| CourseNotes

This is about traits of the New England, Southern, and Middle Colonies in America. It also includes important events and dates in colonial times as well as key locations and vocabulary. In addition, it will have the locations of the 13 colonies.

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1298088683	Rocky soil, cold climate, long winters	NE (New England Colonies)	1
1298088684	Mild climate, fertile soil	M (Middle Colonies)	2
1298088685	Warm climate, very fertile soil	S (Southern Colonies)	3
1298088686	Shortest growing season	NE (New England Colonies)	4
1298088687	Longest growing season	S (Southern Colonies)	5
1298088688	Region with the most slaves	S (Southern Colonies)	6
1298088689	Region with the fewest slaves	NE (New England)	7
1298088690	Many plantations that required many slaves	S (Southern Colonies)	8
1298088691	Many small farms (so, slavery isn't important)	NE (New England)	9
1298088692	Traded mainly with England and the Caribbean	NE (New England)	10
1298088693	Traded mainly with only England	S (Southern Colonies)	11
1298088694	Traded with England and the other colonies	M (Middle Colonies)	12
1298088695	Puritans	NE (New England Colonies)	13
1298088696	Home of Roger Williams	NE (New England Colonies)	14
1298088697	"Bread basket" of colonies (exported/grew lots of wheat)	M (Middle Colonies)	15
1298088698	Town meetings were very important	NE (New England Colonies)	16
1298088699	Exported fish, fur, and rum	NE (New England Colonies)	17
1298088700	Successful nautical work/ shipbuilding	NE (New England Colonies)	18
1298088701	Lumber was important	NE (New England Colonies)	19
1298088702	Most religious tolerance	M (Middle Colonies)	20
1298088703	Agriculture was VERY important	S (Southern Colonies)	21
1298088704	Successful businesses and craftspeople	M (Middle Colonies)	22
1298088705	Many large cities, most diverse culture and customs, most cosmopolitan	M (Middle Colonies)	23
1298088706	Biggest colonies (in terms of geographical size)	S (Southern Colonies)	24
1298088707	Home of William Penn	M (Middle Colonies)	25
1298088708	Cash crops such as: tobacco, rice, and indigo	S (Southern Colonies)	26
1298088709	Lack of fresh water, starvation, uncomfortable heat, hostile natives, saltwater poisoning, inexperienced workers, death of leaders, threat of Spanish spies, sickness, and dangerous weapons	Problems that the Jamestown settlers faced	27
1298088710	New York	M (Middle Colonies)	28
1298088711	Pennsylvania	M (Middle Colonies)	29
1298088712	Delaware	M (Middle Colonies)	30
1298088713	New Jersey	M (Middle Colonies)	31
1298088714	Massachusetts	NE (New England Colonies)	32
1298088715	Connecticut	NE (New England Colonies)	33
1298088716	Rhode Island	NE (New England Colonies)	34
1298088717	New Hampshire	NE (New England Colonies)	35
1298088718	Virginia	S (Southern Colonies)	36
1298088719	Georgia	S (Southern Colonies)	37
1298088720	North Carolina	S (Southern Colonies)	38
1298088721	South Carolina	S (Southern Colonies)	39
1298088722	Maryland	S (Southern Colonies)	40
1298088723	Differences between the French and English colonies	French invested in fur, English colonized	41
1298088724	What were the four (4) main reasons for English colonists to come to the New World?	Political freedom, religious tolerance, economic opportunity, and land	42
1298088725	A group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation	Colony	43
1298088726	A group of strict, religious people who lived in the New England Colonies and strove to be the "perfect society"	Puritans	44
1298088727	Crops that are grown to be sold	Cash crops	45
1298088728	A group of colonists who settled at Plymouth	Pilgrims	46
1298088729	Farming for economic purposes	Agriculture	47
1298088730	Large farms that typically grew cash crops	Plantations	48
1298088731	Someone who gives years in service in exchange for passage to America	Indentured servant	49
1298088732	A series of mountain ranges in North America, spreading all over Eastern America	Appalachian Mountains	50
1298088733	A plant that can be made into blue dye	Indigo	51
1298088734	"Green Gold"	Tobacco	52
1298088735	A man from New England who believed in fair rights for Native Americans, religious toleration, the of religion in state, and the founder of Rhode Island	Roger Williams	53
1298088736	Person who lives in the colonies of a "mother country"	Colonist	54
1298088737	To establish a colony	Colonize	55
1298088738	The idea/concept that a nation success depends on being wealthy. The concept is also about using successful colonies to increase wealth	Mercantilism	56
1298088739	The country from which colonists came from and are still a part of	"Mother Country"	57
1298088740	Occupation/trades that required specialized skills and talents	Crafts	58

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Evolution Flashcards

The mechanisms of evolution. What is evolution? How has evolution lead to the current diversity of organisms?

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1079241022	Species	organisms belonging to a group of organisms that having common characteristics and are capable of mating with each other	1
1079241023	Aquired Characteristics	Characteristics that an offspring inherits from its parents.	2
1079241024	Natural Selection	a driving force in the evolution of a species that favors changes according to environmental conditions	3
1079241025	Offspring	New organisms produced by a living thing, the product of the reproductive processes of an animal or plant	4
1079241026	Theory	Rigorous and systematic formulation of the principles of science, philosophy, or any other form of knowledge	5
1079241027	Adaptation	Is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats	6
1079241028	Inherit	to receive (a characteristic) from one's parents by genetic transmission	7
1079241029	Evidence	Is the proof used to reveal a theory.	8
1079241030	Biodiversity	the variety or variability of living organisms in an environment	9
1079241031	Habitat	the area or natural environment where an organism or community live	10
1079241032	Speciation	The process through which a new species is born.	11
1079241033	Evolution	A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form.	12
1079241034	Diversity	The genetic characteristics that distinguishes us from others.	13
1079241035	Competition	The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light.	14
1079241036	Selection	A natural or artificial process that favors or induces survival and perpetuation of one kind of organism over others that die or fail to produce offspring.	15
1079241037	Genetic Drift	reduction of alleles in a population (resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size).	16
1079241038	Mutation	A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.	17
1079241039	Gene flow	the gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals (immigration or emigration).	18
1079241040	Gene pool	The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms.	19
1079241041	Microevolution	changes in the gene pool of a population over time which result in relatively small changes to the organisms in the population — changes which would not result in the newer organisms being considered as different species.	20
1079241042	Macroevolution	changes in organisms which are significant enough that, over time, the newer organisms would be considered an entirely new species.	21

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Child Psychology-Chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards

A Child's World, 12th Edition: Chapter 1. Infancy Through Adolescence. Pages 4-21. Chapter 2. How We Discover It. Pages 22-55.

