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AP Psychology Chapters 1 & 2. (Meyers') Flashcards

Every important aspect and psychologists along with terms from chapter 1 and 2 in the Meyers' AP Psychology Textbook.
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890538372	Edward Titchener	Founded Structuralism and studied under Wilhelm Wundt.	1
890538374	Max Wertheimer	Founded Gestaltism, which allows for the breakup of elements from the whole situation into what it really is.	2
890538376	Applied Research	Deals with solving practical problems and generally employs empirical methodologies, may be impossible to use a random sample.	3
890538378	B. F. Skinner	Mainly studied rats and pigeons, United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism. (1904-1990)	4
890538379	Sigmund Freud	Neurologist who originated psychoanalysis, which is a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders.	5
890538381	Humility	Being aware of our faults; openness to surprises and new ideas.	6
890538382	Curiosity; Skepticism; Humility	Three main components of the scientific attitude.	7
890538384	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical record of the relationship between two things; -1.0 to +1.0.	8
890538386	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables.	9
890538388	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.	10
890538390	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectation alone.	11
890538392	Dependent Variable	The factor that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent factor.	12
890538394	Independent Variable	The experimental factor being manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	13
890538395	Random Assignment	Assigning participants into experimental and control groups by chance	14
890538396	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.	15
890538397	Normal Curve	Bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; 68% within 1 Standard Deviation; 95% within 2 Standard Deviation.	16
890538398	Statistical Significance	How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.	17
890538399	Correlation	How well does A predict B; -1.0 to +1.0.	18
890538400	Control Group	Group that does not receive the treatment in an experiment.	19
890538401	Debriefing	The post-experimental explanation of a study from the participants.	20
890538402	Informed Consent	An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.	21
890538403	Culture	The lasting behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next.	22
890538404	Standard Deviation	The measurement of how much scores vary around the mean.	23
890538405	Mean	The average; arithmetic. The sum devided by number of values.	24
890538406	Median	The middle value.	25
890538407	Mode	Occurs the most often.	26
890538408	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest values.	27
890538409	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. (i.e. gender, age)	28
890538410	Experimental Group	The group that receives the treatment in an experiment.	29
890538411	Double-Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	30
890538412	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists.	31
890538413	G. Stanley Hall	American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the american psychological association.	32
890538414	Francis Bacon	English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. "Novum Organum". Inductive reasoning.	33
890538415	Educational Psychology	The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.	34
890538416	Human Factors Psychology	The study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments.	35
890538417	Industrial-Organizational Psychology	The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	36
890538418	Francis Galton	English scientist (cousin of Charles Darwin) who explored many fields: heredity, meteorology, statistics, psychology, anthropology.	37
890538419	Psychodynamic Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.	38
890538420	Counseling Psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.	39
890538421	Willhem Wundt	German, tried to time the atoms of the mind; established first psychology lab and used introspection.	40
890538422	John Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.	41
890538423	Empiricism	The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.	42
890538424	Nature vs. Nurture	The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.	43
890538425	Evolutionary Psychology	The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.	44
890538426	Experiemental Psychology	The study of behavior and thinking through experiments.	45
890538427	Phrenology	A now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties.	46
890538428	Functionalism	A psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment.	47
890538429	Behavioral Psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.	48
890538430	Piaget	Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children.	49
890538431	Structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	50
890538432	Personality Psychology	The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.	51
890538433	Clinical Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.	52
890538434	Adaptation (Evolving)	A behavior or trait that helps an organism adjust and function well within a changing environment; increases chances of survival.	53
890538435	Psychology	The study of behavior and brain processes.	54
890538436	Margaret Floy Washburn	American psychologist who studied animal behavior; first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology.	55
890538437	Basic Research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	56
890538438	Developmental Psychology	The branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children.	57
890538439	John B. Watson	United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology.	58
890538440	Cognitive Psychology	The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.	59
890538441	Humanistic Psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.	60
890538442	Behaviorism	An approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior.	61
890538443	William Jones	The most influential early Functionalist. Highly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory that all characteristics of a species serve some adaptive purpose.	62
890538444	Cognitive Neuroscience	The branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena.	63
890538445	Psychometrics	Any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements.	64
890538446	Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs.	65
890538447	Biopsychosocial Approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.	66
890538448	Levels of Analysis	The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.	67
890538449	Social-Cultural Psychology	The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.	68
890538450	Biological Psychology	Branch of psychology that studies the links between biological and psychological processes.	69
890538451	Social Psychology	The branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole.	70
890538452	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; but provide medical treatment along with therapy.	71
890538453	Natural Selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	72
890538454	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.	73
890538455	Critical Thinking	Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	74
890538456	Hypothesis	A testable prediction often implied by a theory.	75
890538457	Theory	An explanation woven into a set of principles to organize observations and predict behavior.	76
890538458	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.	77
890538459	Population	All the cases in a group being studied.	78
890538460	Random Sample	Fairly represents a population because each has an equal chance of inclusion.	79
890538461	Operational Definitions	A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.	80
890538462	Replicate	To repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the results of the original study or to add credibility.	81
890538463	Case Study	Studying one person in depth in hope of revealing universal principles.	82
890612141	False Consensus Effect	The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.	83

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American Pageant Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 11 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

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1624760520	Patronage	Making appointments in government offices, usually to gain an advantage	0
1624760521	Right of Deposit	The ability of the United States to store and sell goods in New Orleans	1
1624760522	Embargo Act of 1807	Forbade exports of ALL goods from the US. Hurt US economically.	2
1624760523	Impressment	British were seizing American merchant ships and forcing Americans to join the British military	3
1624760524	Pacifist	Those that were against going to war with Britain	4
1624760525	Chesapeake Affair	British attack on a US naval ship. Increased tensions between US and Britain	5
1624760526	Precedent	An example or tradition for other people to follow	6
1624760527	Macon's Bill #2	Passed in 1810, an agreement with Britain and France to end embargo if promised not to attack American ships	7
1624760528	Marbury v. Madison	Court case that established the principle of judicial review: Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional	8
1624760529	Non-Intercourse Act	Reopened trade to all countries of the world except Britain and France	9
1624760530	Louisiana Purchase	Bought from France for $15 million, doubled the size of the US	10
1624760531	Lewis and Clark	Explorers of the West, led expedition into Louisiana in 1803	11
1624760532	Midnight Judges	Appointments made by President Adams on his last day before he left office.	12
1624760533	John Marshall	4th Chief Justice of Supreme Court, expanded power of federal government, influential in Marbury v. Madison decision	13
1624760534	Judiciary Act of 1801	Federalist created new judgeships and other judicial offices; purpose was to pack judicial branch with Federalists	14
1624760535	Samuel Chase	First justice on Supreme Court to be impeached; not removed; was a Federalist	15
1624760536	War Hawks	Those that were in favor of going to war with Britain prior to the War of 1812. (HENRY CLAY!)	16
1624760537	Aaron Bur	Former Vice President, plotted a series of sectionalist schemes	17
1624760538	Barbary Pirates	North Africans who attacked American ships and tried to ransom American sailors	18
1624760539	Al Gallatin	Secretary of Treasury under Jefferson; disagreed with some of Hamilton's previous ideas, but kept many in place	19
1624760540	Henry Clay	Leader of the War Hawks who pushed for war in 1812, best politician America, and the world has ever seen.	20
1624760541	12th Amendment	Stated that Vice President is no longer runner up to President in an election	21

