Accounting Flashcards
Accounting accounting
accounting
accounting
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| 362669054 | Accounting | accounting | |
| 362669055 | accounting | accounting |
History 1301 Chapter 1 - 4 Flashcards
History 1301 Chapter 1-4
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| 660791318 | Where was the "Lost Colon" founded on Roanoke Island? | 1587 | |
| 660791319 | When did Luther start the Protestant Reformation? | 1517 | |
| 660791320 | What was the "Lost Colony"? | Roanoke | |
| 660791321 | What word did White discover on a post when he returned to the Roanoke settlement? | CROATOAN | |
| 660791322 | Where did Raleighattempt to found a colony in 1585? | Roanoke Island | |
| 660791323 | Queen Elizabeth sent Frobisher in search of: | The Northwest Passage | |
| 660791324 | England's first colonization target under King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth was: | Ireland | |
| 660791325 | Queen Mary earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" for her persecution: | Protestants | |
| 660791326 | Which British monarch fromed the Church of England separate from the Catholic Church? | Mary, Queen of Scots | |
| 660791327 | Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River in order to: | find a water route to Asia. | |
| 660791328 | The Treaty of Tordesillas affected which countries? | Portugal and Spain | |
| 660791329 | Which animal was taken from America to Europe: | the Turkey | |
| 660791330 | Which disease was NOT exported from Europe to America? | Syphilis | |
| 660791331 | The "Black Death" killed what fraction of Europe's population? | one third (1/3) | |
| 660791332 | What hs been dubbed "the Columbian exchange"? | the spread of European diseases to America | |
| 660791333 | Which desease devastated the Aztec population? | Smallpox | |
| 660791334 | Cortes found allies against the Aztecs among: | Indians who lived under Aztec rule. | |
| 660791335 | The conquistadors were primarily interested in: | finding gold | |
| 660791336 | Conquistadors came from: | Spain | |
| 660791337 | Africans primarily came to early European settlements in America: | as slaves. | |
| 660791338 | From where did the earliest humans to visit North America probably come? | Central Siberia | |
| 660791339 | Which group developed Mesoamerica's most advanced writing system? | the Mayans | |
| 660791340 | This culture is an example of a "mound-building" society. | Adena-Hopewell | |
| 660791341 | Most African immigrants to the Americas came from: | West Africa | |
| 660791342 | The highest figure in the Catholic Church is the : | pope | |
| 660791343 | Calvin emphasized the doctrine of: | predestination | |
| 660791344 | Who opened a sea route from Europe to India? | da Gama | |
| 660791345 | Columbus's voyages were funded by | Spain | |
| 660791346 | In the tenth century this portion of Europe was controlled by Muslims. | Spain | |
| 660791347 | The majority of African slaves lost their freedom: | by being captured in war. | |
| 660791348 | What situation interrupted France's efforts to establish a foothold in North America? | religious warefare between Catholics and Protestants | |
| 660791349 | Which product fueled the demand for furs in Europe in the early 1600s? | beaver fur hats | |
| 660791350 | In early French settlements in America, there were: | more men than women. | |
| 660791351 | The total number of French settlers in Canada: | was less than the total number of England's North American settlers. | |
| 660791352 | Which of the following regions had the greatest population in 1700's? | New England | |
| 660791353 | The Virginia Company was composed primarily of merchants from? | London | |
| 660791354 | What was the first settlement established by the Virginia Company? | Jamestown | |
| 660791355 | Who was the leader of the Jamestown settlement? | Smith | |
| 660791356 | What was the House of Burgesses? | The first legislative body in English America | |
| 660791357 | What were the greatest causes of death in the Virginia Company's settlements? | starvation and disease | |
| 660791358 | Falling tobacco prices in the eighteenth century caused the colonists to: | produce more tobacco. | |
| 660791359 | Calver intended for Maryland to be a | refuge for Catholics. | |
| 660791360 | Which law, passed in 1640, called for freedom of worship for all Christians? | The Act for Religious Toleration | |
| 660791361 | The first New England settlement, founded in 1620, was | Plymouth Colony. | |
| 660791362 | The first document to establish self-government and the decisions of the majority in North America was: | the Mayflower Company | |
| 660791363 | The Pequot War began primarily along the | Connecticut River Valley. | |
| 660791364 | The settlers in which area adopted the Fundamental Orders? | Connecticut | |
| 660791365 | Roger Williams founded: | Rhode Island | |
| 660791366 | New York City had formerly been called: | New Amsterdam | |
| 660791367 | Which of the following colonies was founded last? | Pennsylvania | |
| 660791368 | Within Carolina, the region best suited to growing rice was the | South | |
| 660791369 | Who devised the "Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina"? | Anthony Ashley Cooper | |
| 660791370 | New England merchants focused on trade with | the West Indies | |
| 660791371 | Those who oversaw the day-today- affairs of most Massachusetts towns were called: | selectmen. | |
| 660791372 | Compared to families in the Chesapeake region, New England families: | had more children | |
| 660791373 | Anne Hutchinson held religious meetings in | Boston | |
| 660791374 | Who argued for a separation of church and state? | Roger Williams. | |
| 660791375 | Which of the following was NOT one of the ways that slaves managed to reserve some elements of a normal life under the brutal conditions of slavery and the slave codes? | They built Churches to worship in. | |
| 660791376 | Which area separated itself from Pennsylvania effectively to form its own colony? | Delaware | |
| 660791377 | The first Jews in NOrth America immigrated to: | New Anmsterdam | |
| 660791378 | More than any other European colonists, which group sought direct control over Indians who labored in their mines or in their fields? | the Spanish | |
| 660791379 | This group was among the most successful in adapting to the Native American understanding of trade, for they knew that good relations were essentioal to maintaining and increasing their business. | the French | |
| 660791380 | The Indians who traded with the Dutch in New Netherlands were devastated by what disease? | smallpox | |
| 660791381 | Disputes between Europeans and Indians frequently arose from misunderstandings about: | definition of land ownership and property rights. | |
| 660791382 | Property rights among the Indians were held | collectively | |
| 660791383 | Spain's religious missionaries to America represented which religion? | Catholicism | |
| 660791384 | People of mixed Indian and Spanish descent were called: | mestizos | |
| 660791385 | King Philip's War took place in: | New England | |
| 660791386 | The Pueblo Revolt took place in : | New Mexico | |
| 660791387 | Rebels led by Nathaniel Bacon burned what colonial city? | Jamestown | |
| 660791388 | Labor costs in America were: | higher than in Europe | |
| 660791389 | Slaves who could NOT escape while still in Africa suffered through a lengthy voyage called: | the Middle Passage | |
| 660791390 | Georgia was founded as a refuge for: | English debtors | |
| 660791391 | Merchants often paid fishermen in New England based upon a: | credit system | |
| 660791392 | Northern farmers primarily relied upon ________for labor. | their children | |
| 662100366 | The Beaver Wars were fought between the Hurons and the: | Iroquois. | |
| 662100367 | Protestant missionaries were most active in ________colonies. | English | |
| 662100368 | Bacon's Rebellion took place in: | Virginia | |
| 662100369 | The English called which Indian leader King Philip? | Metacom | |
| 662100370 | The majority of slave traded by Arabs in southern Europe and the Middle East were: A Catholics B. Muslims C. Christians D. None of the Above | None of the Above | |