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883366931	Child Development	Change and stability in children from conception through adolescence.	1
883366932	Physical Development	Growth of body and brain, including biological and physiological patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.	2
883366933	Cognitive Development	Change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.	3
883366934	Psychosocial Development	Change in emotions, personality, and social relationships.	4
883366935	Social Construction	The nature of reality based on societally shared perceptions or assumptions.	5
883366936	Individual Differences	Differences among children in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes.	6
883366937	Heredity	Inborn characteristics inherited.	7
883366938	Environment	Nonhereditary, experiential, influences on development.	8
883366939	Maturation	Natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes as a result of age.	9
883366940	Nuclear Family	Two-generational household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren.	10
883366941	Extended Family	Parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together.	11
883366942	Culture	A group's total way of life, customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, physical products-all learned behavior passed on from adults to children.	12
883366943	Ethnicity	Minority population to rise to 50 percent by 2040.	13
883366945	Socioeconomc Status (SES)	Economic/social factors; neighborhood, income, education, occupation describing an individual or family.	14
883366947	Normative	Event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group; puberty, graduation, etc.	15
883366948	Historical Generation	Group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.	16
883366949	Cohort	Group of people born at about the same time. People who were alive to see the first black president.	17
883366950	Non-Normative	Unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life. Example: An 86-year old that graduates from college or a 14-year old girl getting married.	18
893070631	Psychoanalytic Perspective	Development shaped by unconscious forces.	19
893070632	Psychosexual Development	Unvarying stages of personality development during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals.	20
893070633	Psychosocial Development	Eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self.	21
893070634	Learning Perpective	Changes in behavior result from experience.	22
893070635	Behaviorism	Environment causes observable behavior.	23
893070636	Classical Conditioning	Association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.	24
893070637	Operant Conditioning	Association of behavior with its consequences.	25
893070638	Reinforcement	Process that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.	26
893070639	Punishment	Process that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.	27
893070640	Social Learning Theory	Behaviors also learned by observing and imitating models.	28
893070641	Social Cognitive Theory is also known as...	Social Learning Theory.	29
893070642	Reciprocal Determinism	Bidirectional forces that affect development.	30
893070643	Observational Learning	Learning through watching the behavior of others.	31
893070645	Cognitive Perspective	Development of mental processes.	32
893070646	Cognitive-Stage Theory	Children's cognitive development advances in a series of stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.	33
893070647	Organization	Creation of categories or systems of knowledge.	34
893070648	Schemes	Organized patterns of thought/behavior used in particular situations.	35
893070649	Adaptation	Adjustment to new information.	36
893070650	Assimilation	Incorporation of new information.	37
893070651	Accommodation	Changes in a cognitive structure to include new information.	38
893070652	Equilibration	Seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; balance between assimilation and accommodation.	39
893070653	Sociocultural Theory	Contextual factors affect children's development.	40
893070654	Zone Of Proximal Development (ZPD)	The difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.	41
893070655	Scaffolding	Temporary support to help a child master a task.	42
893070656	Information-Processing Approach	Observing/analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information.	43
893070657	Contextual Perspective	Sees the individual as inseparable from the social context.	44
893070658	Bioecological Theory	Understanding processes and contexts of child development that identifies five levels of environmental influence.	45
893070659	Microsystem	*Immediate family.	46
893070660	Mesosystem	Two or more microsystems. *A child brings their friend home from school.	47
893070661	Exosystem	TWO OR MORE SETTINGS. ONE DOES NOT CONTAIN CHILD.	48
893070662	Macrosystem	CULTURAL	49
893070663	Chronosystem	TIME	50
893070664	Evolutionary/Sociobiological Perspective	Focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of social behavior.	51
893070666	Evolutionary Psychology	Natural selection and survival of the fittest to human psychology.	52
893070669	Scientific Method	Scientific inquiry, identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis to be tested, collecting data, analyzing data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings.	53
893070670	Sample	Group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study.	54
893070671	Random Selection	Selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.	55
893070672	Naturalistic Observation	Behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention/manipulation.	56
893070673	Laboratory Observation	All participants are observed under the same controlled conditions.	57
893070674	Operational Definition	Definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon.	58
893070676	Case Study	Study of a single subject, such as an individual or family.	59
893070677	Ethnographic Study	In-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation.	60
893070678	Participant Observation	Observer lives with the people in the activity.	61
893070679	Correlational Study	Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists.	62
893070680	Experiment	Rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other.	63
893070681	Experimental Group	Group receiving the treatment under study.	64
893070682	Control Group	Group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study.	65
893070684	Dependent Variable	In an experiment, the condition that may/may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable.	66
893070686	Cross-Sectional Study	People of different ages are assessed on one occasion.	67
893278996	Periods Of Development: A Social Construction	Prenatal Period, Infancy and Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adolescence.	68
893278997	Prenatal Period	Conception-birth.	69
893278998	Infancy and Toddlerhood	Birth-age 3.	70
893278999	Early Childhood	3-6 years.	71
893279000	Middle Childhood	6-11 years.	72
893279001	Adolescence	11-20 years.	73
893279002	Influences On Child Development	Heredity, Environment, and Maturation.	74
893279003	All areas of development are...	interrelated.	75
893279004	Normal Development includes...	General processes all children follow as they develop.	76
893279005	Children help shape their own...	development and influence others' responses to them.	77
893279006	Historical and Cultural Contexts...	strongly influence development.	78
893279007	Early experience is important, but...	chldren can be remarkaby resilient.	79
893279008	The 2 men related to the Psychoanalytic Perspective:	Freud and Erikson.	80
893279012	Learning Perspectives...	Behaviorism (Conditioning) and Social Learning (Observational Learning).	81
893279013	Bronfenbrenner=	Bioecological Theory.	82
893279014	What are the 5 stages of the Bioecological Theory?	Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem.	83
901378197	What are the 3 domains of child development?	Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial.	84
910933130	Piaget=	Cognitive Stage Theory	85
910933131	Vygotsky=	Sociocultural Theory and Zone Of Proximal Development.	86
910933132	Erikson=	Psychosocial Development and Psychoanalytic Perspective	87
910933133	Bandura=	Reciprocal Determinism	88
911006437	Mental processes=	Cognitive Perspective	89
911006438	Sociocultural Theory and Zone Of Proximal Development=	Vygotsky	90
911006439	Contextual Factors=	Sociocultural Theory	91

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Traditions and Encounters Chapter 34 Flashcards

5th edition Bently
An Age on Anxiety

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1321574143	Gertrude Stein	American writer, catalyst in development of modern art and literature. "Lost Generation"	1
1321574144	"Lost Generation"	Term used to describe pessimism of U.S. and European thinkers after the war	2
1321574145	Ernest Hemingway	American novelist, Short-story writer, journalist Wrote: The sun also rises; a generation that lost its moral grounding during the war	3
1321574146	Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (F. Scott Fitzgerald)	Irish American novelist and short story writer Wrote "The Great Gatsby"; reflected a generation that had lost its moral grounding during that war	4
1321574147	Thomas Stearns Eliot (T.S. Eliot)	American poet, dramatist and literary critic Wrote poem "The Wasteland" expressed negative outlook by describing a world without faith, where morals and spiritual values can't be restored	5
1321574148	Franz Kafka	Middle class Jew, one of the major German-language fiction writers Used surrealism in his work:brings conscious and unconscious idea together to portray life in a dreamlike way.	6
1321574149	Albert Einstein (1879-1955)	Theory of Special Relativity Neither time nor space absolute values, vary with observer	7
1321574150	Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)	-The Uncertainty Principle: Impossible to state the position and velocity of a subatomic particle at same time -Atomic universe indeterminate; can only speak of probabilities -Challenged long-held assumptions about truth, cause and effect	8
1321574151	Sigmund Frued (1856-1939)	-Sought psychological causes of mental illness -Conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes -Repression of sexual desires, fears.	9
1321574152	Realism in art	Replaced by photography, abstract is promoted more	10
1321649111	Bauhaus	An institution that brought together architects, designers, and painters from several countries. Bauhaus created a building style and interior designs that were uniquely suited to the urban and industrial landscape of the twentieth century.	11
1321649112	Initial weaknesses of the Global economy prior to the Great Depression	Tangled financial relationships (Card #13) Leanders withdrew capital (money) from Europe; financial system strained Reduced demands for raw materials	12
1321574153	European origins of the Great Depression	Austria/Germany borrow money from USA to pay war debts to France and England France, England pay debts owed to USA for WWI System dependent on flow of cash from USA Investors begin to pull out in 1928	13
1321574154	3 Main Reasons for The Depression	1. Less demand for raw materials 2. Overproduction of manufactured goods 3. The stock market crash	14
1321574155	Effects of the Great Depression	Businesses closed, major unemployment. Extreme ideas began to gain value, faith in democracy and capitalism. Totalitarian dictatorships were created from severe economic problems	15
1321574156	Agricultural Effects During the Great Depression	Overproduction from strongest harvests, farm income drops, less demand for manufactured goods, inventory surpluses Dust bowl	16
1321574157	Black Thursday (October 24, 1929)/ Stock market crash of 1929	Day when lenders called in loans, forcing investors to keep selling, resulting in investors losing life savings.	17
1321574158	Economic Collapse in US	-Overproduction and reduced demand -businesses fail -1932 production dropped by 1/2 -44% of banks closed	18
1321649113	Repercussions of the Great Depression Globally	Germany and Japan unable to sell manufactured goods to purchase fuel and food Germany by 1932: 35 percent unemployment, 50 percent decrease in industrial production European industrial states and Japan unable to sell to United States because of tariffs	19
1321574159	US Strategies to Resolve the Great Depression	Laissez-Faire approaches fail The New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt WWII Spending	20
1321649114	Despair and Government action included...?	Government policies to reduce female employment and enormous personal suffering	21
1321649115	John M. Keynes	Challenged classical economic theory: Capitalism self-correcting. Argued that the depression was a problem of inadequate demand, not supply Government should play active role in stimulating economy, consumer demand	22
1321649116	The New Deal	Created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR). The New Deal included protected banking system, massive pbulic works, farm subsides. Legislation established minimum wage, social security, worker's union. Military spending in WWII ended depression in US	23
1321574160	Vladimir Lenin	Founder of Bolshevism A Marxist, his version of marxist formed the basis of communism	24
1321574161	Soviet	Council of workers and soldiers in Russian cities	25
1321574162	Bolshevik Revolution 1917	Soviets take over, Disband of constituent assembly	26
1321574163	Red Army	Communist forces Boldsheviks, defeated the white in 1921	27
1321574164	The Whites	Czar's supporters/Anticommunist, defeated in 1921 by the communists	28
1321574165	Lenin's "Change"	Revolution led to economic catastrophe whish in 1921 led to Lenin adopting the New Economic Policy. 1922 the communist renamed the land they ruled USSR/ Soviet Union/ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	29
1321574166	The New Economic Policy (NEP)	Plan Lenin used to fix economic catastrophe caused be revolution in 1921. Government controlled banks, large industry, and foreign trade. Ultimately restored market economy Promotion of Agriculture Promoution of Industry "Kulaks" and Speculation	30
1321574167	Jospeh Stalin (1879-1953)	"Man of Steel" Russian nationalist by conviction. Favored "Socialism in on country" not "international socialism" Leader of the Communist party after Lenin's death in 1924. Emerged as the leader by arguing after socialism succeeded in Soviet Union. Leads Soviet Union by 1928 Established a command economy in which government officials made all basic decisions. Owned all factories, businesses and farms. Launched 5 year plan of industrialization	31
1321656947	Five Year Plan (1928-1932)	Replaced Lenin's New Economic Policy. Set production quotas, central state planning of entire economy Emphasized heavy industry at expense of consumer goods	32
1321665650	The Great Purge (1935-1938)	Collectivization led to doubts about Stalin's administration Purged two-third of central committe members and more than half of the army's high-ranks 8million were in labor camps, 3million died during "cleansing"	33
1321574168	Facism Definition	the rule of a people by dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic.	34
1321574169	Common elements of Facism	1. Primacy of state over individual 2. Distrust of democracy: the Führerprinzip 3. Hostility to Communism 4. Chauvinistic 5. Militaristic	35
1321574170	Facism includes:	-Censorship and Government control of News -Extreme Nationalism -State control of economy -Strict Discipline -Rule by Dictator -Blind loyalty to leader -Use of violence and terror -Strong military	36
1321574171	Il Duce	"The Leader"	37
1321574172	Benito Mussolini	Founder of Italian fascism (1919) Extreme nationalist, organized his own political party known at doctrine fascism	38
1321574173	Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)	1921 becomes Chairman of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis) Attempts to overthrow government in 1923 Hated Jws and Marxists, Joined National Socialist German Workers Party 1921	39
1321574174	Nazi Party	Promises to protect germany from communism Party is extremely nationalistic, and anti-Semitic, attracting support from wealthy business leaders and landowners.	40
1323255398	Struggle for power after 1929	National socialism enjoyed broad appeal Public lost faith in democracy: associated with defeat, depression, inflation 1930-1932, Nazi party became the largest in parliament 1932, President Hindenburg offered Hitler the chancellorship	41
1323255399	Nazi Ideology	Emphasized purity of race Women praised as wives and mothers, were discouraged from working. Cult of motherhood: propaganda campaign to increase births was unsuccessful	42
1323255400	Nazi Eugenics	Deliberate policies to improve the quality of the German "race" Removal of undesirables such as mentally ill, disabled State-sponsored euthanasia of physically and mentally handicapped	43
1323255401	Anti-Semitism central to Nazi ideology	1935, Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of citizenship, outlawed intermarriage Jews economically isolated, lost jobs, assets, businesses 1938, Kristallnacht: official attacks on synagogues and Jewish businesses 250,000 Jews fled to other countries; many others trapped	44
1321574175	The Third Reich	What Hitler began to refer to his rule as. Claimed to last 1,000 years	45

