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American Pageant 15th Edition-Exam 3 Flashcards

Chapters 9-13

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922277878Society of the CincinnatiExclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions.0
922277879disestablishedTo separate an official state church from it connection with government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, through some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century.1
922277880Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom1786. Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.2
922277881civic virtueWillingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic.3
922277882republican motherhoodIdeal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue.4
922277883Articles of Confederation1781. First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.5
922277884Old NorthwestTerritories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.6
922277885Land Ordinance of 1785Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt7
922277886Northwest Ordinance1787. Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.8
922277887Shays' RebellionArmed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Through quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.9
922277888Virginia Plan"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.10
922277889New Jersey Plan1787. "Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system.11
922277890Great CompromisePopular term fro the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.12
922277891common lawLaws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organization framework for the new federal government.13
922277892civil lawBody of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written.14
922277893three-fifths compromise1787. Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.15
922277894antifederalistsOpponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.16
922277895federalistsProponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.17
922277896The Federalist1788. Collection of essays by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation.18
922277897Lord Sheffield1725-1831. Parliamentarian who persuaded Britain to take a hard line in negotiations with the newly independent United States, closing off American trade with West Indies, and continuing to enforce navigation laws. His approach prompted many Americans to call for a stronger central government, culminating in the 1787 Philadelphia convention.19
922277898Daniel Shays1747-1825. Revolutionary war veteran who led a group of debtors and impoverished backcountry farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government in 1786, calling for paper money, lighter, taxes, and an end to property seizures for debt. Through quickly put down, the rebellion raised the specter of mob rule, precipitating calls for a stronger national government.20
922277899Patrick Henry1736-1799. American revolutionary and champion of states' rights, Henry became a prominent antifederalist during the ratification debate, opposing what he saw as despotic tendencies in the new national constitution.21
9222779001736-1799When did Patrick Henry live?22
9222779011747-1825When did Daniel Shays live?23
9222779021725-1831When did Lord Sheffield live?24
9222779031788When was The Federalist written?25
9222779041787What year was the Three-fifths Compromise?26
9222779051787What year was the New Jersey Plan?27
9222779061787What year was the Northwest Ordinance?28
9222779071781What year was the Articles of Confederation?29
9222779081786What year was the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?30
935417975Bill of RightsPopular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.31
935417976Judiciary Act of 1789Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general.32
935417977funding at parPayments of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary was debts in full order to bolster the nation's credit.33
935417978assumptionTransfer of debt from on party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary Was debts in 1790, thereby trying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the national government.34
935417979tariffTax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose high tariffs.35
935417980excise taxTax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were at highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program.36
935417981Bank of the United StatesChartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.37
935417982Whiskey RebellionPopular uprising whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.38
935417983Reign of TerrorTen-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced.39
935417984Neutrality ProclamationIssued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians.40
935417985Battle of Fallen Timbers1794. Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States41
935417986Treaty of Greenville1795. Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status.42
935417987Jay's TreatyNegotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary was debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.43
935417988Pinckney's Treaty1795. Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida.44
935417989Farewell AddressGeorge Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances.45
935417990XYZ AffairDiplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.46
935417991Convention of 1800Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by American's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.47
935417992Alien Laws1798. Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.48
935417993Sedition Act1798. Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801.49
935417994Virginia and Kentucky resolutions1798-1799. Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.50
935417995George Washington1732-1799. Revolutionary war general and first president of the United States. A Virginia-born planter, Washington established himself as a military hero during the French and Indian War. He served as commander in chief of the Continental Army during the War of Independence, securing key victories at Saratoga and Yorktown. Unanimously elected president under the new national Constitution in 1788, Washington served two terms, focusing primarily on strengthening national government, establishing a sound financial system, and maintaining American neutrality amidst the escalating European conflict.51
935417996Alexander Hamilton1757-1804. Revolutionary War soldier and first treasury secretary of the United States. A fierce proponent of a strong national government, Hamilton attended the Philadelphia convention and convincingly argued for the Constitution's ratifications in The Federalist. As treasury secretary, he advocated the assumption of state debts to bolster the nation's credit and the establishment of a national bank to print sound currency and boost commerce. Hamilton died form a gunshot wound suffered during a duel with then-Vice President Aaron Burr.52
935417997Louis XVI1754-1793. King of France from 1774 to 1792, he, along with Queen Marie Antoinette, was beheaded during the French Revolution.53
935417998Edmond Genet1763-1834. Representative of the French Republic who in 1793 tried recruit Americans to invade Spanish and British territories in blatant disregard of Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.54
935417999Little Turtle1752-1812. Miami Indian chief whose warriors routed American forces in 1790 and 1791 along the Ohio frontier. In 1794, Little Turtle and his braves were defeated by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and were forced to cede vast tracts of the Old Northwest under the Treaty of Greenville.55
935418000"Mad Anthony" Wayne1745-1796. Revolutionary war soldier and commander in chief of the U.S. Army from 1792-1796, he secured the Treaty of Greenville after soundly defeating the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.56
935418001John Jay1745-1829. Leading American revolutionary and diplomat, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris and later, the much-criticized Jay Treaty of 1794, which averted war with Britain but failed to address key American grievance. Jay also served as the first chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1789-1795, a post he left to become governor of New York.57
935418002John Adams1735-1826. American revolutionary, statesman, and second president of the United States. One of the more radical patriots on the eve of the Revolution, Massachusetts-born Adams helped guide the Continental Congress toward a declaration of independence from Britain. From 1778 to 1788, Adams involved himself with international diplomacy, serving as minister to France, Britain, and the Netherlands. After serving as Washington's vice-president, he was elected president in his own right in 1796. Adams' administration suffered from Federalist infighting, international turmoil, and domestic uproar over the Alien and Sedition Acts, all of which contributed to his defeat in the election of 1800.58
935418003Charles Maurice de Talleyrand1754-1838. French foreign minister whose attempts to solicit bribes from American envoys in the infamous XYZ Affair prompted widespread calls for war with France.59
946020269War of 1812Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated American's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.60
946020270Battle of New OrleansJanuary 1815. Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.61
946020271Congress of ViennaConvention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.62
946020272Treaty of Ghent1815. Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.63
946020273Hartford ConventionConvention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.64
946020274Rush-Bagot agreementSigned by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian Border, completed in the 1870s.65
946020275Tariff of 1816First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.66
946020276American SystemHenry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.67
946020277Era of Good FeelingsPopular name for period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.68
946020278Panic of 1819Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seed of Jacksonian Democracy.69
946020279Land Act of 1820Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreages on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.70
946020280Tallmadge amendment1819. Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.71
946020281peculiar institutionWidely used term fro the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.72
946020282Missouri CompromiseAllowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36 degrees 30 minutes.73
946020283McCulloch v. MarylandSupreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.74
946020284loose constructionLegal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionality mandated responsibilities.75
946020285Cohens v. VirginiaCase that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.76
946020286Gibbons v. OgdenSuit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.77
946020287Fletcher v. PeckEstablished firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.78
946020288Dartmouth College v. WoodwardSupreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.79
946020289Anglo-American ConventionSigned by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.80
946020290Florida Purchase Treaty1819. Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.81
946020291Monroe Doctrine1823. Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.82
946020292Russo-American TreatyFixed the line of 54 degrees 40 minutes as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.83
946020293Isaac Brock1769-1812. British general who helped stave off an American invasion of Upper Canada during the War of 1812. Brock successfully captured Detroit from American forces in August of 1812, but was killed in battle later in that year.84
946020294Oliver Hazard Perry1785-1819. American naval officer whose decisive victory over a British fleet on Lake Erie during the War of 1812 reinvigorated American morale and paved the way for General William Henry Harrison's victory oat the Battle of the Thames in 1813.85
946020295Thomas Macdonough1783-1825. American naval officer who secured a decisive victory over a British fleet at the Battle of Plattsburg, halting the British invasion of New York.86
946020296Francis Scott Key1779-1843. American author and lawyer who composed the "Star Spangled Banner"--now the national anthem--purportedly while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a British ship where he was detained.87
946020297James Monroe1758-1831. Revolutionary war soldier, statesman, and fifth president of the United States. As president, he supported protective tariffs and a national bank, but maintained a Jeffersonian opposition to federally-funded internal improvements. Through Monroe sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the sate in 1817, his presidency was rocked by bitter partisan and sectional conflicts.88
946020298George Canning1770-1827. British foreign secretary who proposed what would later become the Monroe Doctrine-a declaration issued by James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from acquiring new territories in the Americas.89
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American Pageant Chapter 10 Flashcards