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cells Flashcards

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111601447	Photosynthesis	The chemical process where plants use the sun's energy to produce sugars (food).	0
111601448	Cell Membrane	a thin, phospholipid bilayer, membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell.	1
111601449	Eukaryote	A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.	2
111601450	Nucleolus	structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made.	3
111601451	Endoplasmic reticulum	a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.	4
111601452	Chloroplast	organelle found in some plant cells and certain unicellular organisms where photosynthesis takes place.	5
111601453	Selective permeability	a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out.	6
111601454	Passive Transport	The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy.	7
111601455	Autotroph	an organism that makes its own food.	8
111601456	Cellular Respiration	the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food.	9
111601457	Interphase	The stage of the cell cycle that takes place before cell division occurs; during this stage, the cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares to divide.	10
111601458	Anaphase	The stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle (third step).	11
111601459	Cell	The basic unit of structure and function in living things.	12
111601460	Nucleus	The organelle that contains the DNA and controls the processes of the cell.	13
111601461	Organelle	Membrane bound structure inside a cell that performs a specific function.	14
111601462	Microtubule	Thin, hollow cylinders made of protein that provide structural support for eukaryotic cells.	15
111601463	Golgi Appartus	Organelle that packages and distrubutes molecules produced by the eurokaryotic cell.	16
111601464	Mitochondrion	An organelle that is the main site of energy conversion through cellular respiration.	17
111601465	Osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.	18
111601466	Tissue	Group of similar cells that work together to do one job.	19
111601467	Heterotroph	Organism that obtains food by eating other organisms.	20
111601468	Anaerobic	Process that does not require oxygen.	21
111601469	Telophase	The final stage of mitosis or meiosis during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes.	22
111601470	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm during cell division.	23
111601471	Cell Theory	States that all organisms are made up of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells.	24
111601472	Cytoplasm	A jelly-like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.	25
111601473	Chromatin	Long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins.	26
111601474	Microfilament	Solid rod of protein, thinner than a microtubule, that enables a cell to move or change shape.	27
111601475	Lysosome	A cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.	28
111601476	Concentration	A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent.	29
111601477	Facilitated Diffusion	When substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules.	30
111601478	Organ	a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body.	31
111601479	Chlorophyll	green pigment in the ch that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis.	32
111601480	Aerobic	Process that requires oxygen.	33
111601481	Prophase	The first phase of mitosis. During prophase the replicated chromosomes condense, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vessicles.	34
111601482	Cell Wall	Strong outermost layer around the cell membrane of ONLY plants and some bacteria.	35
111601483	Prokaryote	A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	36
111601484	Chromosome	A coiled structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary material.	37
111601485	Ribosome	A tiny structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made.	38
111601486	Vacuole	A water-filled sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area.	39
111601487	Diffusion	Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.	40
111601488	Active Transport	The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.	41
111601489	Organ System	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	42
111601490	Stoma	Opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf.	43
111601491	Mitosis	The process of cell division in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei.	44
111601492	Metaphase	The stage of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell's equator.	45

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AP World History Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization Flashcards

AP World History flashcards for Chapter 7 for the Ablongman AP textbook- Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization

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1184366764	Hulegu	Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinnigs Khan, responsible for the capture and destruction of Baghdad	1
1184366765	Sati	Ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands	2
1184366766	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as a point of dissemination to other ports	3
1184366767	Shah-Nama	Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates Persia from creation to the Islam conquests	4
1184366768	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up Southeast Asia to Muslim conversion	5
1184366769	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid 10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	6
1184366770	Kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences of Hinduism and Islam	7
1184366771	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeat Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advancement	8
1184366772	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India, brought much of Indus Valley, Sind, and northwest India under his control	9
1184366773	al-Rashid, Harun	Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	10
1184366774	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	11
1184366775	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Lands from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	12
1184462107	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	[kUt bUd dEEn I bSk] Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India	13
1184462108	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	14
1184462109	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus Valley to be part of Umayyad Empire	15
1184462110	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following the death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world	16
1184462111	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among ShiOa to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	17
1184462112	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	18
1184462113	Ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	19
1184462114	Sufis	Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions	20
1184462115	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	21
1184462116	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasion of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	22
1184462117	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generation- strong, weak, and dissolute	23
1184462118	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their generation; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	24

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Palmer Chapter 3: Economic Renewal & Wars Of Religion Flashcards

Key terms and ideas in Chapter 3 of R.R. Palmers masterpiece of tedium.
Spains golden age, 3o years war, changing social structures

