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Neuroanatomy

Unit 3 AP Psychology

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PHRENOLOGY -Invented by Franz Gall in the early 1800?s -A theory that claimed that bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits The Nervous System It starts with an individual nerve cell called a NEURON Neuroanatomy Synapse Synapse How does a Neuron fire? Resting Potential: slightly negative charge Reach the threshold when enough neurotransmitters reach dendrites Go into Action Potential All-or-none response Transfer of ions across axon?s membrane causes electrical charge Neural Communication Types of Neurotransmitters Serotonin Involved in mood, sleep and wakefulness, eating, & aggressive behaviors Lack of serotonin has been linked to depression, anxiety, insomnia, OCD Norepinephrine

Module 5 part 1

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Doreen Pang Mrs. Trainor AP Psychology 12 October 2016 Module 5-1: The Brain The Tools of Discovery Lesion (Tissue destruction) destroy EEG the electrodes on head Usually used for sleeping waves PET looks at radioactive glucose Looks at molecular cellular structure allows for us to detect disease early MRI magnetic fields and radio waves to look at soft tissue Brainstem Oldest structure Responsible for older structures Base is Medulla controls heartbeat and breathing damage=death Pons Above the medulla helps coordinate movement Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating System) Runs all the way down the brainstem think nylons controlling arousal damage=coma Thalamus on top of brainstem directs messages to the sensory areas (except smell) Cerebellum ?little brain?

Module 4 part 3

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Doreen Pang Mrs. Trainor AP Psychology 10 October 2016 Module 4-3: How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Chain Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body Can turn some energy --> action potentials Neural impulses Our brain only uses neural energy to communicate specialised cells that translate outer energy into neural impulse Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands. Sensory (Afferent) Nerve Carry info. from the sensory receptors to: spinal cord brain A network of cells that take thermal energy and translate into neural impulse Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord. Interneurons Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information. Related to sensory input and motor output.

Module 4 part 1

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Doreen Pang Mrs. Trainor AP Psychology 5 October 2016 Module 4-1: Neural and Hormonal Systems Neural Communication Body?s info sys. is built from billions of neurons Systems are composed of smaller subsystems Biophysical systems Smaller system in med sys. in large sys. Biological psychologists Branch of psychology concerned with the links btwn biology and behvaior. gaining better understanding of: Sleep and dreams depression and schizophrenia hunger and sex stress and disease Neurons Neurons building blocks of the nervous system Dendrite fibers on a neuron that receive info and conduct it toward the cell body Axon fibers that pass the message along to other neurons Dendrites speaks, Axons listen Motor neurons controls muscles neural system?s giant redwoods Myelin Sheath

Myers Psychology Chapter 2 Vocabulary (6th Edition)

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Biological Psychology – Focuses on links between biology and behavior. Neuron – A nerve cell Dendrite – Branching extension, receives messages Axon – Extension of a neuron, sends messages Myelin Sheath – Helps protect and insulate Action potential – A neural impulse, electrical charge that travels down the axon. Threshold – the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. Synapse – The junction between the axon tip (send) and the dendrite (receive) Neurotransmitters – Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. Acetylcholine – Triggers muscle contractions Endorphins – “Natural morphine”, Pain control and pleasure. Nervous system – Electrochemical communication system of the body

Neurotransmitters and The Parts of a Neuron

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Important Neurotransmitters: 1. Acetylcholine 2. Dopamine 3. Serotonin 4. Endorphins Parts of a Neuron: 1. Dendrites 2. Soma (cell body) 3. Axon 4. Myelin Sheath 5. Axon terminals 6. Synapse

Amygdala

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The amygdalae (pronounced /əˈmɪɡdəliː/; singular: amygdala; also corpus amygdaloideum) (Latin, from Greek αμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil', listed in the Gray's Anatomy as the nucleus amygdalæ)[1] are almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans.[2] Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.[3]

brain

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Brain Structures Brainstem The brain?s ?basement? Oldest & most inner part Where spinal cord enters brain Crossover point Comprised of: Thalamus (?switchboard?) Cerebellum (?little brain?) Medulla (breathing/heart rate) Pons (sleep) Limbic System ?Brain?s doughnut? Comprised of: Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus Memory & initial emotional responses to events Fear Anxiety Anger Cerebral Cortex Covering of interconnected neural cells that forms a thin surface layer on the brain. (Bark on a tree) Comprised of: Glial Cells 4 regions (lobes) Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Frontal Lobe Comprise of Motor cortex, which is responsible for: Speaking Muscle movement Planning Judgment Parietal Lobe Comprise of: Sensory cortex, which is responsible for:
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