chapter 10 "launching the new ship of state"

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1345151929bill of rightsSet of amendments passed to protect individual rights
1345151930judiciary act of 1789In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
1345151931alexander hamilton1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
1345151932tariffsa tax on foreign goods brought into a country
1345151933funding at parAlexander Hamilton's idea on how to improve U.S. credibility, and unity. The federal government would take on all of the states debts, as well as its own. It would pay the debts off at face value, then it pay interest. Together, it was a huge 54 million dollar debt.
1345151934whiskey taxPart of the excise taxes, the whiskey tax added a tax on whiskey at seven cents a gallon This helped pay of some of the debt., Part of the excise taxes, the whiskey tax added a tax on whiskey at seven cents a gallon This helped pay of some of the debt.
1345151935bank of the united statescreated by Alexander Hamilton, designed to stimulate business, keep money in circulation, and get the United States out of debt. it would handle tax receipts, amoung other govt funds, & print and issue paper money
1345151936tenth amendmentThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
1345151937strict interpretationA way of INTERPRETING the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to ONLY do those things SPECIFICALLY mentioned in the Constitution. based on the 10th Amendment
1345151938elastic clausethe part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers
1345151939loose interpretationA way of INTERPRETING the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to take actions THAT the Constitution doesn't forbid it from taking. based on the elastic clause.
1345151940whiskey rebellionIn 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion
1345151941federalist partyfounded by alexander hamilton, it was a political party created in the 1790s that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade
1345151942democratic-republicansfounded by thomas jefferson in the 1790s, its goal wsa to keep the federal govt as weak as possible, promote a strict interpretation of the constitution, and promote agriculture and farming (as opposed to industrialization/
1345151943french revolutionan uprising of the people that led to the end of the French monarchy and the beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. america happy until violence ensues under the reign of terror
1345151944neutrality proclamationa 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict
1345151945citizen edmond genetrepresentative of the French revolutionary government, tried to enlist Americans in the French army
1345151946general anthony waynecrushed northwest indians at battle of fallen timbers on august 20, 1794
1345151947treaty of greenvilleindians give up claim to land in ohio country
1345151948jay's treaty 1794Britain promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S soil, and pay damages for the recent seizures on American ships. Britain forced John Jay to give ground by binding the U.S to pay depts. still owed to Britain on pre-Revolutionary Account.
1345151949pinckney's treatyagreement made between spain and the u.s., where the u.s. got the northern part of florida and free access to the mississippi river
1345151950washington's farewell addresssays to remain neutral, isolationist, avoid permanent allies-choose temporary ones
1345151951john marshallappointed chief justice by John Adams
1345151952talleyrandthe French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.
1345151953xyz affair1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.
1345151954convention of 1800Treaty between France and the United States that annulled their alliance, while America agreed to pay damage claims of American shippers.
1345151955alien lawsLaws in which residence before citizenship changed from five years to fourteen, and the President was given power to deport (in times of peace) or imprison (in times of war) dangerous immigrants
1345151956compact theorypopular amoung the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798. The compact theory was used to try to stop the Federalist abuses like the Alien and Sedition Acts.
1345151957nullificationThe doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
1345151958hamiltonian federalistsWell to do merchants, large planters, investors, concentrated in urban areas. Supremacy of natl govt. Broad interpretation of the Constitution. Criticized as pro-ENG. Favored commercial/ind development.
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AP Physics-B Magnetism mrwaynesclass Flashcards