| 662100371 | Which groups first brought African slaves to America? | Spanish and Portuguese | |
| 662100372 | The laws governing slavery were called the | slave codes | |
| 662100373 | What was the rarest form of slave resistance | organized rebellion | |
| 662100374 | What was the largest slave uprising? | Stono Rebellion | |
| 662100375 | Emigrants flowed to places where: | land was cheap and labor most in demand | |
| 662100376 | Which group, numbering 100,000, came from continental Europe to avoid war, economic hardship, and regious persecution? | German Protestants | |
| 662100377 | In 1750 indentured servitude was most common in: | the middle colonies. | |
| 662100378 | Slaves were far more numerous in which colonies? | Southern Colonies | |
| 662100379 | Most Africans came to America as: | Slaves. | |
| 662100380 | King Philip: | was killed by the English. | |
| 662100381 | In the 1700, the most advaned economic power in Europe was: | England | |
| 662100382 | The Navigation Act of 1651 required that all: | trade carried out in the English empire must be conduected in English ships. | |
| 662100383 | Which product was the most important colonial export: | Sugar | |
| 662100384 | Which region was the predominant exporter of fish: | New England | |
| 662100385 | Other than rice, what was the South Carolina's most imported corp: | Indigo | |
| 662100386 | Which colonial region dominated transatlantic shipping | New England | |
| 662100387 | By 1770, the largest British provincial town was | Philadelphia | |
| 662100388 | Colonial manufacturing took place primarily in: | Artisans' workshops | |
| 662100389 | During the eighteenth century, the gap between the rich and the poor in the colonies: | widened. | |
| 662100390 | Literacy rates among eighteenth-century colonists were: | high relative to the rest of the world. | |
| 662100391 | An example of an Enlightenment thinker popular among colonists is: | Locke | |
| 662100393 | Thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment stressed: | the power of human reason | |
| 662100395 | The Great Awakening referred to a renewed interest in: | religion and spirituality | |
| 662100397 | What was one of the political legacies of the Great Awakening | an emphasis on individual choice | |
| 662100399 | Landholding in America was _______ than in England | less widespread | |
| 662100401 | Which of the following wars brought the most decisive gains for Britain? | French and Indian War | |
| 662100403 | Who put forth the Albany Plan of Union? | Benjamin Franklin | |
| 662100405 | George Washington's family plantation was located in: | Mount Vernon | |
| 662100407 | England's economic system between 1651 and 1733 could best be described as: | mercantilist | |
| 662100409 | Once an apprentice completed his training, he became a | journeyman | |
| 662100411 | Which of the following happened first: A. Queen Anne's War B. Glorious Revolution C. King George's War D. James II becomes King of England | D. James II becomes King of England (1685-1688) B. Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) A. Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) C. King George's War (1744-1748) | |
| 662100413 | A funded debt is a debt: | whose entire principal is repaid with interest. | |
| 662100415 | Which country established fur trading posts in Alaska by the 1760's? | France | |
| 662100417 | Which region's population had the highest proportion of Enlish settlers in 1760's? | New England | |
| 662100419 | During the first half of the eighteenth century, England's holdings in America: | grew | |
| 662100420 | Those converted in religious revivals were called: | New Lights. | |
| 662100422 | Colonists who could read were most likely to read: | the Bible. | |
| 662100424 | Who made the greatest scientific contributions: | Benjamin Franklin | |
| 662100426 | Courtesy books: | contained the rules of polite behavior | |
| 662100427 | Eighteenth-century America imported _____ English manufactured goods than if did previously. | more. (per capita basis) |
Mid Term Exam Biology life on Earth by Audesirk, Audesirk, and Byers Flashcards
Chapter 1- Introduction to Life on Earth
Chapter 2- Atoms, Molecules, and Life
Chapter 3- Biological Molecules
Chapter 4- Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 5- Cell Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 6- Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell
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| 1211462808 | Science | organized and systematic inquiry, through observation and experiment, into the origins, structure and behavior of our living and non-living surroundings. | |
| 1211462809 | Scientific Method | A rigorous procedure for making observations of specific phenomena and searching for order underlying the phenomena. | |
| 1211462810 | Hypothesis | A purposed explanation for a set of observations. An idea on trial. Statement, not a question. | |
| 1211462811 | Deduction | Begins with a general hypothesis or known facts and creates a specific conclusion from that generalization. | |
| 1211462812 | Control Situation | All possible variables are held at a constant. Used to eliminate variables that could throw off the result. | |
| 1211462813 | Experimental Situation | One variable is manipulated to test the hypothesis to determine that this variable is the cause of an observation. | |
| 1211462814 | Theory | Answers WHY? It is much broader on scope then a hypothesis. | |
| 1211462815 | Law | Answers HOW? Generalizes a body of observations. | |
| 1211462816 | Cell | The basic unit of life. | |
| 1211462817 | Prokaryote | Simple and small. Contains no organelles ie: Bacteria | |
| 1211462818 | Eukaryote | Large and more complex. Contain organelles. Has a nucleus. ie: Human Cells | |
| 1211462819 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid Contains all of the genetic information of all living cells. It is the chemical material for genes. BLUEPRINTS INSIDE THE CELLULAR NUCLEUS | |
| 1211462820 | Genes | Segments of DNA. Units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to their offspring. | |
| 1211462821 | Genome | The entire book of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. | |
| 1211462822 | Biology | Bio- Greek meaning Life Logy- The study of | |
| 1211462823 | 6 Characterizations for Life | 1.) Acquire and and use materials and energy 2.) Actively maintain organized complexity 3.) Perceive and respond to stimuli 4.) Grow 5.) Reproduce 6.) Collectively, have the capacity to evolve | |
| 1211462824 | Evolution | the process by which organisms have descended from earlier and different forms of life | |
| 1211462825 | Populations | A group of the same type of organism inhabiting the same area | |
| 1211462826 | 3 natural processes that underlie evolution | 1.) Genetic Variation 2.) Inheritance of these differences by offspring 3.) Natural Selection | |
| 1211462827 | Mutations | Changes in genes, such as those caused by random copying errors. Can also result from damage to DNA. | |
| 1211462828 | Natural Selection | The increased ability of offspring that inherit certain forms and combinations of DNA molecules to survive and reproduce better than others in a given environment. | |
| 1211462829 | Artificial Selection | A selective breeding procedure in which only those individuals with particular traits are chosen as breeders; used mainly to enhance desirable traits in domesticated plants and animals; may also be used in evolutionary biology experiments. | |
| 1211462830 | Adaptations | A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to those without the trait. Both physical and behavioral!! | |
| 1211462831 | Extinction | The death of all members of a species | |
| 1211462832 | 10 Levels of Organization | 1.) Biosphere 2.)Ecosystem 3.)Community 4.) Population 5.) Multicellular organism 6.) Organs/Organ systems 7.) Tissues 8.) Cells 9.) Organelles 10.) Molecules and Atoms | |
| 1211462833 | Biosphere | All life on Earth and the non-living portions of Earth that support life | |