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44776699	asian commodities	Fabrics of silk and cotton, porcelains, fine steel, sugar, and above all, spices.	0
44776700	Prince Henry	Portuguese prince. called "the Navigator," established a school at Sagres as a center for geographers, cartographers, mathematicians, ship captains and pilots. He sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa and far enough into the Atlantic to discover the Azores and Canary Islands.	1
44776701	african commodities	gold, ivory and slaves	2
44776702	Bartolomeu Dias	in 1488 reached the Cape of Good Hope and proved a sea passage south of Africa did exist.]	3
44776703	Vasco De Gama	A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean	4
44776704	Albuquerque (person)	1st governor general of Portugal. Under him, developed trade stations at Goa, Aden, Ormuz, and on the African coast (first destroying the Arab-African cities that had been developed at such cities as Kilwa and Zanzibar).	5
44776705	north american commodities	dye woods, cacao, and tobacco.	6
44780492	Magellan	sailed southwest through the Straits of Magellan and began the first circumnavigation of the globe	7
44780493	Cabot and Cartier	(2) investigated the north, claiming vast new lands for England and France and opened a colonial race that helped cause two centuries of war.	8
44780494	the black legend	Created by protestants, a negative view of the new spanish empire	9
44780495	encomienda system	a European master as placed in charge of a section of land, and native tenants--keeping their own lands--paid rent and owed services.	10
44780496	mestizo	person of mixed European and Indian blood	11
44780497	creoles	Europeans born in the New World	12
44780498	peninsulares and gacophines	Europeans born and educated in the Old World	13
44780499	potosi mines	Spanish-owned silver mines in the Andes, produced incredible weath for Spain	14
44780500	changing social structures in the 16th century	As prices rose in the 16th century, the peasants who held land for set money prices were aided, and became the English yeomanry and their European counterparts. Also aided were the urban people who had invested in real property, and members of the aristocracy who received payments set "in kind" rather than in cash. Class lines tended to blur--as aristocrats moved to town, and well-to-do middle class bought country estates. But the more alike they were, the more important the badges of difference became--higher education and the symbolism of refined tastes.	15
44780501	The Poor Law of 1601	established workhouses in England, for the "irregular acting" poor to be distanced from the middle class	16
44785386	siglo de oro	Spain's golden age, 1550-1650	17
44785387	Phillip II	King of Spain 1556-1598 who inherited inherited Spain, Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Naples, New World. A zealous catholic, enemy of Elizabeth I, built Escorial,	18
44785388	Revolt of the Netherlands	Revolt against "foreigner" Philip. Political, economic, and religious. Began when Philip insisted on bringing Inquisition into Netherlands--mass revolt of fanatical Calvinists against "popery" and "idolatry". Philip sent the Duke of Alva, whose Council of Blood united the people under William of Orange. Result: anarchy and civil war, and a people united against Spain	19
44785389	Council Of Blood	Duke of Alva's wartime terrors against the Netherlands for Spain. He executed thousands; raised new taxes; confiscated the estates of key, important nobles (BIG mistake)	20
44790304	Mary Queen Of Scots	Possible heir to English throne, potential rallying point for English Catholics. Executed.	21
44790305	decline of Spain	Generations of war produced hidalgos contemptuous of work. Concentration on religion produced economic weakness. Expulsion of Moriscos cost Spain its most socially valuable citizens. Split between Castillian and Catalan regions is worsened. Manufacturing stagnated because of trade. Dependent on foreign wealth and exploitation.	22
44790306	calvinism in France	threatened both royal power and the idea of an established church. Monarchs began persecutions of French Huguenots in 1550s.	23
44790307	St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre	1572: Catherine tried to destroy Huguenot power, but instead began a terrible period of war with both sides hiring German mercenaries and the Catholic side aided by Spanish troops. Much of the Protestant southwest of France was devastated.	24
44790308	politiques	Moderates seeking reconciliation to save France from anarchy.	25
44790309	modern theory of sovereignty	created by Jean Bodin; "...in every society there must be one power strong enough to give law to all others, with their consent if possible, without their consent if necessary."	26
44790310	Henry IV	a Huguenot politique who got the french throne in1589 after the assassinations of King Henry III and Henry of Guise. Became a Catholic to satisfy the Catholic party, but gave Huguenots the Edict of Nantes.	27
44806413	Edict of Nantes	Protestantism was to be allowed among nobles or in towns (except episcopal centers of Paris). Protestants were given full civil rights and 100 fortified towns. Henry forced Catholic approval.	28
44806414	Cardinal Richelieu	Adviser to French monarchs. His goals were to make the king supreme in France, and France supreme in Europe	29
44806415	Richilieu's methods	Strengthen the economy through mercantilist measures; prohibit private warfare and dueling, thus weakening nobles; Suppress the Huguenot rebellion of LaRochelle, ended the Huguenot's right to fortified cities; Weaken the power of the Spanish Habsburgs.	30
44808401	the thirty years war	(l)German civil war, between Catholic v Protestant (2)German civil war over constitutional issues, emperor v. independents (3)International war of Bourbons v. Habsburgs, Spanish v. Dutch, etc. (4)Soldiers of fortune, fighting purely for their own gains	31
44808402	four phases of the war	bohemian, danish, swedish, swedish-french	32
44808403	bohemian phase	(1618-1625): The famed "Defenestration of Prague" was the origin; soon the German Protestant Union joined with the Czechs in a war against the HRE and Spain. Result: the Catholics won; Protestantism was stamped out in Bohemia and Spain controlled the Rhineland.	33
44808404	danish phase	(1625-1629): The Danish king reopened affairs, seeking to carve out a kingdom for his son, with financial help from the Dutch, English, and Richelieu. Albert of Wallenstein raised a personal army in the name of the emperor--and his mercenaries lived by pillaging everyone. The Danes were defeated, and Catholicism was on a roll.	34
44808405	swedish phase	(1629-1635): France and Sweden were alarmed, and Sweden's king Gustavus Adolphus, with French subsidies, created the most modern army of the age--disciplined and using muskets, pikes, and cannon. The Swedes defeated the divided Germans, but Gus was killed; soon after Wallenstein was assassinated; the HRE pulled back, easing Protestant fears.	35
44808406	swedish-french phase	(1635-1648): Richelieu now increased subsidies, and Spain attacked France directly. France retaliated by invading rebellious Catalonia. "In Germany the last...phase of the war was not so much a civil war among Germans as an international struggle on German soil."	36
44808407	the Peace of Westphalia	Ended the Thirty years War in 1648. Peace of Augsburg was renewed, with the addition of Calvinism to the formula. Independence of Holland and Switzerland from the HRE was recognized. France received rights in Alsace and Lorraine (which remained independent). Sweden was given control of the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers. Brandenburg and Bavaria were given increased territory. German states were sovereign, all 300 of them, with no hope of unification.	37

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AP US History: The American Pageant, Chapter 7: Notes Flashcards

Notes highlighted for test from The American Pageant: Chapter 7

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928364187	What change in colonial policy reinforced an emerging sense of American political identity and helped to precipitate the America Revolution?	The London government's inability to compel Americans to help pay some of the costs of the empire	1
928364188	In a broad sense when did the American Revolution begin?	When the first colonists set foot in the New World	2
928364189	Who did Republicans look to for models of a just society?	The Greeks and Romans	3
928364190	What was defined as a just society?	One where citizens would subordinate their private interests to the common good	4
928364191	What depended on the virtue of citizenry?	The stability of society and the authority of government	5
928364192	Which colony was the only one to be formally planted by the British government?	Georgia	6
928364193	What was Mercantilism?	An economic policy where wealth was measured by a country's amount of gold and silver	7
928364194	When was the first of the Navigation Laws enacted?	1650	8
928364195	What was the first Navigation Law directed towards?	The Dutch elbowing their way into American shipping	9
928364196	Who could void the colonial laws and how often was it used?	The Privy Council, sparingly(only 469 times out of 8,563 laws)	10
928364197	What was a prime example of salutary neglect?	The lack of enforcement of the Navigation Laws up until 1763 that resulted in widespread smuggling	11
928364198	Who was resented by the settlers for enforcing the Navigation Laws?	Prime Minister George Grenville	12
928364199	What was the importance of the Sugar Act?	It was the first law passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies	13
928364200	What was required by the Quartering Act?	Required certain colonies to provide food and quarter to British soldiers	14
928364201	What was the American battle cry?	"No taxation without representation"	15
928364202	Why did Americans deny Parliament the right to tax them?	Since no Americans where seated in Parliament	16
928364203	What representative policy did Grenville push and what does it mean?	Virtual Representation, that a Parliamentarian represents all British subjects	17
928364204	What was smuggled that required Britain to send troops to America?	Tea	18
928364205	What were the Committees of Correspondence?	A forerunner to the Continental Congress that spread propaganda via letters to keep the rebellious spirit alive in the colonies	19
928364206	Who first started the Committees of Correspondence?	Samuel Adams	20
928364207	What was the most drastic measure of the Repressive Acts	The Boston Port Act which closed the Boston Harbor	21
928364208	When and Where did the First Continental Congress meet?	In Philadelphia from September 5th to October 26th, 1774	22
928364209	What was the purpose of the First Continental Congress?	To discuss problems in response to the Intolerable Acts	23
928364210	What were the three major advantages that Britain had in war with America?	7.5 million people compared to America's 2 million, superior naval power, and great wealth	24
928364211	What major advantage did America have in war?	Great leaders like George Washington and smooth diplomats like Benjamin Franklin	25
928364212	How many Africa Americans enlisted in the American armed forces?	5,000	26
928364213	Which side did African Americans fight for in the American Revolution	Both	27