Basic information and applications of magnetic fields in the AP physics b curriculum.

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59666141Formula associated with the open right hand ruleF=Bilsin(theta) & F=qvBsin(theta)
59666142Formula associated with the closed right hand ruleB=uI / [2(pi)R]
59666143Ampere's RuleB=uI / [2(pi)R]
59666144Formula that determines the magnetic field at some distance from a current.F=Bilsin(theta)
59666145The path of any object when the force is perpendicular to the motion.circular
59666146Equal to the radius of a charged particle moving in a magnetic fieldR=momentum/qB
59666147Orientation of two magnetic fields that attract each other.opposite direction
59666148Orientation f two magnetic fields that REPELL each other.same direction
59666149Equation describing the force per unit length for the attractive or repulsive force between two current carrying wires.u(I1)(I2)/2(pi)R
59666150Equation of fluxBAcos(theta)
59666151Equation for the force on charged particle as it moves across a potential difference.F=qE
59666152The "E" in "F=qE."Electric Field
59666153The voltage in terms in electric field and distance between two charged plates.V=Ed
59666154Work done in moving a charge across an electric potential.W=qV
59666155Energy of a moving charge.Kinetic Energy
59668397Law the predicts a currents direction when the magnetic flux is changed.Lenz's Law
59668398Law that predicts the voltage generated by a change in flux.Faraday's Law
59668399EmfElectroMotiveforce
59668400Units of emfVolts (it is a voltage)
59668401A wire is moved perpendicularly across in a B-field. What determines the potential difference between the ends of the wire?V=blv :V is the potential difference in volts
59668402Rule used to determine the direction of current that creates a magnetic fieldClosed right hand rule (Ampere's Rule)
59668403Rule to determine the deflection of a moving charge when it crosses a magnetic field.Open right hand rule and F=qvBsin(theta)
59668404Rule used the calculate a self generated magnetic field from a moving charge.closed right hand rule (Ampere's rule)
59668405Two rules used to calculate the force of attraction between two current carrying wires.closed and open right hand rules ( B=uI/[2(pi)R] and F=BiLsin(theta) )
59668406Dots on the paper mean...field or current is coming out of the page.
59668407"X's" on the paper means....field or current is going into the page.
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World War 2 Flashcards