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AP US History 60 Hot Topics Flashcards

The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)

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1451377096	Puritan motive	- Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England	1
1451377097	Motive of settling Virginia	- paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England	2
1451377098	First Great Awakening	- led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards	3
1451377099	Deism	- 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs	4
1451377100	Albany Congress, 1754	- led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected	5
1451377101	Legal rights of women	-no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers	6
1451377102	Stamp Act, 1765	- tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax	7
1451377103	Slavery in pre-independence times	- unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy	8
1451377104	Indentured servants	- extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years	9
1451377105	Proclamation of 1763	- created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve"	10
1451377106	Articles of Confederation, 1777	- first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification)	11
1451377107	Bill of Rights	- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government - was wanted by the Antifederalists	12
1451377108	Hamilton's economic plans	- national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports	13
1451377109	Shays' Rebellion 1786-87	- farmers revolt - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts - showed that the Articles of Confed. weren't working, leading to its end	14
1451377110	XYZ affair, 1797-98	- France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan	15
1451377111	Marbury v. Madison, 1803	- Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck - said his appointment was unconstitutional - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review	16
1451377112	Louisiana Purchase, 1803	- Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port	17
1451377113	Hartford Convention, 1814	- group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future	18
1451377114	Eli Whitney	- invented cotton gin in 1793 - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle	19
1451377115	Henry Clay's "American System"	- high tariffs on imports (20%-25%) - provide federal funding for internal improvements - support and maintain Bank of the United States	20
1451377116	Monroe Doctrine, 1823	- done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy	21
1451377117	Andrew Jackson, 1829-37	- Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank	22
1451377118	Trail of Tears, 1838	- removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot)	23
1451377119	Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations, 1828	- South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it - Jackson passes Tariff of Abominations harshly limiting trade - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them	24
1451377120	Transcendentalists	- an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson	25
1451377121	Ralph Waldo Emerson	- transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence	26
1451377122	William Lloyd Garrison	- published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights	27
1451377123	Harriet Tubman	- escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape	28
1451377124	Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857	- Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court	29
1451377125	Popular Sovereignty	- measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s	30
1451377126	Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854	- legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise	31
1451377128	Douglas's Freeport Doctrine, 1858	- statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty	32
1451377130	Causes of Civil War	- maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery - war lasted from 1861-65	33
1451377132	Emancipation Proclamation, 1863	- decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free - not effective, simply symbolic - made North the moral side of the war	34
1451377134	Radical Reconstruction	- Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan	35
1451377135	Compromise of 1877	- 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction	36
1451377138	Knights of Labor	- first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886	37
1451377139	Dawes Act	- 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans	38
1451377142	Social Gospel	- Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions	39
1451377143	Populists	- political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry	40
1451377145	Yellow Press	- started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens	41
1451377148	"New Immigration"	- immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions	42
1451377150	Open Door Policy	- European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States	43
1451377153	DuBois & Booker T. Washington	- W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it	44
1451377155	Muckrakers	- term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more	45
1451377157	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	- U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy	46
1451377159	Wilson's 14 Points	- 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization	47
1451377162	Bonus Army	- 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945	48
1451377164	100 Day Congress, New Deal	- passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency	49
1451377166	Civilian Conservation Corps	- FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects	50
1451377168	Cuban Missile Crisis	- 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference	51
1451377170	Brown v. Board of Education	- ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement	52
1451377172	Sputnik	- 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school	53
1451377173	Sit-Ins	- form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point	54
1451377174	Civil Rights Act of 1964	- most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting	55
1451377175	Malcolm "X"	- leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism	56
1451377176	Gulf of Tonkin incident	- said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam	57
1451377177	Watergate, 1972-74	- scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned	58
1451377178	Tet Offensive, 1968	- Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks	59
1451377179	Camp David Accords, 1978	- meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high	60