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APUSH Chapter 12- The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism Flashcards

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1546964613	Oliver Hazard Perry	an energetic American naval officer who built a fleet off of Lake Erie and captured a British fleet; reported to his superior, "We have met the enemy and they are ours"; his victory and slogan heightened morale	1
1546964614	Thomas Macdonough	a 30 year old American in charge of the American fleet in Lake Champlain that challenged the British; defeated the British on September 11, 1814 near Plattsburg, saving upper NY, New England, and the unity of the Union	2
1546964615	William Henry Harrison	led the army against Tecumseh in Tippecanoe; governor of the Indiana Territory	3
1546964616	Francis Scott Key	a detained American who watched the battle at Baltimore from a British ship and wrote the words to "The Star Spangled Banner"	4
1546964617	Andrew Jackson	crushed the Indians at Horseshoe Bend; placed in command at New Orleans of 7,000 sailors/regulars/pirates/Frenchmen/militia; astoundingly defeated the British at New Orleans, bringing honor back to America	5
1546964618	Washington Irving	attained international attention in the 1820s as a first writer of importance to use American scenes and themes; part of the fresh nationalistic spirit	6
1546964619	James Monroe	nominated for the Presidency in 1816 by the Republicans and won 183-34; straddled 2 generations, which was food; least intelligent of the first 8 Presidents but was experienced, levelheaded, and could interpret popular rumblings; his administrations were nicknamed the Era of Good Feelings; so popular that the Missouri Compromise didn't tarnish his reputation; re-elected in 1820 with all electoral votes except 1; issued the Monroe Doctrine	7
1546964620	James Fenimore Cooper	also attained international recognition as a first writer of importance to use American scenes and themes; part of the fresh surge of nationalism	8
1546964621	John Marshall	bolstered the power of the federal government in the McCulloch v. Maryland case; also defended federal power in Cohens v. VA and Gibbons v. Ogden; also bolstered judicial barriers against democratic attacks on property rights; Marshall's decisions are still felt today	9
1546964622	John C. Calhoun	S. Carolina's senator and advocate for states' rights, limited government, and nullification	10
1546964623	John Quincy Adams	served as Secretary of State under Monroe; 1819- drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty; Monroe Doctrine was mostly his work; headed the American negotiations at Ghent	11
1546964624	Daniel Webster	served many years in both Houses of Congress; would often expound his Federalistic and nationalistic philosophy before the Supreme Court; Marshall approvingly listened to him; opposed states' rights and nullification	12
1546964625	Henry Clay	helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent; played a leading role in the Missouri Compromise	13
1546964626	nationalism	love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it; resurged after the War of 1812	14
1546964627	peculiar institution	another term for slavery; the owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty	15
1546964628	protective tariff	a tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so that people will buy domestic goods	16
1546964629	sectionalism	loyalty to one's own region of the country rather than to the nation as a whole	17
1546964630	noncolonization	1823; a principle of the Monroe Doctrine; stated that the Americas should undergo no further colonization by European powers	18
1546964631	internal improvements	federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system	19
1546964632	nonintervention	the principle that eternal powers should not intervene in the domestic affairs of sovereign states; another principle of the Monroe Doctrine	20
1546964633	isolationism	a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs	21
1546964634	Ohio fever	the rush of people going West because of land, especially European immigrants	22
1546964635	Second Bank of the United States	John C. Calhoun introduced this to help the financial stability of the country by issuing national currency and regulating state banks	23
1546964636	McCulloch v. Maryland	the state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the U.S., claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional; using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden to tax the Bank	24
1546964637	American System	economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy	25
1546964638	Gibbons v. Ogden	NY tried to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between NY and NJ; Marshall ruled that the Constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states	26
1546964639	Bonus Bill of 1817	gives states $1.5 million for internal improvements; Madison immediately vetoed it	27
1546964640	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	turning point during the War of 1812 when General Andrew Jackson defeated 1,000 Red Sticks, killing 800	28
1546964641	Fletcher v. Peck	a Georgia legislature, swayed by bribery, granted $35 million acres in Mississippi to private speculators; the next legislature cancelled the crooked transactions but the Supreme Court decreed that the legislative errant was a contract (even though it was fraudulent) and the Constitution forbids state laws "impairing" contracts; protected property rights from popular pressures	29
1546964642	Virginia dynasty	"dynasty" comprised of four of the first five Presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe), all of whom were Virginian plantation owners	30
1546964643	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	college was granted a charter in 1769 by King George III but NH had tried to change it and Dartmouth appealed it; Marshall ruled that the charter must stand because the Constitution protects contracts	31
1546964644	Era of Good Feelings	a name given to President Monroe's 2 terms; a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion; since the Federalist party dissolved, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts	32
1546964645	Treaty of 1818	treaty between GB and America; allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years	33
1546964646	Panic of 1819	a natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand of goods after the war; generally blamed on the National Bank	34
1546964647	Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819	treaty in which Spain agreed to cede its claims to Oregon and give Florida to the Americans in exchange for Texas	35
1546964648	Tippecanoe	Harrison's victory over Tecumseh in Indiana (1811); became the slogan of his presidential bid in 1840	36
1546964649	Constitution	law determining the fundamental political principles of a government	37
1546964650	Battle of the Thames	Indians defeated by William Henry Harrison; Tecumseh was killed; Indian alliance starts to fall apart	38
1546964651	Land Act of 1820	authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash; also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money	39
1546964652	Monroe Doctrine	an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers	40
1546964653	Tallmadge Amendment	an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves; in the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South	41
1546964654	Russo-American Treaty of 1824	treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 40, the southern tip of Alaska	42
1546964655	Missouri Compromise	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the U.S. concerning the extension of slavery into new territories	43
1546964656	Treaty of Ghent	Dec. 24, 1814- ended the War of 1812 and resorted the stays quo; for the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner; also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border	44
1546964657	Battle of Plattsburgh	battle where Thomas Macdonough defeated the British in the North and secured the border of the U.S.	45
1546964658	Hartford Convention	meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse	46
1546964659	Battle of New Orleans	famous battle that occurred after the War of 1812 is finished; made Andrew Jackson a war hero- he was able to bring together the Americans and inspire them to fight	47
1546964660	"Blue light" Federalists	derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn GB of American blockade runners	48