World War 2 Flash Cards for Mr Romeros World/Us History Classes

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150960379Nuremberg Laws(1934) Laws inacted in Germany that identified the Jewish race. Took away their citizenship prevented from owning buisnesses . Had to wear star of Davis on there wrist
150960380S.S.Nazi partys elite guard. Heinrich Himmle. Most attacks on jews
150960381Gestapothe German state secret police during the Nazi regime, organized in 1933 and notorious for its brutal methods and operations.
150960382Third ReichThe Third Republic of Germany which began Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945. He vowed it would last 1000 years.
150960383Holocaustthis was the killing of over 6 million Jews; the name given to the mass number of Jews and other groups by the Nazi Party during the war
150960384Kristallnacht(1938)- "night of broken glass"- German officials encouraged people to attack Jews and their property; when Germany declared open war on the Jews
150960385Rape of NankingDec 1937, Japan defeated the Chinese city of Nanking. Chinese civilians were brutalized and thousands were killed. Raped 30,000 Chinese women, Killed 30,000 Soliders, Killed 12,000 Civilians.
150960386Munich Conference1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. sept 29th Germany,Italy,France,England signed the Munich pact which gave Germany Sudetenland.
150960387Non-Aggression Pact(Aug 1939) Treaty signed by Germans and the Soviets where each pledged not to attack one another. Secret clause ,treaty calls Germany to attack West Poland and Soviets attack Poland on the East.
150960388Pact of SteelMay 1939 - Italy and Germany both pledged to help each other in the event of war.
150960389Invasion of Poland(Sept 1, 1939) Hitler launched a lightning attack (blitzkrieg) against Poland where force after force came upon Poland. Cause England and France to declare war on Germany, starting WW2
150960390Dunkirk(1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk . Left supplies on the beach.
150960391Operation Barbossawas the codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that commenced on June 22, 1941..
150960392AuschwitzThe most famous extermination camp in Europe.Killed the most number of Jews.
150960393GhettosSections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.
150960394Ural MountainsBoundary between Europe and Asia
150960395Tuskegee AirmenAfrican American Piolets that served during ww2. THey faced discrimination but overcame it. They helped support long range bombers. They used the P-51 Mustang.
150960396Second FrontSoviets were suffering from heavy causalities fighting the German invasion of Russia. Stalin urged the allies to open a "second front" in the west to relive the pressure on the Russians . The allies did so, but only after a long delay
150960397Gyorgi ZhukovSoviet General during WW2. Hero of the battle of stalingard. Coordinated the soviet offens that pushed the germans back to berlin.
150960398SurrealismAn artistic movement that conected dream worlds and real life
150960399Nazismthe name given to Adolf Hitler's brand of Facism in Germany charecterized by anti-communism, corporation,mitlarism, nationalism, racism, and racial purificationm anti-semitism, and police brutality
150960400Charles LindberghAmerican pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. 33 hour flight from New York to Paris
150960401Rome - Berlin axis(1936) treaty between Italy and Germany
150960402D-Day (Debarkation Day)June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
150960403Robert OppenheimerUnited States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967)
150960404Dwight D. Eisenhower(1870-1967) Served as the supreme commander of the western allied forces and became cheif of staff in 1941 u.s gmeral and future president of the us nicknames was "Ike"
1509604051942Start of the Manhatten Project ( A-Bomb)
150960406Tehran Conference(november 1943) first major meeting between the big three (FDR,Stalin, Churchill) Both the us/england decided to open the Italian Front
150960407Battle of StalingradBattle between germany and the usssr ( turning point in eastern europe) the southern german offensive reached this town and drove to take the city. First major defeat for the germans
150960408Chester NimitzAdmiral , Commander of the us pacific fleet. worked with douglas MacArthur to develop the "Island hopping " Strategy
150960409Albert EinsteinThe greatest scientific genius since Isaac Newton. German born physicist.
150960410Friedrich NietzcheGerman Philosipher
150960411U.N. (United Nations)Organization founded in 1945. The allied powers created an international agency to resolve conflicts and discourage agressor nations with military force.
150960412Super PowersThe name given to the ussr/usa because of their dommincance in world power, Both countries had nuclear wepaon by the late 40s and 50s
150960413Postdom Conference(1945) Allied leaders Truman,Stalin, and Churchil met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the japense they would face total destruction
150960414BrazilDuring/After WW2 many german war criminals escaped to brazil.
150960415Eva Braun(1912-1945) Adolf Hitlers Mistress ( 1932-1945) on April 29th 1945 she married adolf hitler. they both then commited suicide by posin. Adolf hitler orders officers to burn there bodies
150960416Harry S. Truman(1945-1952) Vice president of FDR known for his courfe and his decision to drop the A-bomb
150960417Yalta Conference(Feb 1945) Before his death, Fdr to allow pro soviet governments in eastern Europe countries in return for soviet assistance . FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
150960418August 8th 1945Russia Declared war on Japan 90 days after the end of the European war due to the russo-Japenese war treat.
150960419Enola GayB-29 bomber that droped the "Little Boy" on Hiroshima. First A-bomb (aug 6th 1945)
150960420BockscarB-29 bomber that droped the seconde atomic bomb "Fat Man" on nagasaki (aug 9th 1945)
150960421Little BoyNickname of first Abomb droped on Nagasaki
150960422FatManNickname of 2nd Bomb drobed on Hiroshima
150960423VJ daySeptemeber 2. 1945 Victory over japan
150960424Nuremberg Trials19 of 22 German civil and military leader were found guilty of war crimes. 12 were sentenced to death. 3 to life. the rest were sentenced 5-20 years
150960425Battle of Iwo Jima(feb 19-March 26 1945) Us marines captured Iwo Jima after more than a month of savage fighting . More than 20,000 japanese soldiers were killed . The americans suffred 7,00 casualties
150960426Navajo code Talkers(Native american Indians) Talked using a coded languge . Served in teh U.S. mariane cops. Primairily jobs were the tranmisions of secret codes
150960427761st tank battalion(Jakie Panthers - Former Broklyn Doger) Nicknames the "Blank Panthers" motto was "come out fighting" . Was a U.S. army tank battalion during W.W.2 the unit was made up of black soliders.
150960428Tokyo RoseJapanese radio announcer who broadcasted propoganda to American troops
150960429KamikazeThe 'divine wind,' , a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II
150960430Battle of the BulgeDecember, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
150960431OkinawaThe us army in the pacific had been pursuing an "island hopping" campign, moving north from australia towards japan on april 1, 1945. The us invades okinawa only 300 miles south of japanese island
150960432niseiAmerican-born children of Japanese immigrants; second generation Japanese Americans.
150960433Nisei 442nd regimentJap-Americans surviving in Europe. Volenteers suffered more casuilties and won more medals than any other army combat brigrade in US history
150960434Civil Liberties actAct which made the government pay all survivors of internment camps a total of $20,000 in 1988. 60,00 japs.
150960435Fall of FranceSummer, 1941 - Germany invaded France and set up the Vichy government, which lasted until the Allies invaded june 1944.
150964872Charles De GaulleFrench general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)
150964873VE DayMay 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered
150964874Bracero ProgramThis program was created when Americans were in need for skilled agricultural workers because of labor shortages. (1942-1964)
150964875PattonAmerican general who was involved in the Normandy invasion and the Battle of the Bulge; known for his great ability in tank warfare
150964876Zoot Suit RiotsA series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.
150964877CasablancaThe meeting place of Roosevelt and Churchill where they decided to not surrender until the Axis surrendered unconditionally
150964878Blitzkreig"Lighting Wars" type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
150964879Phony warwas a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground
150964880Genocidedeliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
150964881FDRRoosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms
150964882Lend Lease actApprove by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."
150964883Bond DrivesCelebrities and government representatives traveled around the U.S. selling government bonds ot raise money for the war effort. Extremely successful in raising funds.
150964884Pearl HarborUnited States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
150964885Admiral Osoroko yamamotoJapans Greatest naval strategists, who called for the attack on Pearl Harbor. He also commanded the fleet that attacked Midway Island.
150964886Battan Death Marchtook place in 1942 . 60 mile march, involving the forcible transfer of over 78,000 american and filipino P.O.Ws. Largest surrender in U.S. history. 6-11 million estimated dead.
150964887Battle of Britanhitler tried to take britan but failed, showed the germans that the war may not be so easly won.
150964888Appeasementpractice of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war
150964889Executive Order 90662/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion
150964890Battle of Alamein(june-Nov 1942) Turning point in the north african campaign. Hen Montgomery defeared Erwin Romel. This began the allies offensive pushing the axid powers back to turning and up to Italy
150964891Emperor hirohitoemperor of Japan during WWII. his people viewed him as a god
150964892Jesse Owenswas an African American athlete won four gold medals in the 1936 Olympic games was not recognized by Adolph Hitler when he received his medals.
150964893luftwaffethe German air force in World War II
150964894Erwin Rommel"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler.
150964895Bernard Montgomeryoften referred to as "Monty", was an Anglo-Irish British Army officer. He successfully commanded Allied forces at the Battle of El Alamein, a major turning point in the Western Desert Campaign during World War II, and troops under his command were partially responsible for the expulsion of Axis forces from North Africa
150964896Atlantic Charter1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war
150964897Douglas MacArthur(FDR), surrender the Phillippines during WWII, He was the supreme allied commander during the Cold War in 1945. After World War II, MacArthur was put in charge of putting Japan back together. In the Korean War, he commanded the United Nations troops. He was later fired by Harry Truman for insubordination.Allied commander and five star general in the U.S. army. He headed the U.S. army in Japan and Korea but was fired by Truman for questioning the actions of his superiors in the midst of the Korean war.
150964898Winston ChurchillA noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
150964899Battle of MiswayTurning point of the war in the pacificJapan los battle ships, aircraft carriers, planes, and troops. The Japenese could recover from this attempt. Begaun Island Hopping.
150964900Mussolinifounded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people.
150964901Fascisma political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
150964902hitlerleader of Nazi's, organize his supporters into fighting squads, had an obsession with extreme nationalism, racism and antisemitism, promised to end reparations, create jobs and defy the Versailles treaty
150964903Mein Kampf'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession
150964904Jeanette RankinFirst woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.
150964905Spanish Civil WarIn 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.
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Chap 20 DNA Technology & Genomics Flashcards

