Health Mid-Term
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Natalia Guill P-4 Ms. Green Health 1/18/15 Health Mid Term
Psychiatry
Natalia Guill P-4 Ms. Green Health 1/18/15 Health Mid Term
Chapter 11: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition
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Developmental Psychology critical period: brain is set to acquire a function during a limited period of time e.g. language acquisition has a critical period sensitive period: progression will be impaired, but can be overcome critical periods of vulnerability - e.g. severe mental retardation will occur if a mother contracts measles while gestating in germinal period, 20% of pregnancies spontaneously abort in embryonic period, 33% of pregnancies spontaneously abort vulnerable to outside influence (i.e. birth defects can occur) teratogens: environmental agents which can harm the fetus fetal alcohol syndrome does not always occur malnutrition can have a strong effect on birth defects smoking is linked to miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths, sudden infant death syndrome
Chapter 1: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition
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History Branches of psychology: Psychoanalytic: unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders (Freud, Jung, Adler) Behavioural: observes stimulus-response relationships (Skinner, Pavlov, John B. Watson) Humanistic: humans are unique from animals; focus on personal growth (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow) Cognitive: acquisition, storage, and processing of information Biological: behaviour is determined by biochemical processes and bodily structures Evolutionary: behaviour patterns evolve to solve adaptive problems; natural selection Applied psychology: solving everyday, practical problems Clinical psychology: diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders Research areas of psychology:
Chapter 14 Outline Notes Psychology Weiten 7th Edition
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Grant Clay Period 3 11/22/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Red ? Definition Blue ? Important Points Green ? Important People & Contributions Medical Model ? Proposes to Think of Abnormal Behavior as a Disease. Thomas Szasz = Medical Model Critic, ?Minds can be ?sick? only in the sense that jokes are ?sick? or Economies are ?sick?.? Diagnosis ? Distinguishing 1 Illness from another. Etiology ? Apparent Causation and Developmental History of an Illness. Prognosis ? A Forecast about the Probable Course of an Illness. Criteria of Abnormal Behavior = Deviance, Maladaptive Behavior, & Personal Distress. Decisions upon if a Person is ?Normal? or ?Abnormal? is based off Social Norms of the Time.
Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia DSM-IV Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized Speech Catatonic behavior Negative symptoms Subtypes Paranoid Delusions and hallucinations Catatonic Disorganized Disorganized speech & disorganized behavior Flat or inappropriate affect Undifferentiated Residual ? no psychotic, but negative left Syndromes Positive Delusions & Hallucinations Type I syndrome (Crow) Acute course, good prognosis, response to neuroleptics Negative Avolition, anhedonia-asociality, flat affect Type II syndrome Chronic, irreversible, poor response, intellectual impairment Disorganized Inappropriate affect, thought disorder, bizarre behavior Course Premorbid Prodrome Post episode
Psychoactive Substance Use and Disorders
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Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders Definitions DSM diagnoses Abuse: continued use despite harmful consequences Dependence: specify whether physiological dependence present Problems with younger populations Problems detecting withdrawal symptoms Frequent polydrug use Developmental status decreases impairment Stages to drug dependence Experimentation Used occasionally Routine use Change their lives to involve using & getting Addiction or dependency Powerless to resist the substance Research on Adolescents Frequency and type of use Gateway drugs abstainers Risk factors Personality traits Family relationships Friends Transition-proneness Types of substances Depressants Alcohol: patterns, risk factors Opiates Stimulants Psychedelics Etiology Biological determinants
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
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Pervasive Developmental Disorders Phenomenology & Diagnosis DSM vs. Federal guidelines Federal Guidelines Individuals with Disabilities Act ? defines autism broadly ? specify verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction DSM-IV Autism, Asperger?s, Rett?s, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, PDD NOS DSM-IV Criteria: Total of 6 (or more) items from 1,2, and 3 Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of following Marked impairment in multiple nonverbal behavior Failure to develop peer relationships Lack of spontaneous sharing with others Lack of social or emotional reciprocity 2) Qualitative impairment in communication ? at least 1 of: Delay in or total lack of development of spoken language
Personality Disorders
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Personality Disorders Assessment Normal vs. Abnormal personality assessment Interviews vs. questionnaires Adult vs. adolescent/children Some specific instruments designed for younger populations Stability of specific diagnoses not clear (more with younger population) Article on stability indicated that trait constellations were stable but fluctuations in meeting criteria Possible that general personality disturbance more stable Classification Problems in classifying: Reliability and validity High degree of overlap Difficulty with distinctions with normal Sexism Classification Personality traits versus disorders FFM Neuroticism, extraversion agreeableness, consientiousness, openness Longitudinal relationship betwn traits & disorders ? article
Ethical and Legal Issues
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Ethical and Legal Issues Civil (Psychiatric) Commitment Involuntary placement in a psychiatric facility (2PC) Threat to oneself or others 72 hour window until hearing or due process ? convert to voluntary commitment Different than criminal commitment (not guilty by reason of insanity) (Over)Predicting Dangerousness Best predictor of future violence is past violence! Post-hoc problem ? hindsight is 20/20 General to specific Definition of dangerousness Low base-rate Unlikely to disclose direct threats of violence Difficulty predicting behavior in community based on behavior in hospital Violence and Severe Mental Illness Increased violence in severely mentally ill BUT the increased risk of violence in schizophrenia is small
Chapter 10: Eating Disorders
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Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat Disturbance in way in which body weight or shape is experienced, etc. Absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles Specify restricting type or binge/purging type Bulimia Nervosa Recurrent episodes of binge eating Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain Binge eating & compensatory behavior occur on average 2X/week for 3 months Self-evaluation unduly influenced by weight Doesn?t occur only during anorexia Specify: Purging type or Nonpurging type Etiology Biological factors Twin studies MZ (20-50%) DZ (>10%) Family studies Hypothalmus Modulates neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine
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