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Jacksonians Flashcards

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685866386	Election of 1824	No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Adams was elected president and chose Clay as his secretary of state. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."	1
685866387	"Corrupt Bargain"	In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.	2
685866388	Tariff of Abominations	The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.	3
685866389	Vice-President Calhoun	South Carolina Exposition and Protest, nullification: He anonymously wrote the widely read South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he made his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional. Adversely affected states had the right to nullify, or override, the law, within their borders. He acknowledged that he wrote the SC Exposition and Protest in 1831. In 1832, he convinced the South Carolina legislature to nullify the federal tariff acts of 1828 and 1832.	4
685866390	South Carolina Exposition	A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.	5
685866391	Jacksonian Revolution of 1828	When Andrew Jackson was elected president from humble beginnings, people thought he could make the American Dream come true. Jackson appointed common people to government positions. Jefferson's emphasis on farmers' welfare gave way to Jackson's appeal to city workers, small businessmen, and farmers. Jackson was the first non-aristocrat to be elected president. Jackson's election was the revolution of the "Common Man".	6
685866392	Age of the Common Man	Jackson's presidency was the called the Age of the Common Man. He felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.	7
685866393	Jacksonian Deomocracy	A movement for more democracy in American government in the 1830s. Led by President Andrew Jackson, this movement championed greater rights for the common man and was opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation.	8
685866394	Spoils System	The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.	9
685866395	National Republicans	After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.	10
685866396	Caucus System	A system in which members of a political party meet to choose their party's candidate for president or decide policy	11
685866397	Nominating Convention	An official public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office	12
685866398	Kitchen Cabinet	Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet.	13
685866399	Trail of Tears	The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.	14
685866400	Worchester v. Georgia	Worchester v. Georgia: 1832 - The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.	15
685866401	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government.	16
685866402	Whigs	Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster	17
685866403	Maysville Road veto	1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.	18
685866404	Election of 1832	Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.	19
685866405	Bank Recharter Bill	bill introduced by Webster and Clay to renew US Bank charter, veto would anger NE/passage would anger West, killed with a veto by Jackson, declared that bank was unconstitutional (even though it wasn't), made presidency very large	20
685866406	Nicholas Biddle	Nicholas Biddle became the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. ,He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.	21
685866407	Veto message	1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners.	22
685866408	Roger B. Taney	The fifth Chief Justice. him... and other justices appointed by Jackson favored the power of the states . In the Dred Scott decision (1857) he ruled that slaves and their descendants had no rights as citizens.	23
685866409	Pet Bank	Nickname given to Jackson's state run banks. He deposited all federal funds in these "pet banks" in his attempt to kill the bank of the United States.	24
685866410	Webster-Hayne Debate	Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"	25
685866411	Peggy Eaton Affair	Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.	26
685866412	Nullification Crisis	South was mad about the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun supported States' Rights and said they had a right to nullify a law. In 1832 the tariff was lowered. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, and threatened to secede; Jackson was furious, so he passed the Force Bill which said that Jackson can use the army to enforce the tariff	27
685866413	South Carolina Exposition and Protest	In 1828 Calhoun anonymously wrote this widely circulated book which he spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that aggrieved states therefore had the right to nullify the law within their borders.	28
685866414	Jefferson Day Dinner	The dinner where Jackson announced by his toast that he believed that the federal government should have more power than the states. Further increased the hatred between Calhoun and Jackson. After this event, Calhoun ran for the Senate from South Carolina (and was elected) and resigned from the vice-presidency.	29
685866415	Compromise tariff of 1833	It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.	30
685866416	Force Bill	Part of the Compromise of 1833 the bill authorized President Andrew Jackson to use arms to collect customs duties in South Carolina, The bill authorized President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to execute laws, e.g. collect taxes from states who didn't want to pay them; The bill was furthered the power of the presidency.	31
685866417	Election of 1836	The Whigs tried to eat the Democrats' national organization with an array of sectional candidates, hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives. The strategy failed. Martin Van Buren, with significant support in every section of the country, defeated the three Whig candidates combined.	32
685866418	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System. Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.	33
685866419	Martin Van Buren	Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836	34
685866420	Specie Circular	Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.	35
685866421	Panic of 1837	When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.	36
685866422	Independent Treasury Plan	Instead of depositing its revenue in state banks, Van Buren persuaded Congress to establish an Independent Treasury in which the federal government would keep the revenue itself and thereby withhold public money from the grasp of business cooperation.	37
685866423	Election of 1840	Whigs united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. Borrowing campaign tactics from the Democrats and inventing many of their own, Whigs campaigned hard in every state. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system.	38
685866424	Old Tippecanoe	William Henry Harrison's nickname which comes from the famous battle he fought with Tecumseh and the Prophet.	39
685866425	Transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.	40
685866426	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement. Wrote "self reliance", which was very popular.	41
685866427	Henry David Thoureau	That government is best which governs least. He also led the Transcendentalist. Also he was an American author, poet, philosopher and, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister and, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.	42
685866428	James Fenimore Cooper	one of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's; changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans, two pieces of his literature include THE SPY and THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812.	43
685866429	Herman Melville	An American writer in the 1800s who drew on his experiences at sea and living on South Pacific islands for material and also wrote "Moby Dick". In addition, he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny.	44
685866430	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A". Wrote The Scarlet Letter.	45
685866431	Edgar Allen Poe	-Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. A gifted lyric poet, short story writer, who was fascinated by the ghastly and ghostly themes in his poems, he is most famous for "The Raven"	46
685866432	Washington Irving	Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer. Wrote The Devil and Tom Walker as well.	47
685866433	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow	Wrote Paul Revere's Ride. He was born in a time when people were very patriotic, we wrote in rhyme. American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.	48
685866434	Walt Whitman	American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. Celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy	49
685866435	Hudson River School of Art	In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones.	50
685866436	Alexis de Tocqueville	Came from France to America in 1831, observed democracy in government and society. His book discusses the advantages and disadvantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals.	51
685866437	Second Great Awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.	52
685866438	Adventism	Believed that the second coming would occur soon between march 21 of 1843-44; religious observance of Saturday rather then Sunday will expedite the second coming. Any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent.	53
685866439	The Burned-Over District	It referred to upstate New York during the Second Great Awakening. This area was the center of religious revivalism and received many traveling evangelists.	54
685866440	Charles G. Finney	This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. This region of New York became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside.	55
685866441	Lyman Beecher	Reverend, NY, 13 kids, thought alcohol biggest threat to society (males, women, clergy, kids), lectures in Congregation, early temperance group Connecticut Society for the Reformation of Morals 1825, "six sermons", wanted total abstinence, against wine too, inspired temperance movement not just against drunkenness	56
685866442	Joseph Smith	Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.	57
685866443	Brigham Young	The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.	58
685866444	Great Salt Lake, Utah	Where the Mormons and Brigham young eventually settled	59
685866445	Brook Farm	Utopian society established by transcendentalist George Ripley near Boston in 1841; members shared equally in farm work and leisure discussions of literature and art. Author Nathaniel Hawthorne and others become disenchanted with the experiment. Two hundred acre community in Massachusetts founded in 1841 by a group of twenty transcendentalists, who prospered until the community collapsed in debt after a large building went down in a fire.	60
685866446	Oneida Community	It was founded by John Humphrey Noyes. It was a group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. They practiced polygamy, communal property and communal raising of children. (Utopian society).	61
685866447	Shakers	1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy	62
685866448	Dorthea Dix	A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners, ca. 1830's. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. Dorothea Dix traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual.	63
685866449	National Trade Union	Unions formed by groups of skilled craftsmen. Organized in 1834, this association was created after the New York Trades Union called a convention of delegates from numerous city centrals. Headed by Ely Moore, who was elected to Congress on the Tammany ticket, this union disintegrated along with a number of other national conventions with the Panic of 1837.	64
685866450	Common wealth v. Hunt	it was a trial that decided that labor unions weren't illegal conspiracies, and the methods are honorable and peaceful. It was considered a victory because it was a first step to more even terms.	65
685866451	Oberlin 1833	This university in Ohio was the first school to have coed classes and intedgrated class. It soon became a breeding ground for abolitionists. , First college in the U.S. to admit women. Co-educational and interracial; first college to teach women and African Americans believed women could be whatever they want not just mothers/wifes.	66
685866452	Mt. Holyoke 1836	This university was founded by Mary Lyons. It was the first university for women only.	67
685866453	Hoarce Mann	In 1837 Massachusetts set up the first state board of education in the united states he was the head of this. Campaigned for more and better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers and expanded the curriculum.	68
685866454	American Temperance Union	The founding of this organization in 1826 by evangelical Protestants signaled the start of a national crusade against drunkenness. Using a variety of techniques, the union set out to persuade people not to drink intoxicating beverages and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol.	69
685866455	Irish, German immigration	Irish: arriving in immense waves in the 1800's, they were extremely poor peasants who later became the manpower for canal and railroad construction. German: also came because of economic distress, German immigration had a large impact on America, shaping many of its morals. Both groups of immigrants were heavy drinkers and supplied the labor force for the early industrial era. Irish also came due to potato famine.	70
685866456	Nativism	An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.	71
685866457	Samuel F.B. Morse	Invented the telegraph which allowed faster communication over longer distances. He also developed Morse code	72
685866458	Lucretia Mott	A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848. Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.	73
685866459	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."	74
685866460	Seneca Falls	July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.	75
685866461	Emma Willard	Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.	76
685866462	Scientific	Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization	77

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Pregnency/Fertilization Flashcards

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348433387	How many chromosomes come from a mother?	23	1
348433388	What can make sperm fit and faster?	coffee	2
348433389	How many hours can it take for the sperm to reach the egg?	10	3
348433390	What is the first organ to form?	heart	4
348433391	How many chromosomes come from the father?	23	5
348433392	after 8 weeks, what is the embryo known as?	fetus	6
348433393	What makes seminal fluid for semen?	seminal vesicle	7
348433394	what carries sperm to be mixed with semen?	vas deferens	8
348433395	What releases feces?	anus	9
348433396	What holds urine?	Bladder	10
348433397	what is the lower part of the uterus?	cervix	11
348433398	what is the female erectile that becomes larger and firmer during sexual arousal?	clitoris	12
348433399	where does sperm mature?	epididymis	13
348433400	what is the site of fertilization that takes ovum to the uterus?	fallopian tubes	14
348433401	What holds the ovum?	ovaries	15
348433402	What makes fluid for sperm to move in?	Prostate gland	16
348433403	What is the sac that holds the testes?	scrotum	17
348433404	what produces sperm and is behind the penis?	testicles	18
348433405	how does urine leave the bladder in females?	through the urethra	19
348433406	What protects the undeveloped fetus during pregnency?	uterus	20
348433407	What is also called the birth canal?	vagina	21
348433408	What protects the vagina?	labia	22
348433409	How big is the baby at 4 weeks?	1/5 of an inch	23
348433410	how big is the baby at 6 weeks?	1/2 an inch	24
348433411	How big is the baby at 8 weeks?	1 1/16 of an inch	25
348433412	How big is the baby at 9 1/2 weeks?	2 inches	26
348433413	How big is the baby at 11 weeks?	3 inches	27
348433414	How long is the typical length of pregnency?	37-42 weeks	28
348433415	labour	dilation of uterus	29
348433416	What is an egg thats released from the ovary?	Oocyte	30
348433417	What is a fertilized egg within the fallopian tube?	zygote	31
348433418	What is a fertilized egg after cell division?	blastocyst	32
348433419	What is the beginning of the mental stage of life?	Embryo	33
348433420	How many sperm are ejaculated during each ejaculation?	300-500 million	34
348433421	What happens if more than one egg is released?	fraternal twins	35
348433422	How long do sperm live inside a woman?	5 days	36

