| 1541718400 | Paxton Boys | Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans. | | 1 |
| 1541718401 | Regulator Movement | Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite. | | 2 |
| 1541718402 | Triangular Trade | Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade. | | 3 |
| 1541718403 | Molasses Act | 1737. Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It provide largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling. | | 4 |
| 1541718404 | Arminianism | Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election. | | 5 |
| 1541718405 | Great Awakening | 1730s and 1740s. Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second ?? arose in the nineteenth century. | | 6 |
| 1541718406 | Old Lights | Orthodox clergyman who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality. | | 7 |
| 1541718407 | New Lights | Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. | | 8 |
| 1541718408 | Poor Richard's Almanack | 1732-1758. Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense. | | 9 |
| 1541718409 | Zenger Trial | 1734-1735. New York libel case against a newspaper publisher. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. | | 10 |
| 1541718410 | Royal Colonies | Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic. | | 11 |
| 1541718411 | Proprietary Colonies | Colonies--Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware--under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors. | | 12 |
| 1541718412 | Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur | 1735-1813. French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity--an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures | | 13 |
| 1541718413 | Jacob Arminius | 1560-1609. Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect. | | 14 |
| 1541718414 | Jonathan Edwards | 1703-1758. New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening. This person emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God's grace alone. | | 15 |
| 1541718415 | George Whitefield | 1714-1770. Iterant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audience and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening. His emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "Old Light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice. | | 16 |
| 1541718416 | John Trumbull | 1756-1843. Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions. He was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence. | | 17 |
| 1541718417 | John Singleton Copley | 1738-1815. Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. A loyalist during the Revolutionary war, this man spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes form English history. | | 18 |
| 1541718418 | Phillis Wheatley | c.1753-1784. African-American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems. As a young girl, she lived in Boston, and was later taken to England where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work. | | 19 |
| 1541718419 | John Peter Zenger | 1697-1746. New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state's corrupt royal governor. His acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press. | | 20 |
| 1541718420 | Huguenots | French Protestant dissenters, that were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. after King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many of them fled elsewhere, including to British North America. | | 21 |
| 1541718421 | Edict of Nantes | 1598. Decree issued by the French crown graining limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America. | | 22 |
| 1541718422 | Coureurs de bois | Translated as "runners of the woods." they were French fur-trappers, also known as "voyageurs" (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners. | | 23 |
| 1541718423 | Voyageurs | Translated as "runners of the woods." they were French fur-trappers, also know as (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners. | | 24 |
| 1541718424 | King William's War | 1689-1697. War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian allies from 1698-1697. The colonial theater of the larger War of League of Augsburg in Europe. | | 25 |
| 1541718425 | Queen Anne's War | 1702-1713. Second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America, fought between the English and French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain. | | 26 |
| 1541718426 | War of Jenkins Ear | Began 1739. Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742 | | 27 |
| 1541718427 | King George's War | 1744-1748. North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government. | | 28 |
| 1541718428 | Acadians | French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became know as "Cajuns." | | 29 |
| 1541718429 | French & Indian War (7 Years War) | 1754-1763. Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe. | | 30 |
| 1541718430 | Albany Congress | 1754. Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French. | | 31 |
| 1541718431 | Regulars | Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts, During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experience regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen. | | 32 |
| 1541718432 | Battle of Quebec | 1759. Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of the French rule in North America. | | 33 |
| 1541718433 | Pontiac's Uprising | 1763. Bloody campaign waged by the Ottawa Chief to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion. | | 34 |
| 1541718434 | Proclamation of 1763 | Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians, Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies. | | 35 |
| 1541718435 | Louis XIV | 1638-1715. Long reigning French monarch who took a keen interest in colonization, sending French explorers through out North America, establishing outposts in present day Canada and Louisiana, and launching France to global preeminence. He oversaw the construction of the magnificent palace of Versailles, from where he ruled until his death. | | 36 |
| 1541718436 | Samuel de Champlain | 1567-1635. French soldier and explorer, dubbed the "Father of New France" for establishing the city of Quebec and fighting alongside the Huron Indians to repel the Iroquois. | | 37 |
| 1541718437 | Edward Braddock | 1695-1755. Hardheaded and imperious British general, whose detachment of British and colonial soldiers was routed by French and Indian forces at Fort Duquesne. | | 38 |