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411089626bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100, 000 to 500, 000 base pairs.
411089627biotechnologyThe manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products
411089628cDNA libraryA limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined
411089629clone(1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See also gene cloning.
411089630cloning vectorAn agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.
411089631complementary DNA (cDNA)A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome.
411089632denaturationIn proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. Occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature
411089633DNA fingerprintAn individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.
411089634DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain
411089635DNA microarray assayA method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules.
411089636electroporationA technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.
411089637expression vectorA cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted
411089638gel electrophoresisThe separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel
411089639gene cloningThe production of multiple copies of a gene
411089640gene therapyThe alteration of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease
411089641genetic engineeringThe direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
411089642genetically modified (GM) organismAn organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism
411089643genomic libraryA set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.
411089644genomicsThe study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
411089645Human Genome ProjectAn international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome
411089646in vitro mutagenesisA technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant
411089647linkage mapA genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes
411089648nucleic acid hybridizationBase pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule
411089649nucleic acid probeIn DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected
411089650physical mapA genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.
411089651polymerase chain reaction (PCR)A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides
411089652proteomicsThe systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes
411089653recombinant DNAA DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
411089654restriction enzymeA degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium.
411089655restriction fragmentDNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme
411089656restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps
411089657restriction siteA specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme
411089658RNA interference (RNAi)A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA.
411089659single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)One base-pair variation in the genome sequence.
411089660Southern blottingA hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA
411089661sticky endA single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.
411089662Ti plasmidA plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants.
411089663yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)A vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome--an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres--with foreign DNA.
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AP Bio Ch. 20 (DNA Technology, Genomics) Flashcards

AP Biology Ch. 20 on DNA technology and genomics.