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AP world civ Flashcards

Chapter 1-6

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480789737	Jericho	Early walled urban culture site based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israeli- occupied West Bank near Jordan river	1
480789738	Mesopotamia	first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture	2
480789739	Bronze Age	a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons	3
480789740	Neolithic Age	The New stone age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals.	4
480789741	Nomads	people with no permanent home; move from place to place in search of food (cattle and sheep herding) 'barbarians'	5
480789742	Catal Huyuk	early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification.	6
480789743	Culture	the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization	7
480789744	Hunting and Gathering	System of food production for prehistoric peoples. Involves hunting animals and gathering foods grown in the wild. Prior to sedentary agriculture	8
480789745	Babylonians	an ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562 B.C. and fell to the Persians in 539.	9
480789746	Neanderthals	type of Homo sapiens; lived from 100,000 BC to 30,000 BC; made tools and animal skin clothes; first people to bury the dead	10
480789747	Pastoralism	a type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter	11
480789748	Matrilineal	based on or tracing descent through the female line	12
480789749	Neolithic Revolution	the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC	13
480789750	Homo Sapiens	the only surviving hominid, most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period	14
480789751	Hammurabi	King of the Babylonian empire; creator of the Code of Hammurabi, one of the world's oldest codes of law.	15
480789752	Matrilocal	a culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the bride's family.	16
480789753	Savages	Societies engaged in either hunting and gathering for subsistence or in migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic societies.	17
480789754	band	a level of social organization normally consisting of between 20 and 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis.	18
480789755	civilization	a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) FOOD SURPLUS	19
480789756	Natufian complex	Preagriculture culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game; typified by large settlement sites.	20
480789757	agrarian revolution	occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture.	21
480789758	Paleolithic	The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	22
480789759	slash and burn agriculture	Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.	23
480789760	Indo-Europeans	A group of nomadic peoples who may have come from the steppes	24
480789761	domestication	The process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans	25
480789762	Harappa	Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)	26
480789763	social differentiation	A process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of their statuses, roles, and other social characteristics.	27
480789764	ideographs	characters that combine two or more pictographs to represent an idea	28
480789765	Shang dynasty	Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.	29
480789766	Qin	Dynasty that came to power in China in 221 B.C. under which the first true empire of China was created	30
480789767	Confucius	chinese philospher and teacher; his beliefs,known as confusoinism greatly influenced Chinese life	31
480789768	Daoism	It is a philosophy which is founded by Laozi. Daoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature	32
480789769	Han	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	33
480789770	Shi Huangdi	founder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor	34
480789771	Zhou	The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.	35
480789772	Great Wall	Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi.	36
480789773	"mean people"	The lowest and 3rd group in China's Classical Era, Were people without "meaningful skills". Performing artists and household slaves were included, this group was punished more harshly than any others and required to wear green scarves.	37
480789774	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles)	38
480789775	Dynasty	a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time	39
480789776	Analects	a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples	40
480789777	Five Classics	A corpus of texts considered authoritative by the early Confucians. They include poetry, historical, speeches, chronicles, ritual, and divination, Texts used to train scholars and civil servants in ancient China	41
480789778	Legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	42
480789779	Era of Warring States	The period of Chinese history between c. 500 and 220 B.C.E. characterized by the breakdown of the central government and feudal war.	43
480789780	Mandarins	Who: officials in Confucius style government. What: passed very difficult exams in order to hold leadership positions. They formed their own social class, called the Gentry. Many of them attended a university that had been built. Where: China, started in the state of Lu. When: 6th century BC on for 2000 years. Why: Led the Confucian government and were the only people, often, who could read and write.	44
480789781	Partriarchalism	The rule of only men.	45
480789782	stupas	Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	46
480789783	Kautilya	Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare.	47
480789784	Kamasutra	Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and instruction on lovemaking	48
480789785	reincarnation	the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions	49
480789786	Skanda Gupta	Last of the able rulers of the Gupta dynasty; following his reign the empire dissolved under the pressure of nomadic invasions	50
480789787	Buddha	An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)	51
480789788	nirvana	in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment	52
480789789	Arthashastra	political treatise written during reign of Chandragupta Maurya; advocated use of spies and assassins, bribery, and scientific forms of warfare	53
480789790	karma	(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next life	54
480789791	Ramayana	one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne	55
480789792	dharma	in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society	56
480789793	varnas	The social divisions of the Aryan Society that included from top to bottom: 1)priests (Brahmins), 2) rulers or warriors; 3) farmers, craftspeople, traders 4) workers and servants (Sudras)	57
480789794	Chandragupta Maurya	He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.	58
480789795	Himalayas	mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics	59
480789796	Sanskrit	written language developed by the Aryans (sacred & classical Indian language)	60
480789797	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior God of thunder and strength	61
480789798	gurus	originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas	62
480789799	Vedas	four collections of sacred writings produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in India	63
480789800	Guptas	dynasty the succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century CE; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire; claimed divine rule; demanding system of taxation; established universities	64
480789801	Mauryas	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great	65
480789802	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	66
480789803	Mahabharata	A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature.	67
480789804	Upanishads	A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.	68
480789805	mandala	A religious symbol associated with meditation, usually created with geometric patterns and shapes	69
480789806	Kushanas	dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism.	70
480789807	Tamil	the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka	71
480789808	jati	sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function	72
480789809	brahma	the Creator one of three major dietes in hinduism	73
480789810	yoga	a system of exercises practiced as part of the Hindu discipline to promote control of the body and mind	74
480789811	Olympic games	one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	75
480789812	Hellenistic period	that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	76
480789813	Peloponnesian Wars	Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece	77
480789814	lliad	Greek poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths	78
480789815	Alexandar the Great	Who: King of Macedonia; pharoah of Egypt; Emperor What: Conquered Persia, Greece, Egypt, and Indus River Where: North America, Fertile Cresent, Persia, India When: 336-323 BC Why sig.: Controlled the largest empire ever created (11 years); responsible for the blending of Egyptian, Persian, Indian, and Greek cultures (Hellenistic)	79
480789816	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	80
480789817	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	81
480789818	Philip II of Macedon	ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece which was subjected to Macedonian authority; father of Alexander the Great	82
480789819	Persian Wars	Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)	83
480789820	Plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled	84
480789821	Macedon	Kingdom of northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings; became centralized under Philip II; conquered Greek city-states.	85
480789822	Odyssey	a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy	86
480789823	Alexandria	City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization	87
480789824	Cyrus the Great	Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires., c. 530 B.C.E. A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings.	88
480789825	Galen	Greek surgeon who studied the body and described the valves of the heart and noted differences between arteries and veins	89
480789826	Hannibal	Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.	90
480789827	Ionian	a member of one of the four divisions of the prehistoric Greeks	91
480789828	Doric	oldest and simplest of the three orders of classical Greek architecture	92
480789829	Corinthian	Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles.	93
480789830	King Xerxes	King Darius' son and successor. Lead the battle of Thermopylae. Darius son, Xeres, was determined to defaeat the Greeks. In 480 BC he led an army into Greece. The Spartans joined into help the Athenians.	94
480789831	Sappho	(born ca. 612 B.C.E.) One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love.	95
480789832	"mystery" religions	A diverse group of beliefs and practices of ancient Greek and Roman civilization that included initiation into a specific group, a personal encounter with the deity, and hope for spiritual renewal and a better afterlife.	96
480789833	direct democracy	a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.	97
480789834	Ciero	one of Rome's great speakers and senators	98
480789835	Roman republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)	99
480789836	Euclid	Greek Mathematician (Father of Geometry) who taught in Alexandria	100
480789837	Augustus Ceaser	The greatest ruler of Rome, Caesar Augustus was a conundrum: a ruthless politician and soldier who used his power to restore order and prosperity to Rome with such success that his reign (27 B.C. to 14 A.D)	101
480789838	city-state	a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit	102
480789839	Thermistocles	Athenian commander who ordered everyone to leave Athens, he tricked the Persian fleet into sailing into a narrow channel between Greece and Salamis	103
480789840	Vergil	Roman poet; First Century B.C.; wrote "Aeneid" which celebrated the founding of Rome.	104
480789841	Punic Wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	105
480789842	Pythagoras	Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem	106
480789843	aristocracy	hereditary nobility; privileged class; government by nobility;aristocrat	107
480789844	Zoroastrianism	dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity	108
480789845	Constantine	Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity	109
480789846	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)	110
480789847	Ptolemy	Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)	111
480789848	polis	Greek word for city-state	112
480789849	Julius Ceaser	Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire	113
480789850	Battle of Marathon	in 490 B.C., King Darius sent army to attack Athens; Athenians defeated them; Pheidippides ran 26 miles with the news	114
480789851	Battle of Thermopylae	Battle during the Persian wars in which Spartan troops fought to the death against a much larger Persian force	115
480789852	Augustus	First emperor of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's grand-nephew.	116
480789853	Herodotus	wrote about persian war, father of history, word history comes from name, 1st to gather facts and write them down	117
480789854	Twelve Tables	the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law	118
480789855	tyranny	a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	119
480789856	Socrates	philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method	120
480789857	Jesus	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth	121
480789858	Tang	dynasty succeeding the Sui in 618 C.E	122
480789859	Sui	dynasty succeeding the Han; grew from strong rulers in northern China; reunited China.	123
480789860	Olmec	The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)	124
480789861	Maya	a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy	125
480789862	Polynesian	People of Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and and Easter Island.	126
480789863	Augustine	influential church father and theologian; Bishop of Hippo; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination	127
480789864	Pope	Head of the Roman Catholic Church	128
480789865	Paul	BCE. 11-67 Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world	129
480789866	Byzantine Empire	Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.	130
480789867	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	131
480789868	Sahara	the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa	132
480789869	Devi	The mother goddess of Hinduism. The worship of this deity encouraged new emotionalism in the religion.	133
480789870	Inca	a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s	134
480789871	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic.	135
480789872	Kush	An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium B.C.E. It was deeply influenced by Egyptian culture and at times under the control of Egypt, which coveted its rich deposits of gold and luxury products from sub-Saharan Africa carried up the Nile corridor.	136
480789873	Axum	The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.	137
480789874	Ethiopia	a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa	138
480789875	Shintoism	a religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors	139
480789876	Rajput	Regional Indian princes who ruled after the fall of the Guptas.	140
480789877	Islam	the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran	141
480789878	Allah	Muslim name for the one and only God	142
480789879	Diocletian	Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians	143
480789880	Germanic tribes	big on warfare; pressured by Huns to invade Western Roman Empire; combined their culture with Roman culture to form new culture - accepted Christianity	144
480789881	Huns	large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.	145
480789882	Sassanid	Empire that developed in the Middle East in 227 CE, attempted to revive the glories of the Persian Empire (including a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism)	146
480789883	Coptic	the liturgical language of the Coptic Church used in Egypt and Ethiopia	147
480789884	bodhisattvas	future Buddhas. As the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism; being who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it.	148
480789885	Mahayana	"the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas.	149
480789886	Benedict	founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; known for establishing Benedictine Rule; paralleled development of Basil's rules in the Byzantine Empire	150
480789887	world religions	Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism	151
480789888	animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	152
480789889	Muslim	a believer or follower of Islam	153
480789890	Sunnis	Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.	154
480789891	Mu'awiya	Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	155
480789892	Shi'a	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	156
480789893	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	157
480789894	umma	the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan	158
480789895	Damacus	capital city of the Umayyad Calphiate and center of an Islamic empire	159
480789896	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	160
480789897	Ramadam	this was the month that the Koran was revealed to Muhammad. Fasting from dawn to dusk.	161
480789898	jihad	a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal	162
480789899	dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	163
480789900	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.	164
480789901	Ka'ba	The stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth	165
480789902	dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists	166
480789903	ayan	the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	167
480789904	Qur'an	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	168
480789905	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of Shi'ism.	169
480789906	Quraysh	tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century CE	170
480789907	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire	171
480789908	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	172
480789909	Battle of River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	173
480789910	Hadith	(Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions	174
480789911	five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	175
480789912	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	176
480789913	bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	177
480789914	shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	178
480789915	mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	179
480789916	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.	180
480789917	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	181
480789918	hijra	the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution bce 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era.	182
480789919	Abu Bakr	Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.	183
480789920	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.	184
480789921	mosque	(Islam) a Muslim place of worship	185
480789922	Muhammad	the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)	186
480789923	hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah	187
480789924	Abu al-Abbas	the chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab	188
480789925	Ridda Wars	wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	189
480789926	Baghdad	Capital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E.	190