| 1211462834 | Ecosystem | A community together with it's non-living surroundings | |
| 1211462835 | Community | Populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one another | |
| 1211462836 | Population | A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding. | |
| 1211462837 | Biotic | Living | |
| 1211462838 | Abiotic | non-living | |
| 1211462839 | Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass | |
| 1211462840 | Bulk Element | Those elements that are found in the body in large amounts | |
| 1211462841 | Trace Element | Those elements that are required in small amounts in the body | |
| 1211462842 | Atom | The smallest complete unit of an element | |
| 1211462843 | Proton | A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom. Determines the element. | |
| 1211462844 | Neutron | A subatomic particle that has no charge and is found in the nucleus of an atom. Determines the isotope. | |
| 1211462845 | Electon | A subatomic particle found outside of the nucleus that has a negative charge. Outer-shell electron participate in chemical reactions and determine the chemical behavior of the atom. | |
| 1211462846 | Nucleus (atomic) | A region that is located at the center of an atom and contains most of the atom's mass | |
| 1211462847 | Atomic Number | Number of protons in an atom | |
| 1211462848 | Atomic Mass | The sum of the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom. | |
| 1211462849 | Isotopes | Atoms that have the same atomic number (# of protons) but a different atomic mass (#protons+#neutrons) | |
| 1211462850 | Electron Shell | The outer-most region of space where electrons are | |
| 1211462851 | Chemical Bonds | Hold atoms together in molecules. Atoms gain stability by bonding to have outer most electron shells full. | |
| 1211462852 | Ionic Bond | Oppositely charged ions attract each other *NOT VERY STRONG BOND* | |
| 1211462853 | Cation | An atom that losses an electron at carries a POSITIVE charge | |
| 1211462854 | Anion | An atom that gains an electron and carries a NEGATIVE charge | |
| 1211462855 | Covalent Bond | Formed when atoms share electron(s) *VERY STRONG BOND* | |
| 1211462856 | Polar Molecule | Uneven distribution of charges in a covalently-bonded molecule ie: H2O | |
| 1211462857 | Non-Polar Molecule | Evenly distribution of charges in a covalently-bonded molecule | |
| 1211462858 | Inert | An atom that WILL NOT REACT with other atoms because it's outer-most electron shell is completely full. EXTREMELY STABLE | |
| 1211462859 | Reactive | An atom that DOES REACT with other atoms because it's outer-most electron shell is not full. | |
| 1211462860 | Hydrogen Bond | The attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative oxygen located in a nearby molecule or in a another part of the same molecule. | |
| 1211462861 | Cohesion | The tendency for molecule of a single type to stick together | |
| 1211462862 | Surface Tension | The tendency for a water's surface to resist being brokes. A measure of cohesion | |
| 1211462863 | Heat | The amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in the body of matter | |
| 1211462864 | Temperature | Measures the intensity of the heat (movement of the atoms and molecules) | |
| 1211462865 | Evaporative Cooling | Removes the heat. | |
| 1211462866 | Solution | A solvent containing one or more dissolved substances | |
| 1211462867 | Solute | A substance dissolved in a solvent (powder) | |
| 1211462868 | Solvent | A substance that dissolves some other substance. It completely surrounds and disperses the individual atoms or molecules of another substance. | |
| 1211462869 | Hydrophilic | WATER-LOVING! POLAR! Pertaining to molecules that dissolve readily in water, or to molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water | |
| 1211462870 | Hydrophobic | WATER FEARING! NON-POLAR! Pertaining to molecules that do not dissolve in water or do not form hydrogen bonds with water. | |
| 1211462871 | Acid | A substance that releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water. more H+ then OH- | |
| 1211462872 | Base | A substance that combines with hydrogen ions leaving more OH- in the water | |
| 1211462873 | pH Scale | potential Hydrogen
0-6 is acidic (H+>OH-)
7 is neutral (H+=OH-)
8-14 is basic (H+| | |
| 1211462874 | Buffer | A type of molecule that tends to maintain a solution at a constant by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration | |
| 1211462875 | Molecular Formula | Represents the number of types of atom molecules ie: C9H8O4 (aspirin) | |
| 1211462876 | Structural Formula | Can be used to show what molecules look like (picture) | |
| 1211462877 | Molecule | A particle composed of one or more atoms and held together by chemical bonds; The smallest particle of a compound that displays all the properties of that compound. | |
| 1211462878 | Compound | Multiple molecules combined | |
| 1211462879 | Chemical Reactions | A process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together in molecules | |
| 1211462880 | Reactants | A atom or molecule that is used up in a chemical reaction to form a product | |
| 1211462881 | Product | An atom or molecule that is formed from reactants and the chemical reaction | |
| 1211462882 | Decomposition Reaction | Large molecule broken down into smaller ones AB=>A+B | |
| 1211462883 | Exchange Recation | Molecules change places AB+CD=>AD+CB | |
| 1211462884 | Reversible Reactions | A+B<=>AB | |
| 1211462885 | Catalyst | DOESN'T GET CONSUMED! A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed in the process; lowers the activation energy of a reaction | |
| 1211462886 | Organic Molecule | Molecules that have a Carbon backbone and Hydrogen atoms | |
| 1211462887 | Inorganic Molecule | Molecule that lacks Carbon (ie water) or lacks Hydrogen (ie carbon dioxide) Far less diverse then and generally much simpler than organic molecules. | |
| 1211462888 | Hydrocarbons | Molecules made of ONLY carbon and hydrogen | |
| 1211462889 | Monomer | A small organic molecule several of which may be bonded together to form a chain called a polymer | |
| 1211462890 | Polymer | A molecule composed of 3 or more (perhaps thousands) smaller subunits called monomers which may be identical (like glucose to form starch) or different (like amino acids of a protien) | |
| 1211462891 | Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bond with the simultaneous removal of hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other forming water. | |
| 1211462892 | Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water. Opposite of dehydration synthesis | |
| 1211462893 | Carbohydrate | A compound composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen with approximate chemical formula of CH2O. Includes sugars, starches, and cellulose | |
| 1211462894 | Monosaccharide | The basic molecular unit of all carbohydrates, normally composed of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and hydroxyl groups | |
| 1211462895 | Disaccharide | A carbohydrate formed by the covalent bonding of two monosaccharides | |
| 1211462896 | Polysaccharide | A large carbohydrate molecule composed of branched or unbranched chains of repeating monosaccharide subunits. | |
| 1211462897 | Starch | Chains of glucose molecules. Used by plants as a carbohydrate storage molecule. | |
| 1211462898 | Glycogen | Highly-branched polymer of glucose that is store in animals in the muscles and liver and metabolized as a source of energy | |
| 1211462899 | Cellulose | An insoluble carbohydrate that forms the cell walls of plants | |
| 1211462900 | Chitin | A compound found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects | |
| 1211462901 | Lipids | one of the large organic molecules containing large non-polar regions composed solely of carbon and hydrogen which make lipids hydrophobic and insoluble in water | |
| 1211462902 | Oil | liquid at room temp; lipid | |
| 1211462903 | Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes. | |
| 1211462904 | Steroids | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. | |
| 1211462905 | Protiens | A polymer composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds | |
| 1211462906 | Amino Acids | the individual subunit of which proteins are made. Composed of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a hydrogen atom and a variable group of atoms denoted by the letter R | |
| 1211462907 | 6 Functions of a Protein | 1.) Structural 2.) Movement 3.) Defense 4.) Storage 5.) Signaling 6.)Catalyzing Reactions | |
| 1211462908 | A protein's functions if based on its... | Structure! | |
| 1211462909 | Primary Structure | A chain of amino acids | |
| 1211462910 | Secondary Structure | the repeated regular structure assumed by a protein chain HELIX OR PLEATED SHEET | |
| 1211462911 | Tertiary Structure | Manipulation of the helix or pleated sheet | |
| 1211462912 | Quaternary Structure | The complex three dimensional structure of multiple protein chains bonding together. looks like a big knot | |
| 1211462913 | Nucleic Acids | Organic molecules made up of linked nucleotide subunits; DNA and RNA are examples of | |
| 1211462914 | 3 Parts to a Nucleotide | 1.) 5 Carbon Sugar (always the same) 2.) Phosphate Functional Group(always the same) 3.) Nitrogen-Containing Base (changes) | |
| 1211462915 | ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate Energy-carriers and intracellular messanger | |
| 1211462916 | Electron Carriers | A molecule that can gain or loss electrons. Generally accept high-energy electrons and loos low-energy electrons. | |
| 1211462917 | RNA | Ribonucleic Acid messenger that leaves the nucleus. It's coded from the DNA. | |
| 1211462918 | Ribosomes | Organelles that are responsible for protein synthesis | |
| 1211462919 | Endoplasmic Reticulm | Responsible in a cell for maintaining manufacturing of a variety of molecules that get transported to the cellular membrane. The can appear as smooth or rough in texture. | |
| 1211462920 | Vacuole | A membrane bound sac that is primarily used for STORAGE of water, nutrient and water | |
| 1211462921 | Chloroplast | An organelle that is responsible for photosynthesis, turning sun light into physical energy. | |
| 1211462922 | Cell Wall | Acts as a protective barrier and helps to maintain plant cell shape. These are not found in animal cells. | |
| 1211462923 | Cytoskeleton | Composed of microtubles and filaments, these structures help maintain cell shape and can be involved in cellular movement. | |
| 1211462924 | Mitochondria | Membrane bound organelle that is sometimes called THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL, as it provides cellular energy for the entire cell in the form of ATP | |
| 1211462925 | Cell Membrane | This organelle is found on both plant and animal cells and acts as a selectively permeable barrier separating the outside of the cell from the inside. | |
| 1211462926 | Lysosomes | These organelles contain enzymes that break down cellular debris. STOMACH OF THE CELL | |
| 1211462927 | Golgi Apparatus | This organelle packages for transport elsewhere in the cell. PACKAGING AND SHIPPING DEPARTMENT | |
| 1211462928 | Flagella | This organelle propels cells using a whip-like motion | |
| 1211462929 | Cell Theory states... | 1.) Every organism is made up of 1 or more cells 2.)The smallest organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms 3.) All cells arise from preexisting cells | |
| 1211462930 | All cells have___,___, and ___ in common. | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and use DNA as the hereditary blueprint and RNA to copy the blueprint and guide construction of cell parts. |
American Pageant APUS Chapter 23&24-Unit 5 Flashcards
APUS American Pageant MC Chapter 23&24-Unit 5
Terms : Hide Images
| 704747288 | At the conclusion of the civil war, General Ulysses S. Grant | accepted gifts of houses and money from citizens | |
| 704747289 | in the presidential election of 1868, ulysses s. grant | owed his victory to the cotes of former slaves | |
| 704747290 | As a result of the civil war, | waste, extravagance, speculation, and graft reduced the moral stature of the republic | |
| 704747291 | in the late nineteenth century, thos political candidates who campaigned by "waving the bloody dhirt" were reminding voters | of the "treason" of the Confederate Democrats during the civil war | |
| 704747292 | which one of the following is least related to the other three | "ohio idea" | |
| 704747293 | one weapon that was used to put boos tweed, leader of New York City's infamous Tweed Ring, in jail was | the cartoons of the political satirist Thomas Nast | |
| 704747294 | The Credit Mobilier scandal involved | railroad construction kickbacks | |
| 704747295 | in an attempt to avoid prosecution for their corrupt dealings, the owners of Credit Mobilizer | distributed shares of the company's valuable stock to key congressmen | |
| 704747296 | President ulysses s. grant was reelected in 1872 because | his opponents chose a poor candidate for the presidency | |
| 704747297 | one cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was | the construction of more factories than existing markets would bear | |
| 704747298 | as a solution to the panic or depression of 1873, debtors suggested | inflationary policies | |
| 704747299 | one result of republican "hard money" policies was | the formation of the greenback labor party | |
| 704747300 | those who enjoyed a successful political career in the post-civil war decades were usually | party loyalists | |
| 704747301 | during the gilded age, the democrats and the republicans | had few significant economic differences | |
| 704747302 | the presidential election of the 1870s and 1880s | aroused great interest among voters | |
| 704747303 | one reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan feror of the gilded age was | sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties | |
| 704747304 | during the gilded age, the lifeblood of both the democratic and the republican parties was | political patronage | |
| 704747305 | "spoilsmen" was the label attached to those who | expected government jobs from their party's elected officeholders | |
| 704747306 | the major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on | the two sets of election returns submitted by florida, south carolina, and louisiana | |
| 704747307 | the compromise of 1877 resulted in | the withdrawal of federal troops from the south | |
| 704747308 | the sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents" of the gilded age (including cleveland's two nonconsecutive terms) | Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland | |
| 704747309 | in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the supreme court ruled that | "seperate but equal" facilities were constitutional | |
| 704747310 | at the end of reconstruction, southern whites disenfranchised african americans with | all of the above | |
| 704747311 | the leagl codes that established the system of segregation were | called jim crow laws | |
| 704747312 | the presidency of rutherford b. hayes opened with | scenes of class warfare | |
| 704747313 | the railroad of 1877started when | the four largest railroads cut salaries by ten percent | |
| 704747314 | labor unrest during the hayes administration stemmed from | long years of depression and deflation | |
| 704747315 | labor unrest in the 1870s and 1880s resulted in | the use of federal troops during strikes | |
| 704747316 | in the wake of anti-chinese violation in california, the united states congress | passed a law prohibiting the immigration of chinese laborers to america | |
| 704747317 | which of the following internal developments in china resulted in chinese immigration to the united states? | all of the above | |
| 704747318 | one of the main reasons that the chinese came to the united states was to | dig for gold | |
| 704747319 | the chinese word tong means | meeting hall | |
| 704747320 | abraham lincoln was the first president to be assassinated while in office; the seond was | james garfield | |
| 704747321 | president james a. garfield was assassinated | by a deranged, disappointed office seeker | |
| 704747322 | the pendleton act required appointees to public office to | take a competitive examination | |