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Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800 Flashcards

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981847187	America	________ experienced growing pains after the Constitution was launched in 1789. ______ was continuing to grow at an amazing rate, the population was doubling about every twenty-five years and the first official census of 1790 recorded almost 4 million people. _______'s population was still about 90 percent rural, despite the flourishing cities. All but 5 percent of the people lived east of the Appalachian Mountains. The Trans-Appalachian overflow was concentrated chiefly in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. People in these areas were particularly restive and dubiously loyal.	1
981847188	George Washington	_______ soon put his stamp on the new government, especially by establishing the cabinet. The Constitution does not mention a cabinet; it merely provides that the president "may require" written opinions of the heads of the executive-branch departments. But this system proved so cumbersome, and involved so much homework, that cabinet meetings gradually evolved in _______'s administration.	2
981847189	Cabinet	At first only three full-fledged department heads served under Washington in his _____: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War Henry Knox.	3
981847190	Ninth Amendment	To guard against the danger that enumerating the rights in the Bill of Rights might lead to the conclusion that they were the only ones protected, Madison inserted the ______. The _______ declares that specifying certain rights "shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."	4
981847191	Tenth Amendment	In a gesture of reassurance to the states' righters, Madison included the _______, which reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Federal Constitution "to the states respectively, or to the people." By preserving a strong central government while specifying protections for minority and individual liberties, Madison's amendments were more antifederalist.	5
981847192	Judiciary Act of 1789	The first Congress created effective federal courts under the ______. The ______ organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general.	6
981847193	Alexander Hamilton	The key figure in the new government was still the young Treasury Secretary ______, a native of the British West Indies. ______'s genius was unquestioned, but critics claimed _______ loved his adopted country more than he loved his countrymen. Doubts about ________'s character and his loyalty to the republican experiment always swirled about ______'s head. ______ regarded himself as a kind of prime minister in Washington's cabinet and on occasion thrust ______'s hands into the affairs of other departments, including that of his archrival, Thomas Jefferson, who served as secretary of state.	7
981847194	Alexander Hamilton	A financial wizard, ______ set out immediately to correct the economic vexations that had crippled the Articles of Confederation. _______'s plan was to shape the fiscal policies of the Administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. They, in turn, would gratefully lend the government monetary and political support. The new federal regime would thrive, the propertied classes would fatten, and prosperity would trickle down to the masses.	8
981847195	National Credit	Hamilton's first objective was to bolster the ______. Without public confidence in the government, Hamilton could not secure the funds with which to float his risky schemes. He therefore boldly urged congress to "fund" the entire national debt "at par" and to assume completely the debts incurred by the states during the recent war.	9
981847196	Funding at Par	"_______" meant that the Federal Government would pay off its debts at full value, plus accumulated interest -a then- enormous total of more than $54 million. So many people believed the infant Treasury incapable of meeting these obligations that government bonds had depreciated to ten or fifteen cents on the dollar. Yet speculators held fistfuls of them and when Congress passed Hamilton's measure in 1790, they grabbed for more. Some of them galloped into rural areas ahead of the news, buying for a song the depreciated paper holdings of farmers, war veterans, and widows.	10
981847197	Assumption	Hamilton made a convincing case for ______. The state debts could be regarded as a proper national obligation, for they had been incurred in the War for Independence.	11
981847198	Alexander Hamilton	______'s thinking was the belief that assumption would chain the states more tightly to the "federal chariot." Thus _______'s maneuver would shift the attachment of wealthy creditors from the states to the Federal Government. The support of the rich for the national administration was a crucial link in his political strategy of strengthening the central government.	12
981847199	Alexander Hamilton	States burdened with heavy debts, like Massachusetts, were delighted by ________'s proposal. States with small debts, like Virginia, were less charmed. The stage was set for some old-fashioned horse trading. Virginia did not want the state debts assumed, but it did want the forthcoming federal district -now the District of Columbia -to be located on the Potomac River. It would thus gain in commercial and prestige. ________ persuaded a reluctant Jefferson, who had recently come home from France, to line up enough votes in Congress for assumption. In return, Virginia would have the federal district on the Potomac. The bargain was carried through in 1790.	13
981847200	Tariff of 1789	The ______ was the first tariff law, imposing a tariff of about 8 percent on the value of dutiable imports, and was speedily passed by the First Congress in 1789, even before Hamilton was sworn in. Revenue was by far the main goal, but the _______ was also designed to erect a law protective wall around infant industries, which bawled noisily for more shelter than they received.	14
981847201	Whiskey	Hamilton, with characteristic vigor, sought additional internal revenue and in 1791 secured from Congress on excise tax on a few domestic items, notably ______. The new levy of seven cents a gallon was borne chiefly by the distillers who lived in the backcountry, where the wretched roads forced the former to reduce (and liquefy) bulky bushels of grain to horseback proportions. ______ flowed so freely on the frontier in the form of distilled liquor that it was used for money.	15
981847202	Bank of the United States	As the capstone for his financial system, Hamilton proposed a _______. An enthusiastic admirer of most things English, he took as his model the Bank of England. Specifically, he proposed a powerful private institution, of which the government would be the major stockholder and in which the Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus monies. The central government not only would have a convenient strongbox, but federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation. The _______ would also print urgently needed paper money and thus provide a sound and stable national currency, which was baldy needed.	16
981847203	Thomas Jefferson	______ argued vehemently against the bank. There was, ______ insisted, no specific authorization in the constitution for such a financial octopus. ______ was convinced that all powers not specifically granted to the central government were reserved to the states, as provided in the about-to-be-ratified Bill of Rights. _____ therefore concluded that the states, not Congress, had the power to charter banks.	17
981847204	Alexander Hamilton	The government was explicitly empowered to collect taxes and regulate trade. In carrying out these basic functions, _____ argued, a national bank would be not only "proper" but "necessary". By inference or implication -that is, by virtue of "implied powers" -Congress would be fully justified in establishing the Bank of the United States. In short, _____ contended for a "loose" or "broad" interpretation of the Constitution. ______ and his federalist followers thus evolved the theory of "loose construction" by invoking the "elastic clause" of the constitution -a presence for enormous federal powers.	18
981847205	Whiskey Rebellion	The ______, which flared up in southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794, sharply challenged the new national government. Hamilton's high excise tax bore harshly on homespun pioneer folk. They regarded it not as a tax on a frivolous luxury but as a burden on an economic necessity and a medium of exchange. Rye and corn crops distilled into alcohol were more cheaply transported to eastern markets than bales of grain.	19
983146241	George Washington	_______, once a revolutionary, was alarmed by what he called these "self-created societies." With the hearty encouragement of Hamilton, ________ summoned the militia of several states. Anxious moments followed the call, for there was much doubt as to whether men in other states would muster to crush a rebellion in a fellow state. Despite some opposition, an army of about thirteen thousand rallied to the colors, and two widely separated columns marched briskly forth.	20
983146242	Whiskey Rebellion	The ______ was minuscule -some three rebels were killed -but its consequences were mighty. George Washington's government, now substantially strengthened, commanded a new respect. Yet the foes of the administration condemned its brutal display of force -for having used a sledgehammer to crush a gnat.	21
983146243	Founding Fathers	The ______ had not envisioned the existence of permanent political parties. Organized opposition to the government -especially a democratic government based on popular consent- seemed tainted with disloyalty. Opposition to the government affronted the spirit of national unity that the glorious cause of the Revolution had inspired.	22
983146244	Political Parties	The notion of ______ were a novelty in the 1790s, and when Jefferson and Madison first organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian program, they confined their activities to Congress and did not anticipate creating _____ . But as their antagonism to Hamilton stiffened, and as the amazingly boisterous and widely read newspapers of the day spread their political message, and Hamilton's, among the people, primitive semblances of ______ began to emerge.	23
