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Chemistry notes on radioactivity and carbon dating/decay

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Chemical changes: breaking bonds between atoms + rearranging into new compounds. Nuclear Changes: changes in p&n within a nucleus, not between atoms. Half life= time it takes for ? of parent nuclides in radioactive sample to decay. Ex. Element has ? life of 5 seconds left in 1 minutes. So divide 60 sec by 5 sec. = 12. Nuclide: name given to nucleus of a specific isotope that is decaying. Ex. U-238 and U-239. Radiation. Chain rxn: nuclear rxn that becomes self propagating. Critical Mass: minimum amount of original mass undergoing fission to sustain a chain rxn. Nuclear Waste: low level- buried in barrels in the ground (lab wastes, industry) High level- stored in concrete bunkers in ground (spent fuel rods)

Reign of Terror/Napoleon Boneparte

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pp. 587-591 1. The Terror (1793-1794) a. National crisis and foreign threat → Revolution enters most radical phase b. Failed effort of king and queen to escape from Paris and find foreign allies costs them a loss of support i. Viewed as treasonous ii. March to similar to that which had marched on Versailles invaded his palace on August 10, 1792 iii. King seeks protection in Legislative Assembly which suspends him and orders his imprisonment 1. Called formation of National Convention to be elected by vote of all men c. Counterrevolutionary plots → Uproar of working class i. September mobs kill half of prisoners in a surge d. Louis Xvi, charged with treason by National Convention, is sentenced to death i. France declared republic ii. Guillotine ended king’s life in 1793

French Revolution

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French Revolution (1789-1815) 1. French Revolution vs. American Revolution (1775-1800) a. What was revolted against? i. American Revolution 1. Unfair taxes 2. Settling west of the Appalachian was prohibited. ii. French Revolution 1. Traditional monarchy 2. Power of the Church 3. Hereditary aristocracy b. Outcomes i. American Revolution 1. Created an enduring form or representative democracy ii. French Revolution 1. Expanded mass participation in political life 2. Radicalized the democratic tradition inherited from the English and American experiences but could not be sustained so Napoleon became dictator 3. Symbolic drama a. Beheading of French king Louis XVI (1793) 2. French Society a. First Estate, Clergy i. Numbered 130,000 in a nation of 28 million

French Revolution

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French Revolution (1789-1815) 1. French Revolution vs. American Revolution (1775-1800) a. What was revolted against? i. American Revolution 1. Unfair taxes 2. Settling west of the Appalachian was prohibited. ii. French Revolution 1. Traditional monarchy 2. Power of the Church 3. Hereditary aristocracy b. Outcomes i. American Revolution 1. Created an enduring form or representative democracy ii. French Revolution 1. Expanded mass participation in political life 2. Radicalized the democratic tradition inherited from the English and American experiences but could not be sustained so Napoleon became dictator 3. Symbolic drama a. Beheading of French king Louis XVI (1793) 2. French Society a. First Estate, Clergy i. Numbered 130,000 in a nation of 28 million

Separation of Components of a Mixture Lab

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Separation of the Components of a Mixture Dillan Patel, Joe Marciano, Jamie Henzes Pre Lab Questions Mixtures are not uniform in compositing and are characterized by two properties: each of the substances in the mixture retains its chemical integrity and mixtures are separable into these components by physical means. An impure substance is a mixture where one of the substances is preponderant and far exceeds the amounts of the other substances in the mixture. Sublimation is the process in which a solid passes directly to the gaseous state and back to the solid state without the appearance of a liquid state. In this lab we sublimed NH4CL by applying heat.

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