| 704747323 | with the passage of the pendleton act, politicins now sought money from | big corporations | |
| 704747324 | the 1884 election contest between james g. blaine and grover cleveland was noted for | its personal attacks on the two candidates | |
| 704747325 | which one of the following gilded age president had a different party affiliation from the other four? | Grover Cleveland | |
| 704747326 | when he was president, grover cleveland's hands-off approach to government gained the support of | businesspeople | |
| 704747327 | on the issue of the tariff, president grover cleveland, | advocated a lower rate | |
| 704747328 | the major campaign issue of the 1888 presidential election was | tariff policy | |
| 704747329 | in the later decades of the nineteenth century, it was generally true that the locus of political power was | congress | |
| 704747330 | the "billion-dollar congress" quickly disposed of rising government surpluses by | expanding pensions for civil war veterans | |
| 704747331 | which of the following was not among the platform planks adopted by the populist party in their convention of 1892? | government guarantess of "parity prices" for farmers | |
| 704747332 | the four states completely carried by the populists in the election of 1892 were | Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vertmont | |
| 704747333 | The early populist campaign to create a coalition of white and black farmers ended in | a racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the south | |
| 704747334 | the political developments of the 1890s were largely shaped by | the most severe and extended economic depression up to that time | |
| 704747335 | economic unrest and the respeal of the sherman silver purchase act led to the rise of the pro-silver leader | william jennings bryan | |
| 704747336 | president grover cleveland aroused widespread public anger by his action of | borrowing $65 million in gold from J.P. Morgan's banking syndicate | |
| 704747337 | When private railroad promoters asked the united states government for subsudues to build their railroads, they gave all of the following reasons for their request except that it was | the railroads would repay the subsidies by paying higher taxes | |
| 704747338 | during the gilded age, most of the tailroad barons | built their railroads with government assistance | |
| 704747339 | the national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with | land grants | |
| 704747340 | the only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the | great northern | |
| 704747341 | one by-product of the development of the railroads was | the movement of people to cities | |
| 704747342 | the greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-civil war years was | the railroad network | |
| 704747343 | the united states changed to standard time zones when | the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks | |
| 704747344 | agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profts were called | pools | |
| 704747345 | early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to | avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area | |
| 704747346 | Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action by | state legislatures | |
| 704747347 | the first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the | interstate commerce commission | |
| 704747348 | one of the most significant aspects of the interstate commerce act was that it | represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business | |
| 704747349 | after the civil war, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the united states | helped to build the nation into an industrial giant | |
| 704747350 | one of the methods by which post-civil war busines leaders increased their profits was | increased competition | |
| 704747351 | the steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of | henry bessemer | |
| 704747352 | J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of upposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as an | interlocking dictorate | |
| 704747353 | Americas first billion-dollar corporation was | united states steel | |
| 704747354 | the first major product of the oil industry was | kerosene | |
| 704747355 | the oil industry became a huge business | with the invention of the internal combustion engine | |
| 704747356 | John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry except | using federal agents to break his competitors | |
| 704747357 | the "gospel of wealth," which associated godliness with riches, | held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility for their god-given money | |
| 704747358 | to help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the fourteenth amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to | avoid corporate regulation by the states | |
| 704747359 | the________ amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themdelves against regulation by state governments | fourteenth | |
| 704747360 | the sherman anti-trust act was at first primarily used to curb the power of | labor unions | |
| 704747361 | during the age of industrialization, the south | remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural | |
| 704747362 | the south's major attraction for potential investors was | cheap labor | |
| 704747363 | in the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor especially attracted__________ manufacturing to the "new south" | textile | |
| 704747364 | Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as | the only steady jobs and wages available | |
| 704747365 | one of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was | the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock | |
| 704747366 | the group most effected by the new industrial age was | women | |
| 704747367 | despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers extremely vulnerable to all of the following except | new educational requirements for jobs | |
| 704747368 | the image of the "Gibson Girl" represented | a romantic ideal of the independent and athletic "new women" | |
| 704747369 | most women workers of the 1890s worked for | economic necessity | |
| 704747370 | which one of the following is least like the other three | closed shop | |
| 704747371 | generally, the supreme court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the constitution in such a way as to favor | corporations | |
| 704747372 | in its efforts on behalf of workers, the national labor union won | an eight-hour day for government workers | |
| 704747373 | one group barred from membership in the knights of labor was | chinese | |
| 704747374 | the knights of labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when | labor would own and operate businesses and industries | |
| 704747375 | the knights of labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be perserved from corrupt monopolies | by strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers | |
| 704747376 | one of the major reasons the knights of labor failed was its | lack of class consciousness | |
| 704747377 | what most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-civil war period was the | american federation of labor | |
| 704747378 | by 1900, american attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. nevertheless, | the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor | |
| 704747379 | by 1900, organized labor in america | had begun to develop a more positive image with the public | |
| 704747380 | the people who found fault with the "captains of industry" mostly argued that these men | built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers | |
| 704747381 | even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism generally concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the united states because | america has greater social mobility than europe has. | |
| 704747382 | all of the following were important factors in post-civil war industrial expansion except | immigration restrictions |
APUSH chapter 25 terms Flashcards