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AP World History Unit 5 Flashcards

APWH Unit 5 1750 - 1870
"Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World"
"The Early Industrial Revolution"
"Nation Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas"
"Africa, India, & the New British Empire"
"Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism"
"The New Power Balance"
"The New Imperialism"

Terms : Hide Images

696898876	Seven Years War 1756-1763	England vs. France England wins India and midwest territories in the US Both countries raised taxes	1
696898877	The Englightenment	liberal movement that applied Scientific Revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French	2
696898878	John Locke	most influential to Revolutions/Declarations; believed people are born good, have natural rights, limited government, citizens have duty to overthrow bad governments	3
696898879	Jean Jacques Rousseau	believed in minimum government control, collective good, hated oppression, valued the majority	4
696898880	Thomas Hobbes	not as liberal; wrote Leviathan; believed in social order because people were born bad	5
696898881	Montesquieu	believed in division of government powers	6
696898882	Voltaire	inspired 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, and press; was against monarchy, brought ideas from China	7
696898883	despots	Catherine the Great of Russia & Frederick of Prussia; patronized the Enlightenment	8
696898884	Benjamin Franklin	believed in earning opportunity through merit not heredity	9
696898885	English colonial problems post-1763	conflict with Natives over fur trade / taxation without representation / Proclamation of 1763 & Quebec Act 1774	10
696898886	new colonial taxes	Stamp Act: on everyday products Townshend Act: on goods from Europe used in small businesses Tea tax: East Indian Company had monopoly on Indian tea	11
696898887	Sons of Liberty	at front of protests against British	12
696898888	Boston Massacre 1770	colonial propaganda against the British; 5 civilians killed by British soldiers	13
696898889	"Common Sense"	written by Thomas Paine to spur revolution among colonists	14
696898890	Intolerable Acts	punishment for NE colonies after Boston Tea Party. 1- Boston harbor shut down/regulated by British 2- Marshall law (British military runs government)	15
696898891	Continental Congress	1775; formed army with General Washington; tried to implement colonial currency	16
696898892	loyalists	supported by slaves & Amerindians	17
696898893	American allies	France (navy, training, resources) Spain & Netherlands (weapons)	18
696898894	Battle of Yorktown	1778, Washington defeats Cornwallis	19
696898895	Treaty of Paris 1783	officially ended the American Revolution, Britain recognized US as independent	20
696898896	Articles of Confederation	aimed at keeping national government weak, short term president, no taxes; accomplished nothing	21
696898897	Constitutional Convention 1787	formed new and improved US Constitution: taxes, majority vote, centralized	22
696898898	Estates General	First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobles Third Estate: peasants, merchants, artisans, bourgeoisie 98% of population	23
696898899	National Assembly	collectively unifies Third Estate, wrote up Declaration of Rights of Man, was called for arrest	24
696898900	"French disease"	Austria and Prussia threatened to interfere in French Revolution, National Assembly declared war on them in 1971	25
696898901	Storming of Bastille	July 14, 1789: beginning of French Revolution	26
696898902	guillotine	"humane" execution method, symbol of violent French revolution	27
696898903	The Terror	1793-1794: Robespierre's ruthless, bloody, dictatorial rule of the French Revolution	28
696898904	National Convention	radical liberal group (Jacobins & Girondists & more extreme Mountain faction), hated the Church	29
696898905	Maximilien Robespierre	leader of National Convention Mountain faction; executed anyone who supported monarchy, eventually arrested and executed	30
696898906	The Directory	5 man group elected after The Terror; got nothing done	31
696898907	Napoleon Bonaparte	popular authoritarianism; limited Church; liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press	32
696898908	Gens de Couler	free colored people in Haiti who led Haitian Revolution	33
696898909	Saint Dominique	sugar production = brutal slavery & wealth	34
696898910	Toussaint Louverture	led Haitian Revolution, was imprisoned in France	35
696898911	Haitian Revolution	1794 -1804	36
696898912	American Revolution	1776 - 1783	37
696898913	French Revolution	1789 - 1792	38
696898914	Congress of Vienna	Napoleon's enemies (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) meet up to reestablish monarchy and conservatism, results in Holy Alliance that represses liberalism/nationalism in Spain & Italy	39
696898915	Greek independence	from Ottomans in 1830s	40
696898916	War of 1812	US declares war on England after they kidnap American shipmen as impressment to blockade France; US is forced to industralize, ends up winning	41
696898917	Corn Laws	50% tax on corn in Britain, gets people to vote indirectly	42
696898918	Revolutions of 1848	all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever)	43
696898919	industrializing European nations by 1850	England, Wales, France, Belgium, Germanic states	44
696898920	5 innovations that led to industrial economy	mass production (division of labor), mechanization, iron manufacturing, steam engine, electric telegraph	45
696898921	Chartism	led by Lovett and O'Connor; appealed to miners/industrial workers; left a legacy but was rejected	46
696898922	Muhammad Ali	driving force of Egyptian industrialization, built up Egyptian economy/military, ordered peasants to grow cotton	47
696898923	Why did imperial countries fuel the Industrial Revolution?	They were more advanced and had lots of resources.	48
696898924	causes of the Industrial Revolution	1- population growth 2- agricultural revolution 3- trade/inventiveness 4- england	49
696898925	Technological Revolution	mass production (pottery), mechanization (cotton industry), iron industry (cheap), steam engine (most revolutionary invention, allowed deeper travel), railroads (triggered coal industry)	50
697193172	Latin American Revolution	1810-1825; started by creole elites who feared lower classes taking control; inspired by Napoleon and Enlightenment	51
697193174	Laissez-faire	economic system supported by Adam Smith (father of economics) where the government has no intervention in the economy and it is self regulated by the people	52
697193175	Positvists	utopian socialists; Robert Owen	53
697193177	Simon Bolivar	led Venezuela's independence, inspired others, was a smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied	54
697193179	Jose de San Martin	led Southern Liberation Forces	55
697193181	Gran Columbia	formed in 1824; confederation of newly independent Latin American states	56
697193183	Mexican Independence	1810-1823; was Spain's richest colony; priests Hidalgo & Morelos led violent rebellions and were crushed by loyalists; second rebellion by Agustin de Iturbide won independence in 1821	57
697193185	Brasilian Independence	King John VI ruled in Brazil until 1821; Pedro stayed in Brazil and declared himself king with an independent constitutional monarchy, his liberal policies made him unpopular, he abdicated in favor of his son who reigned till 1889	58
697193187	power turnovers in Latin America	had no experience with constitutionalism unlike US and Canada; had bad influences from Napoleon	59
697193188	Personalist leader	aka Populist leader. sought to represent the people and undermine the constitutional order and move toward dictatorship	60
697193190	US Civil War	1860-1865; example of regionalism in the US	61
697193194	European intervention in Latin America	mostly successful; Spanish American War 1898, US gained Cuba, PR, DR, Guam, Philippines); US annexes Texas; French invasion of Mexico	62
697193196	US abolishes slavery	1865- 13th Amendment	63
697193197	Brazil abolishes slavery	1888	64
697193199	Cuba abolishes slavery	1886	65
697193201	Puerto Rico abolishes slavery	1873	66
697193203	Russia abolishes slavery	1861	67
697193204	American immigration	as slave trade ends, immigration from Europe and Asia to the Americas increased	68
697193206	Feminist movement	second half of 19th century, women's rights progressed slowly, Western countries; only upperclass women were politically active	69
697193208	neocolonialism	nonindustrialized nation depends on industrialized nation economically, is only politically independent	70
697193210	sphere of influence	intimidation is used to influence another country's decisions	71
697193212	protectorate	native leader appointed, dominant government has influence, indirect rule	72
697193214	colony annex	colonizing directly, often violently	73
698124673	crown jewel of Britain	India (cotton, tea, spices, gold, rice, etc)	74
698124675	nawabs	independent de facto rulers of regions of India after Mughal Empire fell	75
698124677	Company Men	from the British East India Company; est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection; pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize them as "Bombay Presidency"	76
698124678	sepoys	Indian soldiers hired by English men	77
698124679	raj	the British Company's rule of India; administrative/social reform placed less emphasis on caste, aculturation, Christianity; supported Indian customs through superficial parades	78
698124680	Before 1850s...	the English created a government that relied on sepoy military that disarmed Indian warriors, protected Christian missionaries.English's private lands, endorsed "traditional" rituals	79
698124681	Indian elites	benefited from British political and economic influence while poor was oppressed	80
698124682	Indian textile industry	collapsed due to competition with British industrialization	81
698124683	Sepoy Rebellion 1857	Sepoys revolt against British; was a severe shock to British; British government now assumes control of India	82
698124684	causes of Sepoy Rebellion	animal fat greased bullet casings were against religion; forced to travel to places outside caste restrictions; sati abolished and divorce allowed	83
698124685	British control of India	London in control; Indian princes kept in luxury to appease people; Durbar (fake ceremonies of Indian culture)	84
698124686	Indian Civil Service	for bureaucrats (Indian & British), only British had highest status	85
698124687	expanding production in India	British empire's money led to agricultural commodities, irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraphs, but DOES NOT INDUSTRIALIZE INDIA AS A WHOLE, only does this to benefit themselves. spread of cholera also leads to new sewage systems	86
698124688	Pan Indian nationalism	embracing Indian pride and some British culture	87
698124689	Rammouhan Roy and the Brahmo Smaj movement	Western secular values to replace caste, reforms traditional abuses of women to remove sati, Western nationalism that transcends religious differences	88
698124690	First Indian National Congress 1885	national/Hindu unity, service to community/education, mostly members of high castes, overall gained no widespread Indian support	89
698124691	Cape Colony	valuable because of strategic importance as supply station and resources en route to India	90
698124692	Afrikaners	people of white descent in South Africa (French/Dutch)	91