983146245	The French Revolution	In the early stages of the ______ the American people, loving liberty and despising despotism, cheered the ______ on. They were flattered to think that the outburst the ______ practiced was but the second chapter of their own glorious revolution, as to some extent it was. After things took a turn for the worse in 1793, however, opinion changed pretty quickly.	24
983146246	Thomas Jefferson	______'s sober-minded followers regretted the bloodshed of the French Revolution. But they felt, like him, that one could not expect to be carried from "despotism to liberty in a feather bed" and that a few thousand aristocratic heads were a cheap price to pay for human freedom.	25
983146247	Neutrality Proclamation of 1793	Washington boldly issued the ______, shortly after the outbreak of war between Britain and France. The ______ not only proclaimed the government's official neutrality in the widening conflict but sternly warned American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps.	26
983146248	Citizen Edmond Genet	An impetuous, thirty-year old representative of the French Republic, ______ had landed at Charleston, South Carolina. With unrestrained zeal _____ undertook to fit our privateers and otherwise take advantage of the existing Franco-American alliance. Washington eventually ordered for _____'s removal from the United States.	27
983146249	Jay's Treaty of 1794	Unhappily, America entered into negotiations for ______ with Britain with weak cards, which were further sabotaged by Hamilton. Not surprisingly, Jay won few concessions. The British did promise to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil -a pledge that inspired little confidence since it had been made before. In addition, Britain assented to pay damages for the recent seizures and impressments of about supplying arms to Indians. And they forced Jay to give ground by binding the United States to pay the debts still awed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts.	28
983146250	Jay's Treaty of 1794	When the Jeffersonian learned of Jay's concessions in ______, their rage was fearful to behold. ______ seemed like an abject surrender to Britain, as well as a betrayal of the Jeffersonian south. Southern planters would have to pay the major share of the pre-Revolutionary debts.	29
983146251	Pinckney's Treaty of 1795	Fearing that Jay's Treaty foreshadowed an Anglo-American alliance, Spain moved hastily to strike a deal with the United States. ______ was with Spain and granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded, included free navigation of the Mississippi and the largely disputed territory north of Florida.	30
983146252	General "Mad Anthony" Wayne	In 1794 a new army under _____ routed the Miami's at the Battle of Fallen Timbers where the British refused to shelter Indians fleeting from the battle. Abandoned when it counted by their red-coated friends, the Indians soon offered him the peace pipe.	31
983146253	Treaty of Greenville	In the _____, signed in August 1795, the Indian Confederacy gave up vast tracts of the Old Northwest, including most of present-day Indiana and Ohio. In exchange the Indians received a lump-sum payment of $20,000, an annual annuity of $9,000, the right to hunt the lands they had ceded, and, most important, what they hoped was recognition of their sovereign status. Although the ______ codified an unequal relationship, the Indians felt that the ______ put some limits on the ability of the United States to decide the fate of Indian peoples.	32
983146254	George Washington's Farewell Address	_____ warned the U.S. against having alliances with other nations. The U.S. was weak at the time and making alliances would bind the U.S. to go to war at the beck and call of another nation.	33
983146255	George Washington's Farewell Address	In 1796 _____ strongly advised the avoidance of "permanent alliances" like the still-vexatious Franco-American Treaty of 1778,	34
983146256	George Washington's Farewell Address	______ warned against Sectionalism, becoming tangled in other nation's affairs, forgetting the importance and authority of the constitution, and the need for a national budget.	35
983146257	John Adams	_____' two terms as Vice President were frustrating experiences for a man of his vigor, intellect, and vanity. _____ complained to his wife , "My country has in its wisdom, contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived of his imagination conceived."	36
983146258	Playing Politics	"_____" referred to the campaigns during the election of 1796. Unlike the previous elections, this one had heavy campaigning, mudslinging, and foreign backing and influence.	37
983146259	Jay's Treaty of 1794	The French were infuriated by the _____. They condemned it as the initial step toward an alliance with Britain, their perpetual foe. They further assailed the pact as a flagrant violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. French warships, in retaliation, began to seize defenseless American merchant vessels.	38
983146260	"Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute"	War hysteria swept through the United States, catching up even President Adams. The slogan of the hour became this. The Federalists were delighted at this unexpected turn of affairs, where as all except the most rabid Jeffersonians hung their heads in shame over the misbehavior of their French friends.	39
983146261	X, Y, and Z	Adam's envoys, reaching Paris in 1797, hoped to meet Tallegrand the crafty French foreign minister. They were secretly approached by three go-betweeners, later referred to as this in the published dispatches. The French spokesman, among other concessions demanded an unneutral loan of 23 million florins, plus what amounted to a bribe of $250,000, for the privilege of merely talking with Tallegrand.	40
983146262	Quasi War	An undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and the French Republic from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict was something also referred to as the "Undeclared War with France", the "Pirate Wars", and the "Half-War".	41
983146263	John Adams	He was able to avoid war with France after a great deal of haggling. A memorable treaty known as the Convention of 1800 was signed in Paris. France agreed to annul the twenty-two-year-old marriage of (in)convenience, but as a kind of alimony the United States agreed to pay the damage claims of American shippers. So ended the nation's only peacetime military alliance for a century and a half. It troubled history does much to explain the traditional antipathy of the American people to foreign entanglements.	42
983146264	Alien and Sedition Acts	The Federalist Congress wanted these in the hopes of discouraging the "dregs" of Europe by erecting a disheartening barrier. They raised the residence requirements for aliens who desired to become citizens from a tolerable five ears to an intolerable fourteen. This drastic new law violated the traditional American policy of open door hospitality and speedy assimilation.	43
983146265	Naturalization Act	This increased the amount of time necessary for immigrants to become naturalized citizens in the United States from five to fourteen years.	44
983146266	Alien and Sedition Acts	The strong steps that Adams took in response to the French foreign threat also included repression of domestic protest. A series of laws know collective as this were passed.	45
983146267	Sedition Act	This "lockjaw" act, the last measure of the Federalist clampdown, was a direct slap at tow priceless freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution by the Bill of Rights -freedom of speech and freedom of the press. This law provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment.	46
983146268	The Federalists	The Sedition Act seemed to be in direct conflict with the Constitution. But the Supreme Court, dominated by these, was of no mind to declare this federal law unconstitutional. They intentionally wrote the law to expire in 1801, so that it could not be used against them if they lost the election. This attempt by the them to crush free speech and silence the opposition part made many converts for the Jeffersonians.	47
983146269	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	These were a brilliant formulation of the extreme states' rights view regarding the Union -indeed more sweeping in their implications than their authors had intended. They were later used by southerners to support nullification -and untimely secession. Yet neither Jefferson nor Madison, as Founding Fathers of the Union, had any intention of breaking it up: they were groping for ways to preserve it.	48
983146270	Compact Theory	Both Jefferson and Madison stressed this -a theory popular among English political philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As applied to America by the Jeffersonians, this concept meant that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a "compact", or contract, regarding its jurisdiction.	49
983146271	"Nullification Theory"	The national government was the agent or creation of the states. Since water can rise no higher than its source, the individual states were the final judges of whether their agent had broken the "compact" by overstepping the authority originally granted. Invoking this logic, Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions concluded that the federal regime had exceeded its Constitutional powers and that with regard to the Alien and Sedition act, this -a refusal to accept them -was the "rightful remedy"	50
983146272	Federalists	These advocated a strong central government with the power to crush democratic excesses like Shays' Rebellion, protect the lives and estates of the wealthy, subordinate the sovereignty-loving states, and promote foreign trade. They believed that government should support private enterprise but not interfere with it. This attitude came naturally the merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along the Atlantic seaboard, who made up the majority of their support. Farther inland, few Hamiltonians dwelled.	51
983146273	Democratic-Republicans	Jeffersonian Republicans demanded a weak central regime. They believed that the best government was the one that governed least. The bulk of the power, Jefferson argued, should be retained by the states. There the people, in intimate contact with local affairs, could keep a more vigilant eye on their public servants. Otherwise a dictatorship might develop. Central authority -a kind of necessary evil -was to be kept at a minimum through a strict interpretation off the Constitution. The national debt, which he saw as a curse illegitimately bequeathed to later generations, was to be paid off.	52