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133138940In what year did researchers finish sequencing the human genome?2003
133138941Recombinant DNADNA with nucleotide sequences from two different sources.
133138942Genetic engineeringThe direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
133138943BiotechnologyThe manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products.
133138944Gene cloningCreating identical copies of a gene-sized segment of DNA.
133138945Uses of cloned genes:1. To make many copies of one gene. 2. To create a protein product.
133138946Restriction enzymesEnzymes that recognize and cut specific locations of DNA sequences.
133138947Restriction siteThe specific DNA sequence that a restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts.
133138948Restriction fragmentsThe fragments of DNA that remain after a restriction enzyme has cut a piece of DNA.
133138949Sticky endA single-stranded end that is able to attach to a complementary piece of single-stranded DNA.
133138950DNA ligase"Glues" together or "seals" together the DNA strand.
133138951Cloning vectorThe original plasmid, which has the ability to carry foreign DNA and replicate.
133138952Steps to clone eukaryotic gene:1. Isolate plasmids, and isolate the desired gene. 2. Cut both with the same restriction enzyme. 3. Mix the plasmids and the DNA fragments. The "sticky ends" on some will attach together, thus creating recombinant DNA. 4. Place the plasmids into bacteria. 5. Grow the bacteria on ampicillin plates.
133138953Nucleic acid hybridizationBase pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on a different nucleic acid molecule.
133138954Nucleic acid probeA short, single-stranded nucleic acid (of either DNA or RNA) that is used as the complementary nucleic acid molecule in nucleic acid hybridization.
133138955DenaturationThe separation of two strands of DNA (with either chemicals or heat).
133138956Genomic libraryA complete set of plasmid clones that each carry a gene from san initial genome.
133138957What are different types of genomic libraries?1. Bacteria (plasmids) 2. Viruses (phages 3. Yeast
133138958Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)Combines a eukaryotic chromosome with foreign DNA.
133138959ElectroporationAn electrical pulse creates holes in the plasma membrane, which allows foreign DNA to enter.
133138960Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)Amplifies DNA.
133138961Gel electrophoresisPulls DNA across a gel with an electric current to separate DNA fragments by size.
133138962Southern blotting...
133138963Human Genome ProjectEffort to sequence the entire human genome. Begun in 1990 and completed in 2003.
133138964Linkage mapLooking at the order of and relative distance between markers on chromosomes.
133138965Physical mapUsing a physical measurement to determine the distance between markers on chromosomes.
133138966Bacterial artificial detector (BAC)...
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Vocabulary Ch. 21: The Genetic Basis of Development Flashcards

Vocabulary for Ch. 21: The Genetic Basis of Development

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1059458016model organsimAn organism chosen to study broad biological principles
1059458017cell differentiationThe structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression
1059458018morphogenesisThe development of body shape and organization
1059458019apical meristemsEmbryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length
1059458020totipotentDescribing a cell that can give rise to all parts of an organism
1059458021cloningUsing one or more somatic cells from a multicellular organism to make another genetically identical individual
1059458022cloneA single individual organism that si genetically identical to another individual
1059458023stem cellAny relatively unspecialized cell that can divide during a single division into one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell, which can undergo further differentiation
1059458024pluripotentDescribing a stem cell, from an embryo or adult organism, that can give rise to multiple but not all differentiated cell types
1059458025determinationThe progressive restriction of developmental potential, causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops
1059458026cytoplasmic determinantsThe maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells
1059458027pattern formationThe ordering of cells into specific three-dimensional structures, an essential part of shaping an organism and its individual parts during development
1059458028positional informationSignals to which genes regulating development respond, indicating a cell's location relative to other cell's in an embryonic structure
1059458029embryonic lethalA mutation with a phenotype leading to death at the embryo or larval stage
1059458030maternal effect geneA gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the genotype
1059458031egg-polarity genesAnother name for a maternal effect gene, a gene that helps control the orientation (polarity) of the egg
1059458032morphogenA substance, such as Bicoid protein, tat provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis
1059458033segmentation geneA gene of the embryo that directs the actual formation of segments ofter the embryo's axes are defined
1059458034homeotic genesAny of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals and plants by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells
1059458035cell lineageThe ancestry of a cell
1059458036apoptosisThe changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die
1059458037chimeraAn organism with a mixture of genetically different cells
1059458038organ identity genePlant homeotic gene that use positional information to determine which emerging leaves develop into which types of floral organs
1059458039homeoboxA 180-nucleotide sequence within homeotic genes and some other developmental genes that is widely conserved in animals. Related sequences occur in plants and prokaryotes
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US History 1920's and Great Depression Flashcards

