 10^-4m 3600m ~ 10^3m 4 1.6 Uncertainty in Measurements

Units, Scientific Notation, and Significant Figures (Terms & Definitions)

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Scientific Notation

Significant Figures

AP

Chemistry

Units

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Scientific Terms

Scientific Definitions

Terms and Definitions Accuracy - The extent to which an experimental result agrees with a known or correct value. British System - A system of units, rather arbitrarily based. It is the system of units primarily used by the United States. It is not the system of units used in science (see metric system). Conversion tables reside in the "Reference" pull-down menu at the top of most SparkNotes pages. Metric system - A standardized system of units based on 10. Generally, the measurement system used in science, and in everyday life through most of the world (but not in the United States, which uses the British system). Precision - The extent to which an experiment is reproducible.