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Species

phylogeny

Subject: 
Biology
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Phylogenetics
Molecular clock
Systematics
Biology
Cladistics
Phylogenetic tree
Species
evolution
taxonomy
Taxon
Outline of evolution

Chapter 20 PHYLOGENY Introduction to Phylogeny Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species Discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of organisms Cladistics Cladistics classifies organisms by common descent A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestor and all its descendents Using Derived Characters Characters can be used to infer evolutionary relationships. Molecular Clocks Molecular clocks use mutation data in related genes from different species Number of nucleotide changes is assumed to be proportional to the time since last common ancestry ie. Few changes = little time passed; many changes = lots of time passed

Rawle Phylogeny II

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Biology
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Phylogenetics
Evolutionary biology
Synapomorphy
Biology
Common descent
Symplesiomorphy
Species
Homology
cladogram
Cladistics

This week?s Bio seminar Friday, Jan. 23, at 12:00 in DV2082 Sapna Sharma, York University A landscape perspective: The effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems 1 Lecture 5: Phylogeny II Avoid common mistakes Define homologous and analogous characters Distinguish derived and ancestral characters 2 How did you make your decision? Who is more closely related to salamanders? A. Lungfish B. Humans 3 Trees are hypotheses 4 Jetz et al. 2012. Nature 491: 444-448 But how do we construct trees? 5 Similar species are likely related Taxa that are more similar are likely more closely related than less similar species Morphology DNA sequence Behaviour ? 6 Similarity due to shared ancestry produces homology 7

The Study of Life

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Biology
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Science
Biology
Knowledge
Evolutionary biology
Biologist
evolution
organism
experiment
Adaptation
Species
Microorganism
scientific method
health
Technology

Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Life I. What is Biology? A. The Science of Biology Biology: the study of life Organism: anything that possess all the characteristics of life B. Characteristics of Living Things All living things Have an orderly structure Produce offspring Grow and develop Adjust to changes in the environment 1. Living things are organized Organization: orderly structure; cells, tissues, organs, organ systems 2. Living things make more living things Reproduction: production of offspring Species: a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature 3. Living things change during their lives Growth: an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures

Ch 22: Descent with Modification

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Biology
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Biology
Evolutionary biology
evolution
On the Origin of Species
Natural selection
Species
Adaptation
Charles Darwin
heredity
Common descent
Artificial selection
organism
Environment

Ch 22: Descent with Modification Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (November 24, 1859) Origin of Species- focused biologists? attention on the great diversity of organisms a. Origins and relationships, similarities and differences, geographic distribution, adaptations to surrounding environments b. Presented evidence that the many species of organisms presently inhabiting Earth are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the modern species c. Proposed a mechanism for this evolutionary process Natural Selection Natural Selection- population can change over generations if individuals that possess certain heritable traits leave more offspring than other individuals

Big Ideas

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Biology
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Evolutionary biology
Biology
Philosophy of biology
evolution
Natural selection
Evidence of common descent
Phylogenetics
Species
Polymorphism
Genetic drift
Cladistics
Genetic variation

Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life Enduring Understanding 1.A- Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution Essential knowledge 1.A.1: Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, competition for limited resources results in differential survival. Individuals with more favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring thus passing traits to subsequent generation. (Fitness) Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. A diverse gene pool is important for the survival of a species in a changing environment.

AP bio summer hw ch 5 questions

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Biology
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Biology
Evolutionary biology
Reproductive isolation
evolution
Natural selection
Species
Hybrid
Isolating mechanisms
Hybrid inviability
Environment

AP Biology Summer Assignment Unit 5: Mechanisms of Evolution Ch. 22- This is the introductory chapter for the evolution unit. Look though the topics covered in this chapter and describe the ones that you think will be the most interesting to study. Explain your choices.

Summary of Chapter 26

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Phylogenetics
Genetics
Evolutionary biology
Molecular evolution
DNA
Homology
Molecular phylogenetics
evolution
Nucleic acid sequence
Phylogenetic tree
Species

Chapter 26 ? Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life Process of evolution ? the evolutionary mechanisms (from Unit 4) Pattern of Evolution ? observations of evolution?s products over time. (focus of this chapter) Phylogeny ? The evolutionary history of a species or group of species. Systematics - A discipline focues on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. Systematics uses data from fossils to molecules and genes to infer evolutionary relationships. (figure 26.2) 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships Taxonomy ? the scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified. A. Binomial Nomeclature (Instituted by Linnaeus) Binomial: The two part format of the scientific name

AP biology chapter 22 notes

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Evolutionary biology
Selection
evolution
On the Origin of Species
Natural selection
Species
Adaptation
Charles Darwin
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Vestigiality
heredity
Environment

August 2013 Chapter 22 Descent with Modification A Darwinian View of Life Darwin introduces a new theory Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection on November 24, 1859 It focused on the diversity of organisms Their origins and relationships Their similarities and differences Their geographic distribution Adaptation to surrounding environments Presented evidence that many species from earth are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the modern species Proposed a mechanism for this process, which name is Natural Selection Natural Selection is that a population can change over generations, leaving heritable traits to their breeds, this population can get a lot of changes that can eventually form to a new specie

Cycles of Life Teacher Guide 1st 6 episodes

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Evolutionary biology
evolution
Species
Natural selection
Paleontology
Fossil
Ecology
Multicellular organism
reproduction
Charles Darwin
organism

Cycles of Life: EXPLORING BIOLOGY Module 1: Biological Concepts Segment 1: The Unity and Diversity of Life Objectives: 1. List and describe major characteristics of living things that distinguish them from non-living matter. 2. Describe the general pattern of energy flow through the earth?s life forms, and explain how their interactions help cycle the earth?s resources. 3. Explain what is meant by the term unity, and identify possible causes of similarities between earth?s organisms. 4. Explain what is meant by the term diversity, and identify possible causes for the great diversity of life forms on earth. Video Synopsis: Beginning with the features that distinguish living matter from non-living matter, this segment provides

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