698124693	Great Trek	1836 and 1839 to find new colonies on fertile high veld that had been depopulated by Zulu Wars	92
698124694	Southeast Asia	Singapore, Assam & Burma annexed in 1820s	93
698124695	British interest in	trade, not territory	94
698124696	Australia	first sighted by Portuguese in 17th cent., colonized by English; Aborigines and Maori died off mostly; was a penal colony	95
698124697	Gold in Australia	found in 1851, rush of migrants	96
698124698	migrations	Indian, Chinese, African, Japanese migrated to British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii; working in sugar production	97
698124699	indentured servants	lower quality lives than British emigrants	98
698124700	Shaka	gave Zulu new national identity	99
698124701	West Africa	slavery still existed, purified Islam & jihad; largest states in Hausa (Sokoto Caliphate); more learning centers; less rights for women as slaves take their jobs	100
698124702	Muhammad Ali	raised military by requiring peasants to grow cotton for exports	101
698124703	Ismail	focused on westernization in Syria, railroads in Cairo, borrowed $$$ from France, when the market for cotton collapsed after Civil War, France and England occupy Egypt	102
698124704	Ethiopian kings	reconquered land in late 19th century, purchased modern weapons and began to manufacture weapons locally, resisted imperialism	103
698124705	David Livingstone & Henry Morton Stanley	missionaries who traced rivers in Africa	104
698124706	1808	British started prohibiting people from slave trade using navy blockades	105
698124707	legitimate trade	Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (gold and palm oil sold by Jaga)	106
698124708	Tippu Tip	formed an empire using money gained from selling ivory with high western demand	107
698124709	secondary empires	formed from dependency on European weapons	108
698124710	Sultan Mahmud II	used popular outrage (loss of Greece) to reform/rally, formed new army with no jannisaries and less religious elites (TANZIMAT REFORMS)	109
698124711	Tanzimat Reforms	Ottoman reform; French/German training, general education, foreign instructors, language, urban wealth, clothing, equal taxation, equal access to courts for males, women lose inheritance	110
698124712	The Crimean War	Russia's SW expansion bothers France & England so they fight with Ottoman allies and beat Russia	111
698124713	Impact of Crimean War	warfare tech, Russia discredited, Turk-French unity, percussion caps/breech rifles machine guns, railways, Trench warfare Ottoman changes: continued European model is very expensive = fiscal problems, loans, trade deficit, inflation	112
698124714	Turkish nationalism	law that would permit all men to vote left Muslims worried that Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society, contributed to hositlities against Christians and genocide against Armenians	113
698124715	Young Turks	liberals who wanted westernized politics, constitutionalism, national Turkish state; 1826 granted a constitution but a coup placed a more conservative ruler in place and Ottoman was further weakened	114
698124716	European question	to help or destroy the Ottoman Empire	115
698124717	Russia	had slow development because of isolation	116
698124718	Great Embassy	trip taken by Peter the Great to explore Europe and bring back knowledge and reform Russia	117
698124719	Russia	developed relations with Europe while Ottoman eventually succumbs during 1850-1900	118
698124720	Qing China	restored peace and promoted expansion of agricultural economy	119
698124721	White Lotus Rebellion	under Qing, wanted Buddhism and Ming ways back	120
698124722	Opium war 1839-1850	Qin didn't take British opium trade seriously, banned opium in 1839, Lin Zenxu went to Canton to deal with British, ends w/ Treaty of Nanking which allowed British free trade and extraterritoriality	121
698124723	Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864	pacified poorer Chinese but fell to Chinese/British/French alliance, resulted in 20 mil deaths, depopulation, 14 years of destruction, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, resurgence of the Plague, and decentralized China	122
698124724	Tongzhi Restoration	reform modeled after USA after Qing, aristocrats contributed as well as France/England; large zones with governors, in general it failed	123
698124725	inventions of the New Industrial Revolution	submarines, electric telegraphs, dynamite, plastics, steels, electricity = world trade increased	124
698124726	until 1914	value of exports from tropical countries remained high	125
698124727	European population	rose worldwide due to diverse diets, medicine, hospitals, etc; people also emigrated to US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina	126
698124728	English Midlands, German Ruhr, Tokyo Bay	pop and size grew tremendously	127
698124729	separate spheres	middle-class ideal where home life was separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens	128
698124730	Victorian Age	increased cleanliness, politeness, raise children, frowned on careers, etc	129
698124731	working class women	domestic servants, textile factories, mothers; long hours, hard labor, sexual abuse, etc	130
698124732	Karl Marx	wrote Communist Manifesto, despised capitalism wanted to ranslate his intellect into political action	131
698124733	labor movements	formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers (were accused of being communists)	132
698124734	Austria and Hungary	hard to unify because of multiethnic bonds and borders	133
698124735	language	usually the crucial element of creating national unity	134
698124736	Italian unification	popular leaders with influence favored unification, Pope and Austria opposed it as Austria lost land; added Venetia and Papal states to territory	135
698124737	German unification	wars led by Prussia divided German speakers among Prussia, West Austria, etc. Franco-Prussian War	136
698124738	nationalism after 1871	nationalism used to justify imposition of dominant religion, language, or customs on a minority pop...Social Darwinism	137
698124739	Otto Van Bismarck	formed loose coalition with Austria, Hungary, and Russia (Triple Alliance) which formed a strong sense of national unity	138
698124740	The Second Reich	Wilhelm II, keiser of Germany, emphasis on colonization	139
698124741	France	second best army to Germany; universal education; divided between Catholics and republicans; strong nationhood; popular participation in politics	140
698124742	Britain	stable government, disparity in wealth, expensive empire, Irish resentment, splendid isolation	141
698124743	Austria	nationalism weakened slavs and dominated Balkan	142
698124744	Russia	czar Alexander II ended serfdom in 1861	143
698124745	Russo-Japanese War	1904-05; fought over China, Japan won, formation of Dama in Russia	144
698124746	Ci Xi vs Tokugawa	westernization was difficult	145
698124747	Matthew C Perry	American Commodore sent by President Pierce to Japan with fleet of steam worships to demand Japan open trade in 1853	146
698124748	Meiji Restoration	1868-1894; military reform, industrialization, science, engineering; was easy because Japan had a history of adaptation; raised money through taxes and selling government land	147
698124749	Japanese Imperialism	authoritarian constitutional monarchy; sphere of influence in Korea/Manchuria/China	148
698124750	new imperalism	territorial conquest for reorganized new world economy/food/resources; Europeans and Americans	149
698124751	direct imperialism	in Africa, indirect in Latin America	150
698124752	motives for imperalism	political: national prestige/colonial agents cultural: missionary work, adventure, competition, nationalism economic: industrialization, demand for goods, entreprenuers	151
698124753	Europeans and Americans	built new imperialism because they had steamships, Suez Canal, submarine cables, Quinine, machine guns, etc	152
698124754	colonial administration	indigenous elite used as leaders, youth were trained for modern jobs in colonies	153
698124755	khedives	carried out expensive modernization in Egypt	154
698124756	Leopold II of Belgium	first to colonize Africa; wanted rubber from Congo; were violent	155
698124757	Berlin Conference 1885	imperial countries met to split up Africa	156
698124758	Southern Africa	had gold, diamond, crops, ports; English settlers defeated Zi;i amd Xhosa	157
698124759	Cecil Rhodes	used British South African Company to take over land in Central Africa = Rhodesia	158
698124760	Boer War 1899-1902	South African War, between English and Afrikaners; through Armistice treaty all joined collectively and formed the Union of South Africa in 1910	159
698124761	apartheid	by Afrikaners and Union until mid 90s	160
698124762	Menelik II	modernized Ethiopia and resisted Italy in 1896	161
698124763	Thailand/Siam	resisted imperialism	162
698124764	Spanish American War	Philippines annexed in 1898; also gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico)	163
698124765	Monroe Doctrine	listed Latin America off limits to anyone but USA	164
698124766	Panama Canal 1903	east to west travel, exploited Panama, took advantage of government	165
698124767	Shi'ite	regards Ali as successor to Mohammed	166
698124768	Sunni	accepts caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	167
698124769	Abbasid Caliphate	flourishing and prosperous, new capital in Baghdad, Persian influence; golden age of Islam, unity was short lived, fractured into sultanates, overthrown by Mongols	168
698124770	Ummayad Caliphate	illegitimate usurpers, lots of discontent, luxurious living and impiety; overthrown by Abbasid	169
698124771	hadith	journals of Muhammad, Sunna	170
698124772	Sharia law	the code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed	171
698124775	Tang	reunified China after Sui; emperors legitimized control with Buddhism; avoided over centralization, civil service, many benefits for Buddhists, by late 9th cent. Buddhism cracked down	172
698124779	Song inventions	movable type, flying money, calendar, compass, junk, gunpowder, astrolabe; neo Confucianism	173
698124782	Zheng He	eunuch who led voyages of gigantic fleet through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa under Ming Dynasty	174
698124784	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages	175
698124786	16th century Mediterranean trade	dominated by Italy and Ottoman Muslims	176
698124789	Ottoman Empire	1299	177
698124791	Ibn Battuta	Muslim who traveled to Mali, Persia, and India	178
698124793	Han and Rome	both agriculture economy, dependent on peasantry; homogenous core, expansion of pop, autonomy to local officials, cities were centers of empire, defending borders was hard	179
698124796	Han vs Rome	Romans were more individualistic; no social conduct standard in Rome, greater economic mobility in Rome, China had more divine leadership, Christianity prevailed over Roman tradition, Confucianism is brought back	180
698124798	Bantu migrations	farmers and herders who migrated south from West Africa and spread language	181
698124801	Hellenistic Era	under Alexander the Great; mixture and spread of Greek and Persian fused culture	182
698124803	chronological order	vikings > crusades > black death > columbian exchange	183
698124805	Chang'an	capital of Han and Tang; huge, million residents, most lived outside walls, curfew	184
698124807	Karakoram	capital of Mongol empire	185
698124809	Kilwa	city-state on east African coast; major trading center by 14th century	186
698124811	Cuzco	capital of the Inca empire	187