| 1541718438 | William Pitt | 1708-1778. British parliamentarian who rose to prominence during the French and Indian War as the brilliant tactician behind Britain's victory over France. | | 39 |
| 1541718439 | James Wolfe | 1727-1759. Young British commander who skillfully outmaneuvered French forces in the Battle of Quebec during the French and Indian War. | | 40 |
| 1541718440 | Pontiac | c. 1720-1769. Ottawa chief who led an uprising against the British in the wake of the French and Indian War. Initially routing British forces at Detroit, he and his men succumbed after British troops distributed smallpox infected blankets among the Indians. | | 41 |
| 1541718441 | Republicanism | Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth-century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchial rule. | | 42 |
| 1541718442 | Radical Whigs | Eighteenth-century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights. | | 43 |
| 1541718443 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political theory and military power to its bullion reserves. They generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase imports. | | 44 |
| 1541718444 | Sugar Act | 1764. Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests. | | 45 |
| 1541718445 | Quartering Act | 1765. Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights. | | 46 |
| 1541718446 | Stamp Tax | 1765. Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" which questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims. | | 47 |
| 1541718447 | Admiralty Courts | Used to try offenders for violating the various Navigation acts passed by the crown after the French and Indian War. Colonists argued that the courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused. | | 48 |
| 1541718448 | Stamp Act Congress | 1765. Assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity. | | 49 |
| 1541718449 | Nonimportation Agreements | Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies. | | 50 |
| 1541718450 | Sons of Liberty | Male patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements. | | 51 |
| 1541718451 | Daughters of Liberty | Female patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements. | | 52 |
| 1541718452 | Declaratory Act | 1766. Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies. | | 53 |
| 1541718453 | Townshend Act | 1767. External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies. | | 54 |
| 1541718454 | Boston Massacre | 1770. Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens. | | 55 |
| 1541718455 | Committees of Correspondence | Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets. | | 56 |
| 1541718456 | Boston Tea Party | 1773. Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly in the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions form the British Parliament. | | 57 |
| 1541718457 | Intolerable Acts | 1774. Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods. | | 58 |
| 1541718458 | Quebec Act | 1774. Allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of the Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party. | | 59 |
| 1541718459 | First Continental Congress | 1774. Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods. | | 60 |
| 1541718461 | The Association | Non-importation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress called for the complete boycott of British goods. | | 61 |
| 1541718463 | Battles of Lexington & Concord | April 1775. First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston, The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston. | | 62 |
| 1541718464 | Valley Forge | 1777-1778. Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army--a lack of stable supplies and munitions. | | 63 |
| 1541718466 | Camp followers | Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations. | | 64 |
| 1541718467 | John Hancock | 1737-1793. Boston smuggler and prominent leader of the colonial resistance, who served as president of the Second Continental Congress. In 1780, he became the first governor of Massachusetts, a post he held with only brief intermission until his death. | | 65 |
| 1541718468 | George Grenville | 1712-1770. British prime minister who fueled tensions between Britain and her North American colonies through his strict enforcement of navigation laws and his support for the Sugar and Stamp Acts. | | 66 |
| 1541718469 | Charles (Champagne Charley) Townshend | 1725-1767. British prime minister whose ill-conceived duties on the colonies, the Townshend Acts, sparked fierce protests in the colonies and escalated the imperial conflict. | | 67 |
| 1541718471 | Crispus Attucks | 1723-1770. Runaway slave and leader of the Boston protests that resulted in the "Boston Massacre," in which he was first to die. | | 68 |
| 1541718472 | George III | 1738-1820. British monarch during the run-up to the American Revolution, he contributed to the imperial crisis with his dogged in insistence on asserting Britain's power over her colonial possessions. | | 69 |
| 1541718474 | Lord North | 1732-1792. Tory prime minister and pliant aide to George III from 1770 to 1782. His ineffective leadership and dogged insistence on colonial subordination contributed to the American Revolution. | | 70 |
| 1541718476 | Samuel Adams | 1722-1803. Boston revolutionary who organized Massachusetts' committees of correspondence to help sustain opposition to British policies. A delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, he continued to play a key role throughout the revolutionary and early national periods, later serving as governor of his home state. | | 71 |
| 1541718478 | Thomas Hutchinson | 1711-1780. Royal governor of Massachusetts during the run-op to the Revolution, he misjudged colonial zeal during the Tea Act controversy and insisted the East India Company ships unload in Boston Harbor, thereby prompting the Boston Tea Party. | | 72 |
| 1541718480 | Marquis de Lafayette | 1757-1834. French nobleman who served as major general in the colonial army during the American Revolution and aided the newly-independent colonies in securing French support. | | 73 |
| 1541718481 | Baron von Steuben | 1730-1794. German-born inspector general of the Continental army, who helped train the novice colonial militia in the art of warfare. | | 74 |
| 1541718483 | Lord Dunmore | c.1730-1809. Royal governor of Virginia who, in 1775, promised freedom to runaway slaves who joined the British army. | | 75 |
| 1541718485 | Second Continental Congress | Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort. | | 76 |