US History 1920's and Great Depression

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1077982512Frances Perkinssocial reformer and U.S. secretary of labor. She taught physics and biology for several years, moving to Lake Forest, Illinois, in 1904. There she became involved in the social settlement movement, which kindled the interest in social reform that was to govern her life.
1077982513John L. Lewispresident of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA). He also worked for unionization of the steel, automobile, and other mass-production industries and organized the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), a labor organization. Demanding and unyielding, he aroused passions with his thunderous oratory and kept industry in turmoil throughout his long and dynamic career
1077982514John DeweyOne of the most notable American philosophers of the 20th century, he was also a pioneer in educational theory and method. Out of his ideas developed the progressive education movement that was very influential in schools until about 1950. Also, founding the movement called pragmatism. ...
1077982515Frederick Winslow Taylorinventor and engineer who became famous as the father of scientific management, also called Taylorism. The organization of modern industry, management, and much of daily life in industrial societies reflects his immeasurable influence.
1077982516Claude McKayOne of the most influential figures of the Harlem Renaissance, the African American writer is also known for his contributions to Caribbean literature. He first made his name writing verse in the dialect of his native Jamaica. He went on to write novels that are realistic portrayals of everyday life in black America.
1077982517Richard WrightThe American author pictured with brutal realism what it meant to be black in a white society. His writings speak with the raw voice of an anguish not often evident in novels.
1078109686Countee CullenU.S. poet was one of the finest voices of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote of comedy and tragedy in the life of African Americans with lyric, wistful beauty.
1078109687Bessie SmithOne of the greatest of the blues singers, she sang of the cares and troubles she had known—of poverty and oppression, of love and indifference. Her art is known today through the more than 150 songs she recorded during her brief career.
1078109688Marcus GarveyAfrican American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.
1078109689Pinkoslang term coined in 1925 in the United States to describe a person regarded as being sympathetic to communism, though not necessarily a Communist Party member. It has since come to be used, derogatorily, to describe anyone perceived to have leftist or socialist sympathies
1078109690Frank B. KelloggU.S. lawyer and diplomat served as the U.S. secretary of state from 1925 to 1929. He was the coauthor of the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, a multilateral agreement designed to prohibit war as an instrument of national policy. He was awarded the Nobel prize for peace in 1929.
1078109691Aristide BriandThis French statesman served 11 times as the premier of France. Following World War I, he spearheaded international peace efforts and emerged as a leading advocate of the League of Nations. He was a coauthor of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) to outlaw war. In 1926 he shared the Nobel prize for peace.
1078109692Dr. Francis TownsendAmerican physician who devised the Townsend Plan, a popular proposal for state-funded old-age pensions. The plan promised to end the Great Depression by opening up jobs for younger workers, while forcing seniors to spend more money in the consumer economy.
1078109693Charles CoughlinU.S. Roman Catholic priest who developed loyal mass audience by radio broadcasts. 1926; broadcast sermons and talks to children 1930; used broadcasts to support Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 election, then began expressing strong anti-New Deal.
1078109694Alfred M. LandonIn 1936 Roosevelt tried for reelection with most big businessmen against him but with most farmers, workmen, and small storekeepers on his side. His opponent, of Kansas, was supported by about two thirds of the nation's larger newspapers. Roosevelt's backers spent a little more than 5 million dollars; His opponent's backers spent about 9 million dollars.
1078109695Wendell L. WillkieDemocrats break with the two-term tradition and renominate Franklin D. Roosevelt for a third term. Republicans nominate, a public-utilities executive who shared FDR's views on the war in Europe. Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats his opponent by nearly 5 million popular votes.
1078109696New popular culture trends of 1920'sradio, automobile, phonograph, Prohibition, birth control, organized crime, sports
1078109697The Perfect 36When TN became the final state that needed to ratify the 19th amendment
1078109698Anne Dallas DudleyNashville native who became a state and national leader in the women's suffrage movement. She was elected president of the TN equal suffrage Association and later third vice-president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association
1078109699Harry BurnTennessee state representative who cast the final required yes vote for the ratification of the nineteenth amendment at the urging of his mother
1078109700Governor Albert RobertsTennessee politician that called for a conference reguarding womens sufferage
1078109701speakeasyIllegal bar that served liquor during Prohibition
1078109702temperanceAbstinence from alcohol
1078109703socialismA system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
1078109704nativismA policy favoring native-born American over immigrants.
1078109705buying on marginPurching stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future
1078109706laissez-faireIdea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
1078109707global interdependencerefers to the importance of one country to another, usually in terms of economics.
1078109708Booker T. WashingtonAfrican American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
1078109709W.E.B. Du BoisAfrican American who believed Blacks should fight segregation; pushed for higher education opportunities for Blacks to achieve economic independence; helped to found the NAACP
1078109710Cordell HullHe is from TN and Franklin Roosevelt's Secretary of State
1078109711Fort CampbellMilitary base on TN/KY border that led to the growth of Clarksville, TN during the war.
1078109712Wagner/Fair Labor Standards' ActEstablished minimum wage and overtime pay.
1078109713Civilian Conservation Corpsthis program was aimed at over two million unemployed unmarried men between the ages of 17 and 25. The participants left their homes and lived in camps in the countryside. Subject to military-style discipline, the men built reservoirs and bridges, and cut fire lanes through forests. They planted trees, dug ponds, and cleared lands for camping.
1078109714Indian Reorganization Actalso called Wheeler-Howard Act, (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility.
1078109715Works Progress AdministrationWhen the CWA expired, Roosevelt appointed Hopkins to head this organization, which employed nearly 9 million Americans before its expiration. Americans of all skill levels were given jobs to match their talents. Most of the resources were spent on public works programs such as roads and bridges, but some were artistic projects too.
1078109716What are some New Deal Programs/Initiatives?Social Security, WPA, TVA, Indian Reorganization Act, FDIC, CCC, Wagner/Fair Labor Standards' Act
1078109717Identify some positive changes in social and cultural life caused by the Great Depressionreligious revivalism, some families and new businesses emerged stronger, Popular culture flourished despite the economic hardship- Gone with the Wind and Frankenstein, Roosevelt's radio "Fireside Chats", "Blues" music, Presidential election of 1932, in which Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Pres. Herbert Hoover. The 1932 election was the first held during the Great Depression, and it represented a dramatic shift in the political alignment of the country.
1078109718Identify some negative changes in social and cultural life caused by the Great Depressionmass migrations, rise in crime rate - suicide, theft, prostitution, alcoholism (prohibition), rise in crime rate - suicide, theft, prostitution, alcoholism (prohibition), less marriages and births, families abandoned by husband, Hoovervilles, Bonus Marchers, the gold standard, which linked nearly all the countries of the world in a network of fixed currency exchange rates, played a key role in transmitting the American downturn to other countries.
1078109719What are the negative patterns of an economic cycle?The stock market crash of October 1929 left the American public highly nervous and extremely susceptible to rumors of impending financial disaster. Consumer spending and investment began to decrease, which would in turn lead to a decline in production and employment. Another phenomenon that compounded the nation's economic woes during the Great Depression was a wave of banking panics or "bank runs," during which large numbers of anxious people withdrew their deposits in cash, forcing banks to liquidate loans and often leading to bank failure.
1078109720Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930This charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation.
1078109721Consequences of Great Depression25% unemployment, bank and business failures, reduction in prices and amount of goods sold, issues with international trade, struggling agriculture industry is worsened
1078109722Underlying causes of Great Depressionuneven distribution of wealth; speculation; margin loans; Increased productivity didn't generate corresponding wage increases for workers, but higher corporate profits. Wealthy spent money on nonessentials and luxuries, and discretionary spending decreased when the crash came. Automobile, housing, textile, tire, and other durable-goods industries were overextended and reducing themselves. Decline in farm prices, important sectors of industry lagging technologically. Or, the Fed failed to assure an adequate money supply to enable the economy to bounce back from the crash. Global economic crisis : lowered exports. Middle class in debt, Hoover's minimalist approach.
1078109723Black ThursdayOctober 24, 1929, when 12.9 million shares of stock were sold in one day, triple the normal amount. Over the next four days, prices fell 23%.
1078109724Black TuesdayOctober 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.
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AP US 1920's Flashcards

