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Significant Figures

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 1 Notes

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1 AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 1 Notes - Chemical Foundations 1.1 Chemistry: An Overview A. Reaction of hydrogen and oxygen 1. Two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules of water 2H2 + O2 ? 2H2O 2. Decomposition of water 2H2O ? 2H2 + O2 B. Problem Solving in Chemistry (and life) 1. Making observations 2. Making a prediction 3. Do experiments to test the prediction 1.2 The Scientific Method A. General Framework 1. Making observations a. Quantitative ( measurement) b. Qualitative (color, phase, shape, etc) 2. Making a prediction 3. Do experiments to test the prediction B. Vocabulary 1. Observation a. Something that is witnessed and can be recorded 2. Theory (Model)

bccalcclassact4cdifferentials

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Calculus
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Name: ____________________ Date: ____________________ AP Calculus BC Class Activity 4c: Differentials Given , use a tangent line through to approximate g (1.1) to three decimal places. Use calculus to approximate . The measurement of an edge of a cubic box is found to be 12 inches with a possible error of inch. Use differentials to find the greatest possible error in calculating the volume of the box. The radius of a spherical balloon is measured to be 6 inches. . The possible error in calculating the radius is 0.2 inches. Use differentials to find the greatest possible error in calculating the volume of the sphere. Find the largest possible value for the actual volume of the spherical balloon.

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 3b

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pi

Measurements Reporting 1 how close a measurement or the average of several measurements is to the established or theoretical value accuracy Accuracy How close you are to the correct answer Small percent error ? 100% Percent Error O ? A A percent error = Your answer is 2351. The correct answer is 2048. What is your percent error? 2351 ? 2048 2048 ? 100 = 14.79% Sample Problem how close several measurements of the same event are to each other how reproducible the results are precision precise but not accurate 9.75 sec 9.74 sec 9.73 sec 9.75 sec Electronic Gate Timer Hand Timers Avg: 9.7425 9.0241sec accurate but not precise 9.51 sec 9.20 sec 8.52 sec 8.85 sec Electronic Gate Timer Hand Timers Avg: 9.0200 9.0241sec precise and accurate 9.02 sec 9.01 sec 9.03 sec 9.02 sec

Chapter 1

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Significant Figures
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Trailing zero

Chapter 1.3 (Pages 8-10) SI system- International System of units. Based on/ Derived from metric system. Quantitative Observation- Measurement Consists of a number and a scale (unit) Mass- Measure of resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion Weight- Force gravity exerts on an object Chapter 1.4-1.5 (pages 11-18) Uncertainty- Estimated number in a measurement A measurement always has some degree of uncertainty Assumed to be +/- 1 unless otherwise indicated Precision- the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity (reproducibility) Accuracy- Agreement of a particular value with the true value Errors:

Chapter 2 Outline

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Decibel
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Significant Figures
Measurements and Calculations

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 2 Notes-Measurements and Calculations 2.1 The Scientific Method The process that researchers use to carry out their investigations is often called the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. 2.2 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurements are quantitative information. They represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. A quantity is not the same as a measurement. For example, the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement, while the volume is a quantity.

Chapter 2 Outline

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Significant Figures
Measurements and Calculations

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 2 Notes-Measurements and Calculations 2.1 The Scientific Method The process that researchers use to carry out their investigations is often called the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. 2.2 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurements are quantitative information. They represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. A quantity is not the same as a measurement. For example, the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement, while the volume is a quantity.

DBA

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DBA for Module 1: What is the definition of science. Science is The study of physical properties and the history of the natural world. What is the difference between precision and accuracy: precision is given by the ability of the instrument to get as close to the true value of the measurement as possible. some measuring instruments are more precise then others. In other words, an instrument that measures to the nearest 100th place is more precise than the one that measures to the nearest 10th place. Accuracy is how accurate your measurement is. How careful one is in reading the measurement correctly. How are significant figures used in calculations?

Chapter 1 notes 1.4-1.9

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Chemisty AP
unit conversions

Chem AP Chapter 1 Notes 1.4 ? UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT Certain digits: numbers that remain regardless of who makes the measurements. Uncertain digits: digits that must be estimated. *Measurements always have a value of uncertainty. *Measurements depend on the precision of the equipment being used. *Always record numbers using sig figs. 25 = between 24 and 16 25.00 = between 24.99 and 25.01 Accuracy: refers to the agreement of a particular value with the true value. Precision: refers to the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity. It reflects the reproducibility of a given type of measurement.

Significant figures

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Significant Figures

Noah Spiner 8/25/10 Chemistry p.2 Notes Rules for counting significant figures All non-zero digits are significant. Ex ? 12.83 (4) 16935 (5) Zeros between other significant figures are significant. Ex ? 12,038 (5) 169.04 (5) Zeros to the right of a decimal point and to the right of a number are significant. Ex ? 169.00 (5) A zero standing alone to the left of a decimal point is not significant. Ex ? 0.421 (3) Zeros to the right of the decimal and to the left of a number are not significant. Ex ? 0.000421(3)

Units, Scientific Notation, and Significant Figures (Terms & Definitions)

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Scientific Definitions
Terms and Definitions Accuracy - The extent to which an experimental result agrees with a known or correct value. British System - A system of units, rather arbitrarily based. It is the system of units primarily used by the United States. It is not the system of units used in science (see metric system). Conversion tables reside in the "Reference" pull-down menu at the top of most SparkNotes pages. Metric system - A standardized system of units based on 10. Generally, the measurement system used in science, and in everyday life through most of the world (but not in the United States, which uses the British system). Precision - The extent to which an experiment is reproducible.

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