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AP Psychology Chapters 1 & 2. (Meyers') Flashcards

Every important aspect and psychologists along with terms from chapter 1 and 2 in the Meyers' AP Psychology Textbook.

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1444236609	Edward Titchener	Founded Structuralism and studied under Wilhelm Wundt.	1
1444236610	Max Wertheimer	Founded Gestaltism, which allows for the breakup of elements from the whole situation into what it really is.	2
1444236611	Applied Research	Deals with solving practical problems and generally employs empirical methodologies, may be impossible to use a random sample.	3
1444236612	B. F. Skinner	Mainly studied rats and pigeons, United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism. (1904-1990)	4
1444236613	Sigmund Freud	Neurologist who originated psychoanalysis, which is a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders.	5
1444236614	Humility	Being aware of our faults; openness to surprises and new ideas.	6
1444236615	Curiosity; Skepticism; Humility	Three main components of the scientific attitude.	7
1444236616	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical record of the relationship between two things; -1.0 to +1.0.	8
1444236617	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables.	9
1444236618	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.	10
1444236619	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectation alone.	11
1444236620	Dependent Variable	The factor that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent factor.	12
1444236621	Independent Variable	The experimental factor being manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	13
1444236622	Random Assignment	Assigning participants into experimental and control groups by chance, eliminates alternative explanations.	14
1444236623	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.	15
1444236624	Normal Curve	Bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; 68% within 1 Standard Deviation; 95% within 2 Standard Deviation.	16
1444236625	Statistical Significance	How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.	17
1444236626	Correlation	How well does A predict B; -1.0 to +1.0.	18
1444236627	Control Group	Group that does not receive the treatment in an experiment.	19
1444236628	Debriefing	The post-experimental explanation of a study from the participants.	20
1444236629	Informed Consent	An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.	21
1444236630	Culture	The lasting behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next.	22
1444236631	Standard Deviation	The measurement of how much scores vary around the mean.	23
1444236632	Mean	The average; arithmetic. The sum devided by number of values.	24
1444236633	Median	The middle value.	25
1444236634	Mode	Occurs the most often.	26
1444236635	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest values.	27
1444236636	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. (i.e. gender, age)	28
1444236637	Experimental Group	The group that receives the treatment in an experiment.	29
1444236638	Double-Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	30
1444236639	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists.	31
1444236640	G. Stanley Hall	American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the american psychological association.	32
1444236641	Francis Bacon	English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. "Novum Organum". Inductive reasoning.	33
1444236642	Educational Psychology	The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.	34
1444236643	Human Factors Psychology	The study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments.	35
1444236644	Industrial-Organizational Psychology	The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	36
1444236645	Francis Galton	English scientist (cousin of Charles Darwin) who explored many fields: heredity, meteorology, statistics, psychology, anthropology.	37
1444236646	Psychodynamic Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.	38
1444236647	Counseling Psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.	39
1444236648	Willhem Wundt	German, tried to time the atoms of the mind; established first psychology lab and used introspection.	40
1444236649	John Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.	41
1444236650	Empiricism	The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.	42
1444236651	Nature vs. Nurture	The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.	43
1444236652	Evolutionary Psychology	The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.	44
1444236653	Experiemental Psychology	The study of behavior and thinking through experiments.	45
1444236654	Phrenology	A now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties.	46
1444236655	Functionalism	A psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment.	47
1444236656	Behavioral Psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.	48
1444236657	Piaget	Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children.	49
1444236658	Structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	50
1444236659	Personality Psychology	The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.	51
1444236660	Clinical Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.	52
1444236661	Adaptation (Evolving)	A behavior or trait that helps an organism adjust and function well within a changing environment; increases chances of survival.	53
1444236662	Psychology	The study of behavior and brain processes.	54
1444236663	Margaret Floy Washburn	American psychologist who studied animal behavior; first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology.	55
1444236664	Basic Research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	56
1444236665	Developmental Psychology	The branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children.	57
1444236666	John B. Watson	United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology.	58
1444236667	Cognitive Psychology	The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.	59
1444236668	Humanistic Psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.	60
1444236669	Behaviorism	An approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior.	61
1444236670	William Jones	The most influential early Functionalist. Highly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory that all characteristics of a species serve some adaptive purpose.	62
1444236671	Cognitive Neuroscience	The branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena.	63
1444236672	Psychometrics	Any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements.	64
1444236673	Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs.	65
1444236674	Biopsychosocial Approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.	66
1444236675	Levels of Analysis	The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.	67
1444236676	Social-Cultural Psychology	The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.	68
1444236677	Biological Psychology	Branch of psychology that studies the links between biological and psychological processes.	69
1444236678	Social Psychology	The branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole.	70
1444236679	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; but provide medical treatment along with therapy.	71
1444236680	Natural Selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	72
1444236681	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.	73
1444236682	Critical Thinking	Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	74
1444236683	Hypothesis	A testable prediction often implied by a theory.	75
1444236684	Theory	An explanation woven into a set of principles to organize observations and predict behavior.	76
1444236685	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.	77
1444236686	Population	All the cases in a group being studied.	78
1444236687	Random Sample	Fairly represents a population because each has an equal chance of inclusion.	79
1444236688	Operational Definitions	A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.	80
1444236689	Replicate	To repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the results of the original study or to add credibility.	81
1444236690	Case Study	Studying one person in depth in hope of revealing universal principles.	82

