Ploidy

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Somatic cell

Gamete

Sex-determination system

Autosome

Surface Area to Volume Ratio and Karyotypes Surface Area= Area of each side of an object combined (Ex= Cube has 6 sides so the surface area would be the area of each side added all together) Volume= The amount of space that an object occupies, length x width x height Surface area to volume ratio can be described as the bigger something is or the more volume, the less surface area. On the other hand, the smaller something is or the less volume, then the more surface area.

Pearson Ch 13 - Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

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Developmental biology

Gamete

Sister chromatids

Ch 13: Meiosis and sexual life cycles Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosome Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction In asexual reproduction, a single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring, through the fusion of gametes, that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents Concept 13.2: Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycle Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells Human somatic cells (any cell other than a gamete) have 23 pairs of chromosomes The two chromosomes in each pair are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs

ap_bio_chap_10_meiosis.ppt

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Sister chromatids

Anaphase

0 10 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Variations on a Theme Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Figure 10.1 Concept 10.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents Inheritance of Genes Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs) Most DNA is packaged into chromosomes

Speciation

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Genetics

Philosophy of biology

Ecology

The last ice age produced many different species mainly because of vicariance events; the glaciers physically separated populations from each other. Sympatry: populations that live close enough to interbreed Gene flow prevents speciation in sympatric populations A mating between a tetraploid individual and a diploid individual produces: triploid individuals: which likely produce nonviable gametes with an uneven number of chromosomes All polyploid individuals contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes
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Genetics

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Environmental Science

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Anaphase

Metaphase

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

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Anaphase

Metaphase

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS

AP Biology Chapter 13 notes Campbell/Reece

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Developmental biology

Alternation of generations

Biological life cycle

Gametophyte

sex

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Variations on a Theme Heredity The transmission of traits from one generation to the next Genetics The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes A. Inheritance of Genes Genes Coded information in the form of hereditary units These genes are the reason we look like our parents in some ways. Functions of genes: program cells to synthesize specific enzymes and other proteins All these functions lead to the inherited traits that you can often see DNA The way the genes are programmed, the language. Almost all DNA is in chromosomes in the nucleus (except small amt in mito/chloro) Gametes These are the reproductive cells (i.e. sperm and eggs)

Campbell Biology Chapter 13 Summary

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Synapsis

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Lecture Outline Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind. heredity or inheritance. The transmission of traits from one generation to the next is called offspring differ somewhat from parents and siblings, demonstrating variation. Farmers have bred plants and animals for desired traits for thousands of years, but the mechanisms of heredity and variation eluded biologists until the development of genetics in the 20th century. Genetics the scientific study of heredity and variation. Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes Genes are segments of DNA.

Chapter 13 Meiosis Powerpoint

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Synapsis

Chapter 13 Meiosis One of the characteristics of life is that organisms reproduce their own kind Exceptions to this rule only show up as tabloid rumors Offspring generally resemble their parents in some form Heredity-transfer of traits from parent to offspring But there is variation We will look at how chromosomes pass from parent to offspring Parents give offspring coded information in units called genes It is our link to our parents The genetic program is written in the language of DNA-4 bases It is symbolic DNA programs the cell to translate the information Ex: when we read the word apple, we see the fruit Cells do the same thing except in the form of a code that might mean freckles, blue eyes, brown hair

AP Bio Reading Guide Answers CH 13

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Somatic cell