Chapter 25 terms 1-51 APUSH American pageant 11th edition
Terms : Hide Images
| 1159295281 | The Industrial Age | will cause the rise of mass production of weapons and new products (Tanks planes and gas) | |
| 1159295282 | Union Pacific Railroad | (USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants | |
| 1159295283 | Crédit Mobilier | a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. | |
| 1159295284 | Central Pacific Railroad | A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH | |
| 1159295285 | The "Big Four" | President Wilson, PM David George of England, P Georges Clemenceau of France, and PM Vittorio Orlando of Italy | |
| 1159295286 | Transcontinental Line (1869) | the building of the transcontinental line was a dramatic and monumental achievement. thousands of immigrant workers- mostly Irish on the eastern route, Chinese on the western,- labored in what were at times unimaginably difficult conditions to penetrate mountain ranges, cross deserts, protect themselves against Indians, and connect the two lines at promontory point in northern Utah in the spring of 1869. | |
| 1159295287 | Northern Pacific Railroad (1883) | This railroad ran from Lake Superior to Puget Sound. The terminus of this railroad was in Tacoma. | |
| 1159295288 | Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad (1884) | the transcontinental railroad that began in Kansas and stretched through the southwestern deserts into California. The line was completed in 1884. | |
| 1159295289 | Southern Pacific Railroad (1884) | Railroad into Southern California that greatly sparked interest in that area, despite the former idea that Southern California was unfarmable. | |
| 1159295290 | Great Northern Railroad (1893) | The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill | |
| 1159295291 | James J. Hill | Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines | |
| 1159295292 | New York Central | Ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4,500 miles of track. | |
| 1159295293 | "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt | United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877) | |
| 1159295294 | "Time zones" (1883) | Railroad companies set 'time zones' for more efficiency. Previously, towns set their own clocks- usually 1 clock tower in town, but nearly all towns adopted new time zones.Demonstrated the power railroads had over society at the time | |
| 1159295295 | Jay Gould | United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) | |
| 1159295296 | "Stock watering" | Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back. | |
| 1159295297 | "Pool" arrangements | pool is an informal agreement between a group of people or leaders of a company to keep their prices high and to keep competition low. The Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 made railroads publicly publish their prices and it outlawed the pool. | |
| 1159295298 | Wabash case (1886) | Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. | |
| 1159295299 | Interstate Commerce Act (1887) | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices | |
| 1159295300 | Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) | an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines | |
| 1159295301 | Alexander Graham Bell | He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country. | |
| 1159295302 | Thomas A. Edison | One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture. | |
| 1159295303 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. | |
| 1159295304 | John D. Rockefeller | Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration" | |
| 1159295305 | J. P. Morgan | Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons" | |
| 1159295306 | "Vertical integration" | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution | |
| 1159295307 | "Horizontal integration" | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level | |
| 1159295308 | "Trust" | A trust is a relationship whereby property (real or personal, tangible or intangible) is held by one party for the benefit of another. | |
| 1159295309 | Standard Oil Trust | John D Rockefeller's corporation that controled over 90% of the nation's oil and bribed politicians for favors. | |
| 1159295310 | "Interlocking directorates " | a corporate directorate that includes one or more members who serve simultaneously in the directorates of other corporations | |
| 1159295311 | Bessemer process | an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities | |
| 1159295312 | United States Steel Corp. (1901) | The first billion dollar American corporation, organized when J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie. | |
| 1159295313 | Gustavus Swift/Philip Armour | Founders of the American meat-packing industry. Led boom of tobacco, sugar, leather, and meat industries | |
| 1159295314 | "Gospel of Wealth" | like other business owners, Carnegie drove his workers hard. Still, he believed that the rich had a duty to help the poor and improve society. He gave millions of dollars to charities | |
| 1159295315 | "Social Darwinism" | applied Charles Darwin's survival-of-the-fittest theories to business; rich wouldnt help poor because they believed poor were least capable and thats why they were poor | |
| 1159295316 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) | ..., First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions | |
| 1159295317 | James Buchanan Duke | Southern industrialist behind the American Tobacco Company and Southern Power Company who made great advances in the businesses of tobacco and hydroelectric power. | |
| 1159295318 | The "New South" | Not all white southerners revered the lost cause. Many looked to the future rather tha the past. They attempted to modernize the South's economy and to disversify southern agriculture. They encouraged northern investment and the building of new railroads to tie the south into national and internaltional markets. Rather than a lost cause, these southerners looked to a new south | |
| 1159295319 | "Pittsburgh plus" pricing | Pittsburgh steel lords forced railroad to give same fee to Birmingham, AL even though Birmingham would be shipping a shorter distance. | |
| 1159295320 | "Gibson girl" | Athletic and independent, the idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by C. D. Gibson | |
| 1159295321 | "Scabs" | Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike | |
| 1159295322 | "Lockout" | When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached | |
| 1159295323 | "Yellow-dog contracts" | in attempt to keep workers from rebelling, employeers had to start sign contracts saying that they wouldn't strike, picket line, or boycott | |
| 1159295324 | "Black list" | A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses. | |
| 1159295325 | National Labor Union (1866) | A labor union with about 600,000 members that agitated for arbitration of disputes and an 8 hour workday. Excluded by race and gender, but not by skill. p.587 | |
| 1159295326 | Knights of Labor (1869) | What was the large national union open to skilled and unskilled workers as well as women and blacks that maintained secretive rituals, but ultimately collapsed due to poor structure and accusations of anarchism? | |
| 1159295327 | Terence Powderly | Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation) | |
| 1159295328 | Haymarket Square episode (1886) | labor disorders, protestors against chicago police, bomb killed several dozen | |
| 1159295329 | American Federation of Labor (AF of L) (1886) | 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. | |
| 1159295330 | Samuel Gompers | He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. | |
| 1159295331 | "Mother" Jones | a female reformer who had troubles with deaths and disasters throughout her life, and made it her duty to help working conditions for the lower classes and prevent child labor; helped found the International Workers of the World (IWW). |
Progressive Era Flashcards
Progressive Era test in AP History. Important Acts, groups and people from the Progressive Era. Also with all Amendments ratified during the Era.
