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chapter 12

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I. Presidents and Prime Ministers 1. Only sixteen countries in the world have a directly elected president, out of the 60 or so countries that have democratic characteristics; the alternative to a president is a prime minister. i. In a parliamentary system, like in Europe, the legislature, not the people, chooses the leader (the prime minister), who in turn chooses the other ministers from parliament members. ii. The prime minister stays in power as long as his supporting party or coalition stays in power, and the voters vote for members of the parliament (usually by party), not for the leader.

a history of western society chapter 16

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Chapter 16: Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe (ca 1589-1715) Absolutism Absolute Monarchs In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries absolute monarchs claimed absolute sovereignty based in divine right. Nonetheless, at this time in history absolute monarchs generally were still bound by the law. Absolute monarchs strove to eliminate competing jurisdictions and institutions in their territories. They also secured the cooperation of the nobility. In contrast to medieval monarchs who negotiated taxation with nobles on a case-by-case basis, absolute monarchs set up bureaucracies that they controlled to collect taxes on a regular basis. Bureaucrats in the seventeenth century began to distinguish between their public duties and private property.
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