1920-1930

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641788758192019th Amendment Women's Suffrage Women Vote 1st Time KDKA 1st National Radio Sinclair Lewis writes Main Street FIrst Commercial Radio Broadcast
6417887591921Margartet Sanger founds the American Birth Control Leqgue Revenue Act (decreases taxes) Washington Disarmament Conference (limit naval arms) Post War Depression Immigration Act
6417887601922Sinclair Lewis writes Babbit FOrdney McCumber Tariff (high increase in duties)
6417887611923Teapot Dome Scandal Harding Dies
6417887621924McNary-Haugen Bill (vetoed-help farmers by buying surplus) Dawes Plan-helped Germany with reparation Peak of KKK
6417887631925The Scopes Monkey Trial Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald The New Negro by Locke
6417887641926Weary Blues by Hughes
6417887651927Charles Lindbergh Immigration Law Sacoo and Vanzitte Executed "The Jazz Singer" first talkie
6417887661929Kellog-Briand Pact: Peace Alliance The Great Stock Market crash Agricultural Market Act Federal Farm Board Tax Cut Young Plan (reduced reparation, no longer involved in German economy)
6417887671930THe Smoot-Hawley Tariff (high protective) London Naval Treaty (decrease # of ships)
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AP Human Geography Chapter 9: Development Flashcards

AP Human Geography

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1206380914DevelopmentA process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
1206380915Fair tradeAlternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
1206380916Foreign direct investment (FDI)Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
1206380917Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
1206380918Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.
1206380919Gross domestic product (GDP)The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally 1 year).
1206380920Human Development Index (HDI)Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
1206380921Less Developed Country (LDC)A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.
1206380922Literacy RateThe percentage of a country's people who can read and write.
1206380923Millennium Development GoalsEight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015
1206380924More Developed Country (MDC)A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
1206380925Primary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
1206380926ProductivityThe value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
1206380927Secondary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
1206380928Structural adjustment programEconomic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.
1206380929Tertiary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
1206380930Transnational corporationA company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
1206380931Value addedthe gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
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