| 1541718487 | Battle of Bunker Hill | June 1775. Fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, through at a heavy cost to the British. | | 77 |
| 1541718489 | Olive Branch Petition | July 1775. Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion. | | 78 |
| 1541718491 | Hessians | German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve of American colonies, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters. | | 79 |
| 1541718493 | Common Sense | Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution. | | 80 |
| 1541718495 | Declaration of Independence | July 4, 1776. Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. This pronouncement allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide. | | 81 |
| 1541718497 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | 1789. Adopted during the French Revolution. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence. | | 82 |
| 1541718499 | Loyalists | American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories." | | 83 |
| 1541718501 | Patriots | Colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as "Whigs." | | 84 |
| 1541718503 | Battle of Long Island | August 1776. Battle for control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war. | | 85 |
| 1541718505 | Battle of Trenton | December 1776. George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory at Princeton a week later. | | 86 |
| 1541718506 | Battle of Saratoga | October 1777. Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause. | | 87 |
| 1541718507 | Model Treaty | Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements. | | 88 |
| 1541718508 | Armed Neutrality | 1780. Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American Independence. | | 89 |
| 1541718509 | Treaty of Fort Stanwix | 1784. Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans. | | 90 |
| 1541718510 | Privateers | Privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War. These ships, more numerous than the tiny American Navy, inflicted heavy damages on British shippers. | | 91 |
| 1541718511 | Battle of Yorktown | October 1781. George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis here, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace. | | 92 |
| 1541718512 | Treaty of Paris | 1783. Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creators. | | 93 |
| 1541718513 | Ethan Allen | 1738-1789. Revolutionary war officer who, along with Benedict Arnold, fought British and Indian forces in frontier New York and Vermont. | | 94 |
| 1541718514 | Benedict Arnold | 1741-1801. Revolutionary war general turned traitor, who valiantly held off a British invasion of upstate New York at Lake Champlain, but later switched sides, plotting to sell out the Continental stronghold at West Point to the redcoats, His scheme was discovered and the disgraced general fled to British lines. | | 95 |
| 1541718515 | Richard Montgomery | 1738-1775. Irish-born British army veteran, who served as a general in the Continental army during the Revolution. He joined Benedict Arnold in a failed attempt to seize Quebec in 1775. | | 96 |
| 1541718516 | Thomas Paine | 1737-1809. British-born pamphleteer and author of Common Sense, a fiery tract that laid out the case for American independence. Later an ardent supporter of the French Revolution, he became increasingly radical in his views, publishing the anti-clerical The Age of Reason in 1794, which cost him the support of his American allies. | | 97 |
| 1541718517 | Abigail Adams | 1744-1818. The wife of President John Adams. She had her own opinions about the course of the American Revolution, and urged her husband to take the needs and rights of women into consideration in the construction of the new government. | | 98 |
| 1541718518 | Richard Henry Lee | 1733-1794. Virginia planter and revolutionary, who served as a member of the Continental Congress. He first introduced the motion asserting American's independence from Britain, later supplanted by Thomas Jefferson's more formal and rhetorically-moving declaration. He went on to become the Frist U.S. Senator from Virginia under the new constitution. | | 99 |
| 1541718519 | Lord Charles Cornwallis | 1738-1805. British general during the Revolutionary War who, having failed to crush Greene's forces in South Carolina, retreated to Virginia, where his defeat at Yorktown marked the beginning of the end for Britain's efforts to suppress the colonial rebellion. | | 100 |
| 1541718520 | William Howe | 1729-1814. British general who, despite victories on the battle field, failed to deal a crushing blow to Washington's Continental army. By attacking Philadelphia instead of reinforcing General Burgoyne at Saratoga, he also inadvertently contributed to that crucial American victory. | | 101 |
| 1541718521 | John Burgoyne | 1722-1792. British general who led an ill-fated invasion of upstate New York, suffering a crushing defeat by George Washington at Saratoga. | | 102 |
| 1541718522 | Ben Franklin | 1706-1790. American printer, inventor, statesman, and revolutionary. He first established himself in Philadelphia as a leading newspaper printer, inventor, and author of Poor Richard's almanac. He later became a leading revolutionary and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. During the Revolutionary War, he served as commissioner to France, securing the nation's support for the American cause. | | 103 |
| 1541718523 | Comte de Rochambeau | 1725-1807. General in command of French forces during the American Revolution, he fought alongside George Washington at Yorktown. | | 104 |
| 1541718524 | Nathanael Greene | 1742-1786. General in command of the Continental army in the Carolina campaign of 1781, the "Fighting Quaker" successfully cleared most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops despite loosing a string in minor battles. | | 105 |
| 1541718525 | Joseph Brant | 1743-1807. Mohawk chief and Anglican convert, who sided with the British during the Revolutionary war, believing that only a British victory could halt American westward expansion. | | 106 |
| 1541718526 | George Rogers Clark | 1752-1818. American frontiersman who captured a series of British forts along the Ohio River during the Revolutionary War. | | 107 |
| 1541718527 | Admiral de Grasse | 1722-1788. French admiral whose fleet blocked British reinforcements, allowing Washington and Rochambeau to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown. | | 108 |
| 1541718528 | Thomas Paine | Who wrote Age of Reason? | | 109 |