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AP Psychology Chapters 1 & 2. (Meyers') Flashcards

Every important aspect and psychologists along with terms from chapter 1 and 2 in the Meyers' AP Psychology Textbook.

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476672052	Edward Titchener	Founded Structuralism and studied under Wilhelm Wundt.	1
476672053	Max Wertheimer	Founded Gestaltism, which allows for the breakup of elements from the whole situation into what it really is.	2
476672054	Applied Research	Deals with solving practical problems and generally employs empirical methodologies, may be impossible to use a random sample.	3
476672055	B. F. Skinner	Mainly studied rats and pigeons, United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism. (1904-1990)	4
476672056	Sigmund Freud	Neurologist who originated psychoanalysis, which is a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders.	5
476672057	Humility	Being aware of our faults; openness to surprises and new ideas.	6
476672058	Curiosity; Skepticism; Humility	Three main components of the scientific attitude.	7
476672059	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical record of the relationship between two things; -1.0 to +1.0.	8
476672060	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables.	9
476672061	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.	10
476672062	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectation alone.	11
476672063	Dependent Variable	The factor that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent factor.	12
476672064	Independent Variable	The experimental factor being manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	13
476672065	Random Assignment	Assigning participants into experimental and control groups by chance, eliminates alternative explanations.	14
476672066	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.	15
476672067	Normal Curve	Bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; 68% within 1 Standard Deviation; 95% within 2 Standard Deviation.	16
476672068	Statistical Significance	How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.	17
476672070	Correlation	How well does A predict B; -1.0 to +1.0.	18
476672071	Control Group	Group that does not receive the treatment in an experiment.	19
476672072	Debriefing	The post-experimental explanation of a study from the participants.	20
476672073	Informed Consent	An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.	21
476672074	Culture	The lasting behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next.	22
476672075	Standard Deviation	The measurement of how much scores vary around the mean.	23
476672076	Mean	The average; arithmetic. The sum devided by number of values.	24
476672077	Median	The middle value.	25
476672078	Mode	Occurs the most often.	26
476672079	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest values.	27
476672081	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. (i.e. gender, age)	28
476672082	Experimental Group	The group that receives the treatment in an experiment.	29
476672083	Double-Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	30
476672084	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists.	31
476672085	G. Stanley Hall	American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the american psychological association.	32
476672086	Francis Bacon	English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. "Novum Organum". Inductive reasoning.	33
476672088	Educational Psychology	The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.	34
476672089	Human Factors Psychology	The study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments.	35
476672090	Industrial-Organizational Psychology	The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	36
476672091	Francis Galton	English scientist (cousin of Charles Darwin) who explored many fields: heredity, meteorology, statistics, psychology, anthropology.	37
476672092	Psychodynamic Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.	38
476672093	Counseling Psychology	A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.	39
476672094	Willhem Wundt	German, tried to time the atoms of the mind; established first psychology lab and used introspection.	40
476672095	John Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.	41
476672096	Empiricism	The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.	42
476672097	Nature vs. Nurture	The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.	43
476672098	Evolutionary Psychology	The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.	44
476672099	Experiemental Psychology	The study of behavior and thinking through experiments.	45
476672100	Phrenology	A now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties.	46
476672101	Functionalism	A psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment.	47
476672102	Behavioral Psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.	48
476672103	Piaget	Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children.	49
476672105	Structuralism	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	50
476672106	Personality Psychology	The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.	51
476672107	Clinical Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.	52
476672108	Adaptation (Evolving)	A behavior or trait that helps an organism adjust and function well within a changing environment; increases chances of survival.	53
476672109	Psychology	The study of behavior and brain processes.	54
476672110	Margaret Floy Washburn	American psychologist who studied animal behavior; first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology.	55
476672111	Basic Research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	56
476672112	Developmental Psychology	The branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children.	57
476672113	John B. Watson	United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology.	58
476672114	Cognitive Psychology	The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.	59
476672115	Humanistic Psychology	Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.	60
476672116	Behaviorism	An approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior.	61
476672117	William Jones	The most influential early Functionalist. Highly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory that all characteristics of a species serve some adaptive purpose.	62
476672118	Cognitive Neuroscience	The branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena.	63
476672119	Psychometrics	Any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements.	64
476672120	Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs.	65
476672121	Biopsychosocial Approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.	66
476672122	Levels of Analysis	The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.	67
476672123	Social-Cultural Psychology	The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.	68
476672124	Biological Psychology	Branch of psychology that studies the links between biological and psychological processes.	69
476672125	Social Psychology	The branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole.	70
476672126	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; but provide medical treatment along with therapy.	71
476672127	Natural Selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	72
476672128	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.	73
476672129	Critical Thinking	Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	74
476672130	Hypothesis	A testable prediction often implied by a theory.	75
476672131	Theory	An explanation woven into a set of principles to organize observations and predict behavior.	76
476672132	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.	77
476672133	Population	All the cases in a group being studied.	78
476672134	Random Sample	Fairly represents a population because each has an equal chance of inclusion.	79
476672135	Operational Definitions	A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.	80
476672136	Replicate	To repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the results of the original study or to add credibility.	81
476672137	Case Study	Studying one person in depth in hope of revealing universal principles.	82

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