Terms : Hide Images
| 1069475110 | Progressive Movement | reform effort, generally centered in urban areas and begun in the early 1900s, whose aims included returning control of the government to the people, restoring economic opportunities, and correcting injustices in American life. | |
| 1069475111 | Four main goals of Progressive Era | 1. Protect social welfare - correct injustices 2. Promoting moral movement 3. Create Economic reform - control big business 4. Foster efficiency | |
| 1069475112 | YMCA | Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities | |
| 1069475113 | Florence Kelley | An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours. | |
| 1069475114 | Thorstein Veblin | Theory of the Leisure Class, Conspicious Consumption | |
| 1069475115 | Prohibitionist groups | WCTU - Began in 1874 Anti-Saloon League - tried to pass laws forcing people to change | |
| 1069475116 | Economic panic | 1893. Americans questioned capitalism - criticized by Eugene V. Debs. Socialism started. | |
| 1069475117 | Ida M. Tarbell | criticized companies' cutthroat competition, exposed the Standard Oil Company and its ruthlessness, called the company the "mother of all trusts" | |
| 1069475118 | Louis D. Brandeis | This brilliant lawyer and later a justice of the Supreme court spoke and wrote widely about the "curse of bigness." He thought the government should help small businesses. | |
| 1069475119 | Frederick Winslow Taylor | taylorism - Breaking things down into simple tasks, American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants | |
| 1069475120 | Henry Ford | Reduced workday to eight hours and paid five dollars a day | |
| 1069475121 | Robert M. LaFollete | Governor of Wisconsin. Target railroad industry | |
| 1069475122 | Charles B. Aycock and James S. Hogg | Governor of North Carolina and Texas - Protecting working children - health problems, stunted growth | |
| 1069475123 | National Child Labor committee | founded by Florence kelly which was organized to try and get lower labor hours for children | |
| 1069475124 | Keating-Owen Act | Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children | |
| 1069475125 | Meat Inspection Act | Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. | |
| 1069475126 | Pure Food and Drug Act | the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs | |
| 1069475127 | National Association of Colored Women | organization formed to fight against discrimination and for women's rights | |
| 1069475128 | Susan B. Anthony | social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation | |
| 1069475129 | National Women Suffrage Association | Formed in 1890 and united 2 major women's suffrage groups at that time discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood | |
| 1069475130 | Mann-Elkins Act | 1910, gave right to prevent new rates if challenged in courts, communication now regulate directly by the Interstate Commerce Commission | |
| 1069475131 | Hepburn Act | This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods. | |
| 1069475132 | Newlands Act | 1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states | |
| 1069475133 | Payne-Aldrich Tariff | Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff). | |
| 1069475134 | Federal Trade Commission | an independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition | |
| 1069475135 | Underwood Act | An early accomplishment of the Wilson administration, this law reduced the tariff rates of the Payne-Aldrich law of 1909 by about 15 percent. It also levied a graduated income tax to make up for the lost revenue. | |
| 1069475136 | 16th Amendment | 1913. Legalized federal income tax, Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. | |
| 1069475137 | Federal Reserve Act | a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply | |
| 1069475138 | Carrie Chapman Catt | Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage. | |
| 1069475139 | 19th amendment | granted women right to vote. 1920., Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. | |
| 1069475140 | Social Gospel Movement | a social reform movement that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society |
Chapter 5: The Plasma Membrane Flashcards
>Plasma Membrane Structure
>What is meant by Fluid Mosaic
>Define & Give example of semi, selectively permeable membranes
>Phospholipids, amphipathic, nature
>Cell size: SA:V Ratio
Terms : Hide Images
| 238603589 | Semi-permeable | Small enough molecule can pass through | |
| 238603590 | Selectively permeable | "Decide"/choose what passes through the plasma membrane | |
| 238603591 | Fluid Mosaic | ... | |
| 238603592 | Lipid Bilayer | Two layers of fat | |
| 238603593 | How do fats and water interact with each other? Why is this so? | They don't mix; two different molecules make up | |
| 238603594 | Define cytoplasm | 70% water | |
| 238603595 | What do triglyceride look like? | contains 3 fatty acid (F.A.) tails | |
| 238603596 | Phospholipid | A special kind of lipid to form a true membrane; very similar to triglyceride, it has a glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acid tails and phosphate group | |
| 238603597 | Nonpolar | the long fatty acid tails are nonpolar | |
| 238603598 | Polar | the phosphate makes the head region of a the phospholipid polar | |
| 238603599 | Amphipathic | when molecules are both polar and nonpolar |
Cellular Communications Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 334497128 | between | Intercellular means _______ the cells | |
| 334497129 | within | Intracelluar means _______ a cell | |
| 334497130 | Signal, Receiver, Transduce signal into response | What are 3 steps in EVERY receptors pathway? | |
| 334497131 | receptor | Specialized protiens where chemical messengers bind so that a cell can receive a signal | |
| 334497132 | Receptor Specificity | The ability of a receptor to bind only one type or a limited number of structurally related types of chemical messengers | |
| 334497133 | antagonist | Molecule that competes with a ligand for binding to its receptor, but does not activate signaling normally associtated with natural ligand | |
| 334497134 | agonist | A chemical messenger that binds and initiates a response just like the natural ligand does. | |
| 334497135 | Down- regulation | A decrease in the total number of target- cell receptors for a given messenger; may occur in response to chronic high extracelluar concentrations (desensitization) | |
| 334497136 | Up- regulation | An increse in the total number of target cell receptors for a given messenger; may occur in respons to a chronic low extracellular concentration | |
| 334497137 | Increased sensitivity | Caused by up-regulation, the increased response of a target cell to a given messenger | |
| 334497138 | lipid solube messengers | What type of messenger will typically increase the transcription rate | |
| 334497139 | True | T/F Pathways initiated by lipid-solube messengers are slower, but provide a more sustained response | |
| 334497140 | Alter the membrane potential | What is the main goal of Receptors that open ligand gated ion channels? | |
| 334497141 | Kinase | Any enzyme that phosphorylates itself of another protien | |
| 334497142 | WILL always initiate the cascade of events by phophorylating a protien | What do all kinases' have in common? | |
| 334497143 | Janus Kinases JAK | Common enzymatic protien within the cytoplasm, which the receptor will interact with | |
| 334497144 | Adenylyl cycalse | What is the effector protien in G protien coupled receptors cAMP? | |
| 334497145 | Alpha unit Beta/Gamma units | What subunit activates the effector protien in cAMP? What subunits anchor that subunit down? | |
| 334497146 | break down cAMP and prevent adenyly from catalyzing and changing ATP into 2 messenger | What is the function of cAMP phosphodiesterase? | |
| 334497147 | Amplification | One molecule of chemical messenger can produce a million products | |
| 334497148 | 1st messenger | Always the ligand that binds to the receptor which causes a response and the 2 messenger | |
| 334497149 | 2nd messenger | Substances that enter or are generated in the cytoplasm as a result of receptor activation | |
| 334497150 | Cessation | The inactivation of receptors or of signal transduction pathways | |
| 334497151 | Phosphorylation affinity | Cessation - receptor becomes chemically altered, usually by _____, which lowers its ___ for a first messenger so its released | |
| 334497152 | G-protien | Cessation - phosphorylation of the receptor may prevent further _______ binding to the receptor | |
| 334497153 | receptors | Plasma membranes ______ may be removed | |
| 334497154 | cross talk | Single first messenger may trigger changes in the activity of more than one pathway and many different messengers simultaneously influence a cell are examples of what? |
Enzymes Flashcards
Enzymes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, pentose
Terms : Hide Images
| 423011269 | hexokinase | The enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis. | |
| 423011270 | glucokinase | The enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the liver. | |
| 423011271 | phosphoglucoisomerase | Glucose-6-phosphate --> Fructose-6-phosphate in the second step of glycolysis | |
| 423011272 | phosphoglucomutase | glucose-6-P >>> glucose-1-P for glycogen synthesis | |
