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Ap Biology Ch 25

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Biology
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Phylogenetics
Biology
Science
Genetics
Maximum parsimony
Cladistics
Phylogenetic tree
Systematics
Clade
Molecular evolution
Molecular phylogenetics
cladogram
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Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life This chapter describes how biologists trace phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species Biologists draw on the fossil record Which provides information about ancient organisms Figure 25.1 Biologists also use systematics As an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct Currently, systematists use Morphological, biochemical, and molecular comparisons to infer evolutionary relationships Figure 25.2 Concept 25.1: Phylogenies are based on common ancestries inferred from fossil, morphological, and molecular evidence The Fossil Record Sedimentary rocks Are the richest source of fossils

The Chemistry Of Life

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Biology
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Chemistry
Chemical bonding
Quantum chemistry
Chemical properties
Theoretical chemistry
Atomic physics
Chemical bond
Orbital hybridisation
Ionic bond
Valence electron
Covalent bond
ion
Technology
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Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Elements and Compounds An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride Essential Elements of Life Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantities LE 2-3 Nitrogen deficiency Iodine deficiency LE 2-4 Nucleus Electrons Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons) Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Atoms of the various elements differ in number of subatomic particles Atomic number Mass number Atomic mass Isotopes Atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons

AP Biology Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report 2

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Biology
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diffusion
Chemistry
Food and drink
Agar
Gels
Dialysis tubing
Osmosis
Celery
matter
health
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AP BIOLOGY Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Lily Gao Block 2 Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Lily Gao I. Introduction II. Materials and Methods Materials needed: Lab 1A: Celery stick soaked in water, celery stick soaked in saltwater, dry celery stick (not soaked in anything) Lab 1B: 3 Phenolphthalein agar cubes: 3x3x3 cm, 2x2x2 cm, and 1x1x1 cm, 1 plastic cup, ruler (6? metric system), white vinegar(100mL), and timer Lab 2A: balance, graduated cylinder, 5 disposable beakers (1000mL), 7 ft dialysis tubing (20 cm), 250 mL 1M sucrose solution, 250 mL 1M sodium chloride (Salt), 250 mL 1M glucose solution, 250 mL 5% albumin solution (protein), and 500 mL of distilled or tap water Lab 3A:

AP Biology Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report

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Biology
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Chemistry
Membrane technology
Sweeteners
nutrition
diffusion
Starch
Dialysis tubing
Sucrose
Osmosis
Tonicity
Dialysis
Plasmolysis
health
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AP BIOLOGY Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Lab #4 Amena Nausheenn Anum Raki Ravi Patel . Period 6/7 ? Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Lab #4 Ravi Patel Amena Naushin and Anum Raki Purpose:

Ch. 46 Notes*

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Biology
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Biology
reproduction
Genetics
fertility
reproductive system
Developmental biology
Pollination
Ploidy
Parthenogenesis
Meiosis
sex
Fertilisation
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Ch 46 Sexual Zygote ? fertilized egg Gamete- sex cell Egg Sperm Asexual Most animals do sexy only, but some do asex or both Mechanisms of Asex reproduction Invertebrates Fission-separation of a parent organisms into 2 individuals of equal size Sea anemone Budding- new individuals come from outgrowth of existing ones Corals Fragmentation and regeneration Sponges, cnidarians Parthenogenesis-asex where egg develops without being fertilized Bees, wasps, ants Haploid ? no meiosis occurred, no fertilization occurred, becomes adult that makes either egg or sperm. ? mainly male in honeybee and some ant populations Diploid- develop from fertilized eggs, becomes adult- worker ant or bees

Chapter 50 notes

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Biology
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Biology
Sensory receptors
Electrophysiology
Cellular neuroscience
Cell Signaling
Neurophysiology
Sensory neuron
Neuron
Somatosensory system
Action potential
Signal transduction
Axon
health
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Ch 50. Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 50.1 ? sensory receptors transduce stimuli energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system by changing membrane potential. Reflex= simplest response circuit Star nosed mole that tactile ( touch) sensors on nose. Sensory Pathways have 4 functions: Sensory reception, transduction, transmission, perception Sensory reception- detection of a stimulus by sensory cells. Specialized nerurons or epithelial cells Exitst signally or in organs like eyes and ears Sensory receptor- descres a sensory cell or organ and he subcellular structure that interacts directly with simuli Detect stimuli OUTside of body like heat, light, and pressure, and chemicals. Inside body include body position, blood pressure, etc

chapter 48-50 biology slides

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Biology
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Biology
neuroscience
nervous system
Neurophysiology
Neurobiology
Cellular neuroscience
Neuron
brain
Action potential
Axon
Sensory neuron
Chemical synapse
health
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Chapter 48 Nervous System LE 48-2a Nerve net Hydra (cnidarian) Radial nerve Nerve ring Sea star (echinoderm) LE 48-2b Eyespot Brain Nerve cord Transverse nerve Planarian (flatworm) Brain Ventral nerve cord Segmental ganglion Leech (annelid) LE 48-2c Insect (arthropod) Chiton (mollusc) Brain Ventral nerve cord Segmental ganglia Anterior nerve ring Longitudinal nerve cords Ganglia LE 48-2d Brain Ganglia Squid (mollusc) Brain Salamander (chordate) Spinal cord (dorsal nerve cord) Sensory ganglion The Mammalian Brain Human LE 48-3 Sensor Sensory input Motor output Integration Effector Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) LE 48-4 Quadriceps muscle Cell body of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglion Sensory neuron Spinal cord (cross section)
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