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Chem Ch. 8

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8.1 Functional Group Transformation by Nucleophilic Substitution Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides are related to elimination reactions in that the halogen acts as a leaving group on carbon and is lost as an anion. The carbon-halogen bond of the alkyl halide is broken heterolytically: the two electrons in that bond are lost with the leaving group. The most frequently encountered nucleophiles are anions, which are used as their lithium, sodium, or potassium salts. If we use M to represent lithium, sodium, or potassium, some representative nucleophilic reagents are Table 8.1 illustrates an application of each of these to a functional group transformation. The

Basic Kanji Book Pg 1

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Krugman AP Macroeconomics Module 19

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Module 19: Equilibrium in the Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply Model -The difference between short-run and long-run macroeconomic equilibrium -The causes and effects of demand shocks and supply shocks -How to determine if an economy is experiencing a recessionary gap or an inflationary gap and how to calculate the size of output gaps The AD?AS Model: the aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve are used together to analyze economic fluctuations Price shock: dramatic fall in short-run aggregate supply Short-Run Macroeconomic Equilibrium: when the quantity of aggregate output supplied is equal to the quantity demanded Short-run equilibrium aggregate output: the quantity of aggregate output produced in the short-run macroeconomic equilibrium

Krugman AP Macroeconomics Module 18

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Module 18: Aggregate Supply -How the aggregate supply curve illustrates the relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output supplied in the economy -What factors can shift the aggregate supply curve -Why the aggregate supply curve is different in the short run from in the long run ? Aggregate Supply Aggregate Supply Curve: relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output supplied in the economy The Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve: relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output supplied that exists in the short run Rise in the aggregate price level = rise in the quantity of aggregate output supplied

The Arts of the 20th Century

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The Arts of the 20th Century By Julia Scheffler and Steven Vacnin Abba Created in 1972 and quickly became a huge hit in Sweden with their breakout album and single Ring Ring which quickly spread to the U.S. where they also were a huge hit. Ever heard of Mamma Mia? Well that was abba too. Creators Benny Anderson and Bjorn Ulvaeus wrote all the music and both Anni-Frid Lynstad and Agnetha Faltskog sang and soon became the broadway show we all know and love Mamma Mia! http://www.thebiographychannel.co. uk/biographies/abba.html Billy Joel Billy Joel is a Long Island Native. He lived in Levittown. Billy Joels first hit single was "Piano Man" which was on the top 20 charts for weeks. Billy Joel also had many more hits like "Uptown

DBQ Middle Ages

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. (' Nrune_________________________________________ Date____________ DBQ 3: The Middle Ages: Dark Ages, Age of Faith, Age of Feudalism, or a Golden Age? Historical Context The Middle Ages in Europe, a period of time from approximately A.D. 500 to 1400, have been referred to by a variety of terms-the Age of Faith, the Dark Ages, the Age of Feudalism, and even a Golden Age. The medieval era began with the destruction of the Roman Empire and the disorder that followed, which led to the rise of feudalism. During this period of darkness, the Roman Catholic Church provided spiritual direc? tion as well as many nonreligious functions for the people of the times. Many literary, artistic, and architec? tural advances occurred .

Krugman AP Macroeconomics Chapter 15

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Chapter 15: The Measurement and Calculation of Inflation ? -How the inflation rate is measured -What a price index is and how it is calculated -The importance of the consumer price index and other price indexes ? Aggregate Price Level: a measure of the overall level of prices in the economy/single number to represent the overall level of prices Market Basket: a hypothetical set of consumer purchases of goods and services/Hypothetical Consumption bundle Consumption bundle: the typical basket of goods and services purchased before the price changes Price index: measure of the cost of purchasing a given market basket in a given year Base year: always results in a price index of 100 Price indexes are also the basis for measuring inflation

Krugman AP Macroeconomics Chapter 14

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Chapter 14: Inflation: An Overview ? -The economic costs of inflation -How inflation creates winners and losers -Why policy makers try to maintain a stable rate of inflation -The difference between real and nominal values of income, wages, and interest rates -The problems of deflation and disinflation ? Inflation: Most common complaint: an increase in the price level makes everyone poorer- does not make everyone poorer Real Wage: the wage rate divided by the price level Real income: income divided by the price level Inflation Rate: the percent change per year in a price index?typically the consumer price index the percent increase in the overall level of prices per year ? ? The level of prices doesn?t matter Reducing prices = Reducing income

Krugman AP Macroeconomics Chapter 13

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Chapter 13: The Causes and Categories of Unemployment ? -The three different types of unemployment and their causes -The factors that determine the natural rate of unemployment ? 1. Frictional Unemployment: unemployment due to the time workers spend in job search Somewhat inevitable- frictional unemployment doesn?t mean that there is a surplus of labor Constant process of job creation and job destruction New workers are always entering the labor market Limited amount is relatively harmless and may be a good thing Short duration of unemployment Job search: Workers who spend time looking for employment/ if all workers and all jobs were alike job search wouldn?t be necessary 2. Structural Unemployment:

Krugman AP Macroeconomics Chapter 12

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Chapter 12: The Meaning and Calculation of Unemployment ? -How unemployment is measured -How the unemployment rate is calculated -The significance of the unemployment rate for the economy -The relationship between the unemployment rate and economic growth ? Employed: people who currently hold a job in the economy, either full time or part time/ only if you have a job Unemployed: people who are actively looking for work but aren?t currently employed Limitations: Retired people Disabled Hasn?t actively searched for a Job in the last 4 weeks Discouraged workers Marginally attached workers Underemployed U.S. Census Bureau monthly survey called the Current Population Survey: interviewing a random sample of 60,000 American families

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