Haloalkane

Chapter 8 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Reactions of Alkenes Chapter 8 * Bonding in Alkenes Electrons in pi bond are loosely held. The double bond acts as a nucleophile attacking electrophilic species. Carbocations are intermediates in the reactions. These reactions are called electrophilic additions. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Electrophilic Addition Step 1: Pi electrons attack the electrophile. Step 2: Nucleophile attacks the carbocation. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Types of Additions Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Addition of HX to Alkenes Step 1 is the protonation of the double bond. The protonation step forms the most stable carbocation possible. In step 2, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation, forming an alkyl halide.

Chapter 9 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Alkynes Chapter 9 * Introduction Alkynes contain a triple bond. General formula is CnH2n-2. Two elements of unsaturation for each triple bond. Some reactions resemble the reactions of alkenes, like addition and oxidation. Some reactions are specific to alkynes. Chapter 9 Chapter 9 * Nomenclature: IUPAC Find the longest chain containing the triple bond. Change -ane ending to -yne. Number the chain, starting at the end closest to the triple bond. Give branches or other substituents a number to locate their position. Chapter 9 Chapter 9 * Examples of Nomenclature

Chapter 7 ?2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes Chapter 7 * Introduction Alkenes are hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds. Alkenes are also called olefins, meaning ?oil-forming gas?. The functional group of alkenes is the carbon-carbon double bond, which is reactive. Chapter 7 Chapter 7 * Sigma Bonds of Ethylene Chapter 7 Chapter 7 * Orbital Description Sigma bonds around the double-bonded carbon are sp2 hybridized. Angles are approximately 120? and the molecular geometry is trigonal planar. Unhybridized p orbitals with one electron will overlap forming the double bond (pi bond) . Chapter 7 Chapter 7 * Bond Lengths and Angles sp2 hybrid orbitals have more s character than the sp3 hybrid orbitals.