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Nucleophilic acyl substitution

Organic Chemistry Lecture 20

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Functional groups
Carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic acyl substitution
Ester
Acid
Fischer–Speier esterification
Acyl chloride
Alcohol
Ketone
Carbonyl group

Chapter 20 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Carboxylic Acids Chapter 20 * Introduction The functional group of carboxylic acids consists of a C?O with ?OH bonded to the same carbon. Carboxyl group is usually written ?COOH. Aliphatic acids have an alkyl group bonded to ?COOH. Aromatic acids have an aryl group. Fatty acids are long-chain aliphatic acids. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * Common Names Many aliphatic acids have historical names. Positions of substituents on the chain are labeled with Greek letters starting at the carbon attached to the carboxylic carbon. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * IUPAC Names Remove the final -e from alkane name, add the ending -oic acid. The carbon of the carboxyl group is #1. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * Unsaturated Acids

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19b

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Functional groups
Substitution reactions
Markovnikov's rule
Nucleophilic substitution
Alkene
Electrophile
Haloalkane
Amine
Nucleophilic acyl substitution
Amide
Chapter 8 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Reactions of Alkenes Chapter 8 * Bonding in Alkenes Electrons in pi bond are loosely held. The double bond acts as a nucleophile attacking electrophilic species. Carbocations are intermediates in the reactions. These reactions are called electrophilic additions. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Electrophilic Addition Step 1: Pi electrons attack the electrophile. Step 2: Nucleophile attacks the carbocation. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Types of Additions Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Addition of HX to Alkenes Step 1 is the protonation of the double bond. The protonation step forms the most stable carbocation possible. In step 2, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation, forming an alkyl halide.
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