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Carbonyl group

Organic Chemistry Lecture 20

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Chapter 20 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Carboxylic Acids Chapter 20 * Introduction The functional group of carboxylic acids consists of a C?O with ?OH bonded to the same carbon. Carboxyl group is usually written ?COOH. Aliphatic acids have an alkyl group bonded to ?COOH. Aromatic acids have an aryl group. Fatty acids are long-chain aliphatic acids. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * Common Names Many aliphatic acids have historical names. Positions of substituents on the chain are labeled with Greek letters starting at the carbon attached to the carboxylic carbon. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * IUPAC Names Remove the final -e from alkane name, add the ending -oic acid. The carbon of the carboxyl group is #1. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * Unsaturated Acids

Organic Chemistry Lecture 18

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Chapter 18 ?2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Ketones and Aldehydes Chapter 18 * Carbonyl Compounds Chapter 18 Chapter 18 * Carbonyl Structure Carbon is sp2 hybridized. C?O bond is shorter, stronger, and more polar than C?C bond in alkenes. Chapter 18 Chapter 18 * Ketone Nomenclature Number the chain so that carbonyl carbon has the lowest number. Replace the alkane -e with -one. 3-methyl-2-butanone 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone C H 3 C O C H C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C O C H C H 3 C H 2 O H 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Chapter 18 Chapter 18 * Ketone Nomenclature (Continued) For cyclic ketones, the carbonyl carbon is assigned the number 1. 3-bromocyclohexanone O B r 1 3 Chapter 18 Chapter 18 * C H 3 C H 2 C H C H 3 C H 2 C H O Aldehydes Nomenclature

Organic Chemistry Lecture 12a

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Chapter 12 ?2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Chapter 12 * Introduction Spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the structure of a compound. Most techniques are nondestructive (it destroys little or no sample). Absorption spectroscopy measures the amount of light absorbed by the sample as a function of wavelength. Chapter 12 Chapter 12 * Types of Spectroscopy Infrared (IR) spectroscopy measures the bond vibration frequencies in a molecule and is used to determine the functional group. Mass spectrometry (MS) fragments the molecule and measures their mass. MS can give the molecular weight of the compound and functional groups.

Organic Chemistry Lecture 10

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Chapter 10 ?2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols Chapter 10 * Structure of Water and Methanol Oxygen is sp3 hybridized and tetrahedral. The H?O?H angle in water is 104.5?. The C?O?H angle in methyl alcohol is 108.9?. Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * Classification of Alcohols Primary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to one other carbon. Secondary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to two other carbons. Tertiary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to three other carbons. Aromatic (phenol): ?OH is bonded to a benzene ring. Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * Examples of Classifications C H 3 C C H 3 C H 3 O H * C H 3 C H O H C H 2 C H 3 * C H 3 C H C H 3 C H 2 O H * Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol Tertiary alcohol Chapter 10 Chapter 10 *
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