874924842	Primary significance?	A. First permanent colony established by the British in the Americas	1
874924843	year founded?	founded in 1607	2
874924844	reason founded?	Founded for economic gain	3
874924845	Role of Virginia Company?	This was a pair of English stock companies, London Company and Plymouth Company, founded in 1606 to establish settlements on the coast of North America.	4
874924846	Role of tobacco?	The cash crop tobacco saved Jamestown economically.	5
874924847	House of Burgesses?	The first representative government in North America located in Virginia.	6
874924848	Colonists relationship with Powhatan?	The Powhatan were a powerful Native American tribe that was in constant conflict with Virginia settlers.	7
874924849	Bacon's Rebellion?	A 1676 uprising in the Virginia Colony led by frontiers-men against government corruption and oppression.	8
874924850	Reason/year founded and by whom?	Founded in 1620 for religious reasons by the Puritans	9
874924851	Mayflower Compact	The first governing document of Plymouth Colony, signed by the Pilgrims in November of 1620.	10
874924852	King Philip's War?	Brutal conflict between the Mass. settlers and the Wampanoag Indians led their chief Metacomet, eventually won by the colonist but resulting in many deaths.	11
874924853	Roger Williams?	English theologian who advocated for the separation of church and state and Native American rights, was forced to flee Mass. and founded Providence, Rhode Island, where he established religious freedom.	12
874924854	Half-way Covenant?	A method for members to have partial membership in the New England Puritan Church, promoted by Rev. Stoddard.	13
874924855	Salem Witch Trials?	A series of court proceedings held in Massachusetts in 1692 in which 19 people were executed for allegedly practicing witchcraft.	14
874924856	Loss of Massachusetts charter?	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts	15
874924857	Who originally settled New Amsterdam?	The Dutch West India Company settled New Netherlands in 1621. The Dutch were fur-traders.	16
874924858	Who overtook New Amsterdam? How?	The duke of York used the British Navy to overtake New Netherlands in 1664. He renamed the colony New York and later gave part of the land to friends, which was renamed New Jersey.	17
874924859	Principles on which Pennsylvania was founded? By whom? Why?	cooperation, social equality, religious toleration - William Penn, a Quaker, who wanted his settlers to be as "free and happy as can be" and promised they'd be governed by "laws of their own making	18
874924860	Describe the geography and religious make-up of Pennsylvania.	Religiously and geographically diverse	19
874924861	Economy of the Middle Colonies	Farming was #1, but there were also merchants, mechanics, shippers and tradespeople. Mercantilism and the Trans-Atlantic trade	20
874924862	Definition of mercantilism?	The economic philosophy that control of imports was the key to enhancing the health of a nation and that Colonies existed to serve the home country as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods.	21
874924863	Necessary components of mercantilism?	(1) colonies (2) large navy to protect those colonies (3) country must sell more than it buys	22
874924864	Definition of Trans-Atlantic trade?	The trade of African slaves by Europeans. Most slaves were shipped from West Africa to the New World.	23
874924865	Favorable balance of trade?	When the value of a country's exports is greater than that of their imports.	24

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