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Phylogenetics

phylogeny

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Biology
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Phylogenetics
Molecular clock
Systematics
Biology
Cladistics
Phylogenetic tree
Species
evolution
taxonomy
Taxon
Outline of evolution

Chapter 20 PHYLOGENY Introduction to Phylogeny Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species Discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of organisms Cladistics Cladistics classifies organisms by common descent A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestor and all its descendents Using Derived Characters Characters can be used to infer evolutionary relationships. Molecular Clocks Molecular clocks use mutation data in related genes from different species Number of nucleotide changes is assumed to be proportional to the time since last common ancestry ie. Few changes = little time passed; many changes = lots of time passed

Rawle Phylogeny III

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Biology
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Phylogenetics
Synapomorphy
Phylogenetic tree

This week?s Bio seminar Friday, Jan. 23, at 12:00 in DV2082 Sapna Sharma, York University A landscape perspective: The effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems 1 Lecture 6: Phylogeny III Differentiating ancestral and derived character states Constructing character tables Drawing phylogenetic trees One more misconception 2 Do you support or oppose the following government policies? 3 http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/01/17/over-80-percent-of-americans-support-mandatory-labels-on-foods-containing-dna/ It?s all relative Are feathers a derived or an ancestral character when you compare? songbirds with ducks birds with reptilian ancestors A. Derived B. Ancestral 4 These terms are relative We want to determine the

Rawle Phylogeny II

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Biology
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Phylogenetics
Evolutionary biology
Synapomorphy
Biology
Common descent
Symplesiomorphy
Species
Homology
cladogram
Cladistics

This week?s Bio seminar Friday, Jan. 23, at 12:00 in DV2082 Sapna Sharma, York University A landscape perspective: The effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems 1 Lecture 5: Phylogeny II Avoid common mistakes Define homologous and analogous characters Distinguish derived and ancestral characters 2 How did you make your decision? Who is more closely related to salamanders? A. Lungfish B. Humans 3 Trees are hypotheses 4 Jetz et al. 2012. Nature 491: 444-448 But how do we construct trees? 5 Similar species are likely related Taxa that are more similar are likely more closely related than less similar species Morphology DNA sequence Behaviour ? 6 Similarity due to shared ancestry produces homology 7

Rawle Phylogeny I

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Biology
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Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic tree
Prokaryote
Protist
Biology

This week?s Bio seminar DV2082, 12:00 Altaf Arain, McMaster University Global warming implications for forest ecosystems in North America.? 1 Next week in BIO153 Lecture 5: Phylogeny II Lecture 6: Phylogeny III Tutorial 3: Searching databases Readings: Ch 26 Lab 2: Prokaryotes and protists 2 Lecture 4: Phylogeny I Why trees? Why trees imply evolution Identify the parts of a tree Reading a tree correctly 3 We have an effective nomenclature 4 Trees are an effective way to think about descent from common ancestry 5 Lamarck Darwin ht tp s: // pa tri ce ay m e. file s. w or dp re ss .c om /2 01 4/ 11 /la m ar ck _t re e. jp g Think of a family tree 6 Trees can reflect taxonomy 7 We can identify parts of the tree 8

Big Ideas

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Biology
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Evolutionary biology
Biology
Philosophy of biology
evolution
Natural selection
Evidence of common descent
Phylogenetics
Species
Polymorphism
Genetic drift
Cladistics
Genetic variation

Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life Enduring Understanding 1.A- Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution Essential knowledge 1.A.1: Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, competition for limited resources results in differential survival. Individuals with more favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring thus passing traits to subsequent generation. (Fitness) Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. A diverse gene pool is important for the survival of a species in a changing environment.

Summary of Chapter 26

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Biology
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Biology
Phylogenetics
Genetics
Evolutionary biology
Molecular evolution
DNA
Homology
Molecular phylogenetics
evolution
Nucleic acid sequence
Phylogenetic tree
Species

Chapter 26 ? Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life Process of evolution ? the evolutionary mechanisms (from Unit 4) Pattern of Evolution ? observations of evolution?s products over time. (focus of this chapter) Phylogeny ? The evolutionary history of a species or group of species. Systematics - A discipline focues on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. Systematics uses data from fossils to molecules and genes to infer evolutionary relationships. (figure 26.2) 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships Taxonomy ? the scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified. A. Binomial Nomeclature (Instituted by Linnaeus) Binomial: The two part format of the scientific name

Ap Biology Ch 25

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Biology
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Phylogenetics
Biology
Science
Genetics
Maximum parsimony
Cladistics
Phylogenetic tree
Systematics
Clade
Molecular evolution
Molecular phylogenetics
cladogram
#AP Bio #CampbellBiology

Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life This chapter describes how biologists trace phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species Biologists draw on the fossil record Which provides information about ancient organisms Figure 25.1 Biologists also use systematics As an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct Currently, systematists use Morphological, biochemical, and molecular comparisons to infer evolutionary relationships Figure 25.2 Concept 25.1: Phylogenies are based on common ancestries inferred from fossil, morphological, and molecular evidence The Fossil Record Sedimentary rocks Are the richest source of fossils

Biology Study Guide

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Philosophy of biology
Phylogenetics
Evolutionary biology
DNA
Molecular evolution
Nucleic acid sequence
evolution
Homology
Mitochondrial DNA
Gene

Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 25: Phylogeny and Systematics Chapter Questions 1) Which combination of the following species characteristics would cause the greatest likelihood of fossilization in sedimentary rock? I. The species was abundant. II. The species was widespread. III. The species had hard body parts. IV. The species was adapted to desert life. V. The species had a long duration in geologic time. A) III only B) III and IV C) I, II, and III D) I, II, and V E) I, II, III, and V Answer: E Topic: Concept 25.1 Skill: Comprehension 2) The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of A) divergent evolution. B) convergent evolution. C) exaptation. D) adaptive radiation.

Campbell Biology 9th Ch. 26 Powerpoint

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Biology
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Scientific classification
Science
Evolutionary biology
Phylogenetics
Systematics
Biology
Lizard
Evolution
Tree of life
Education
Tags: 
Phylogenetics
Science
Biology
taxonomy
Cladistics
Systematics
Paraphyly
Homology
Monophyly
Molecular phylogenetics
Linnaean taxonomy
Clade
education
Campbell Biology

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life Legless lizards have evolved independently in several different groups ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 26.1 Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species The discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of organisms ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Binomial Nomenclature In the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances
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