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Lysosome

Campbell's Biology 9 Edition Chapter 6 Outline

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Ch. 6 AP Bio Lecture Date Notes Questions 9/29 Multicellular organisms, many cell types, specialized tasks Single cell, singular task done for survival Body is like ecosystem 80% cells are microbes that live in gut Signaling is essential for multicellular organisms Big Brain Theory ? Mutations made so many times that the cells could send signals in so many different ways White Blood Cells stick to walls of Arteries Tumble of surface while red blood cells move as fluids. White Blood Cells Like Velcro Signals change that, proteins that make them less sticky so that they can move to areas where there is damage or stickiness when not being used. Done so that signals are efficiently received. Microtubules contribute to the cytoskeleton

Endomembrane System

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Endomembrane System This system controls the process of making proteins specified by the DNA in the nucleus and includes the organelles of the smooth ER, rough ER, and golgi apparatus. *Although ribosomes make proteins, it is not included in this system because it is not a membrane bound organelle and just composed of RNA and proteins.

Raven Biology Chapter 4 Notes

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Gavin Morgan 9/23/2015 Chapter 4 2-Point Notes Cell theory is the unifying foundation of cell biology: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the smallest living things, and arise only by division of a previously existing cell. Cell size is limited: 1. As the size of a cell increases, the length of time for diffusion from the outside membrane to the interior of the cell increases as well. 2. Some cells, such as skeletal muscle cells, have more than on nucleus, allowing genetic information to be spread around a large cell. Microscopes allow visualization of cells and components:

quiz 5

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Which of the following is NOT found as a part of all eukaryotic cells? a. cell wall b. plasma membrane c. ribosomes d. golgi apparatus e. mitochondria Which of the following cell types would have the largest amount of SER? a. liver cells b. intestinal cells c. adipose cells d. sperm e. pancreatic cells You are studying a mutant type of cells in which proteins are synthesized but not sorted and targeted to the proper destination. You hypothesize that this cell has defective: a. Nucleus. b. Lysosomes. c. SER. d. RER. e. Golgi apparatus.

Cell bio chapter 6

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Cells Use molecules to: Transform energy and matter Respond to the environment Reproduce themselves Lowest level that can perform all activities required for life Cell theory Cells are the fundamental units of life All organisms are composed of cells All cells are going to be derived from preexisting cells Are similar in chemical composition Concept 6.1 Microscopes and the Tools of Biochemistry are used to Study Cells Magnification: ratio of image size to real size Resolution: measure of clarity What is the minimum distance required to distinguish two points as separate Light microscopy View living cells Magnify 2000X Resolution: 200nm Electron microscopes View dead cells Magnify 2,000,000X Resolution 0.2 nm Scanning electron microscopy Surface of a specimen (3D)

The Endomembrane system

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The Endomembrane system Organelle recap? Ribosomes Ribosomes: a complex of ribosomal RNA (rRNA, synthesised in the nucleolus) and proteins Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in: The cystol/plasm (free ribosomes) On the outside of the rough endoplasmic reticulum Free ribosomes make proteins used within the cell e.g. enzymes Bound ribosomes make proteins which are often secreted e.g insulin made in pancreatic cells Endoplasmic reticulum Form Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope There are two distinct regions of ER: Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes Rough ER: ribosomes are bound to the outer membrane Functions: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The Cell

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Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions two types of cells make up all organisms?prokaryotic and eukaryotic only domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotes Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells bounded by a membrane?plasma membrane within the membrane is a semifluid. cytosol, in which organelles are found all contain chromosomes and ribosomes Prokaryotic Cells no nucleus; DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus, bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane is the cytoplasm

AP BIO CHP 6 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e

A Tour of the Cell

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Ch. 7 Tour of the Cell 2007-2008 Light Microscope - LM ? Uses visible light ? inexpensive ? live or dead objects ? Resolution: ? As magnification ?, resolution ?. ? ~1000X. ? Limitations: ? many cell structures too small Just magnified 64X Magnification & Resolution Light Microscope Variations ? Unstained ? Stained: ?Methylene blue ? iodine Light Microscope Variations ? Fluorescence: uses dyes to make parts of cells ?glow?. ? Phase-contrast: enhances contrasts in density. ? Confocal: uses lasers and special optics to focus only narrow slides of cells. Electron Microscopes ? Use beams of e- ? Invented in 1939 ? Advantages: ?Much higher mag. ? 50,000X ? Disadvantages: ? Vacuum.

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