| 423011273 | phosphofructokinase | Catalyzes irreversible phosphorylation of Fructose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate. 3rd step of glycolysis. ATP required **COMMITTED STEP** | |
| 423011274 | aldolase A | Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate -> GAP + DHAP in muscle cells. 4th step of glycolysis | |
| 423011275 | aldolase B | Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate -> GAP + DHAP in liver cells. 4th step of glycolysis | |
| 423011276 | Triose phosphate isomerase | this enzyme converts dihydroxy acetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, 5th step of glycolysis | |
| 423011277 | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | Catalyzes conversion of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate into 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate yielding 1 NADH, 6th step of glycolysis. | |
| 423011278 | phosphoglycerate kinase | Catalyzes conversion of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate, 7th step of glycolysis* yields 1 ATP through substrate level phosphorylation* | |
| 423011279 | phosphoglycerate mutase | 3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PG) > 2-Phosphoglycerate (2-PG), 8th step of glycolysis | |
| 423011280 | enolase | Catalyzes conversion of 2-Phosphoglycerate (2-PG) to Phosphoenolpyruvate, 9th step of glycolysis. | |
| 423011281 | pyruvate kinase | Catalyzes phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate **glycolysis regulated step** Last step of glycolysis. | |
| 423011282 | lactate dehydrogenase | Under anaerobic conditions catalyzes the conversion of Pyruvate to Lactate consuming 1 NADH in the process. Mostly in muscle cells. | |
| 423011283 | pyruvate dehydrogenase | Enzyme used in conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA under aerobic conditions. Links glycolysis to the TCA cycle. | |
| 423011284 | pyruvate decarboxylase | The enzyme responsible for the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde in anaerobic respiration in yeast. | |
| 423011285 | alcohol dehydrogenase | The enzyme responsible for formation of ethanol from acetaldehyde in anaerobic respiration in yeast. | |
| 423011286 | pyruvate carboxylase | Gluconeogenesis, irreversible enzymes in mitochondria. Pyruvate → oxaloacetate. Requires biotin, ATP. Activated by acetyl-CoA. | |
| 423011287 | phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase | In, Gluconeogensis catalyzes conversion of Oxaloacetate -> Phosphoenolpyruvate. Requires GTP->GDP | |
| 423011288 | fructose bisphosphatase | Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphate to Fructose 6 phosphate in Gluconeogenesis (main regulatory enzyme) | |
| 423011289 | glucose-6-phosphatase | An enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis which converts Glucose 6 - P to glucose. Lacking in muscle and brain. | |
| 423011290 | udp-glucose pyrophosphorylase | Synthesizes UDP glucose and primes it to be added to the non reducing end of Glycogen during glycogen synthesis. Requires UTP. | |
| 423011291 | glycogen synthase | Catalyzes the following reaction needed for glycogenesis: primer + UDPG → Primer + 1 glucose + UDP Essentially adds glucose to the growing glycogen chain Turned on by insulin and removing phosphate group Turned off by epinepherine and glucagon and by protein kinase (adding phosphate group) | |
| 423011292 | glycogenin | Is an enzyme involved in the anabolic pathway glycogenesis. It is responsible for initiating glycogen synthesis since it catalyzes the self-glycosylation of a tyrosine residue. It serves as a self glycosylating primer for glycogen synthesis. | |
| 423011293 | branching enzyme | transfers chain of 5-8 residues from non-reducing end to a site closer to the reducing end using an alpha 1-6 bond - branches occur every 8-10 residues | |
| 423011294 | phosphorylase | enzyme that breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages between glucose residues. | |
| 423011295 | debranching enzyme | when 4 glycosyl units remain at the end of a chain before an alpha 1-6 branch point, the debranching enzyme uses two different enzymes to cleave the 3 glycosyl units and transfers them to the non-reducing end of another chain, and the branch glycosyl unit is released as free glucose by the second enzyme |
Cell Structures Flashcards
Found in Eukaryotic cell. Nuclei have two membrances and communicates with the cytosol with their numerous nuclear pores. DNA is found in the nucleus, in the chromosomes. RNA is also here.
Nucleolus: Inside the nucleus, the nucleolus produces ribosome.
Cytosol: Liquid matter found in cells where the organelles float in it. A lot of cell digestion. Cytosol is full of proteins that control metabolism. Such as, transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, transcription factors.
Cytoplasm: Terms for the cytosol and all the organelles floating in it.
Centrosome: the Microtubule organizing center (MTOC) produces microtubules. In cell division the centrosome splits and makes two, then they go to opposite sides of the nucleus and from each centrosome grows microtubes in a spindle. The spindle is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into the two daughter cells
Centriole: Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubles in each group. These are both parts of the cytoskeleton. The two centrioles are arranged in a perpendicular fashion.
Golgi: Membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It packages macromolecules for transport in the cell. The enzymatic or hormonal contents of lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesciles are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles ar the periphery of the Golgi apparatus. Stored processed and shipped.
Lysosome: contains hydrolytic enzymes necessay for intracellular digestion. Lysosome contents are carefully released into the vacuole around the bacteria and kill and digest those bacteria. Uncontrolled release into the cytoplasm can kill cell, necrosis. Enzymes from golgi and RER.
Perisxisomes: protect cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide.
Terms : Hide Images
| 1047461192 | Vacuoles | Sacs that digest nutrients and release cell waste products. Also stores nutrients. | |
| 1047461193 | Nucleus | Found in Eukaryotic cell. 2 membrances and communicates with the cytosol with their numerous nuclear pores. DNA is found in the nucleus. | |
| 1047461194 | Nucleolus | Inside the nucleus, the nucleolus produces ribosomes. | |
| 1047461195 | Cytoplasm | Liquid matter found in cells where the organelles float in it. | |
| 1047461196 | Centriole | Plays a role in mitosis and meiosis- Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubles in each group. Arranged in a perpendicular fashion. | |
| 1047461197 | Golgi bodies (or apparatus) | Membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It packages macromolecules for transport in the cell. | |
| 1047461198 | Lysosome | Contain powerful digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles and engulfed bacteria or viruses. | |
| 1047461199 | Chloroplast | Organelle that consucts photosynthesis | |
| 1047461200 | Secretory Vesicles | Cell secretions (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) are packaged in these vesicles at the golgi apparatus, and then transported where needed. | |
| 1047461201 | Cell Membrane | Double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) the exposed heads of the lipid bilayer are hydrophilic (water-loving) they are compatible with water inside and outside the cell. The hidden tails are the opposite (hydrophobic). The membrane acts as a protective barrier to the uncontrolled flow of water. Membrane is made complex by the numerous proteins. | |
| 1047461202 | Mitochondria | Provides energy to cell to move and divide. Have a double membrane the outside is smooth. Cellular respiration, makes energy. (ATP) | |
| 1047461203 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Responsible for production of hormones and other. Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes lipids and fats | |
| 1047461204 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum's ribosomes where they are collected in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported throughout the cell, highway for cell. | |
| 1047461205 | Ribosome | Packets of RNA. They are responsible for protein synthesis. | |
| 1047461206 | Cytoskeleton | Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally. | |
| 1047461207 | Cell Wall | Only plant cells have this. It maintains shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in plant cell vacuole and pushes against it, this is Turgor pressure. | |
| 1047461208 | Active Transport | The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. | |
| 1047461209 | Centrosome | An organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division. | |
| 1047461210 | Chromatin | The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. | |
| 1047461211 | Chromosome | Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells. | |
| 1047461212 | Cilia | Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion. | |
| 1047461213 | Concentration | A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain amount of solvent | |
| 1047461214 | Diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | |
| 1047461215 | Facilitated diffusion | Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels | |
| 1047461216 | Hypertonic | Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. | |
| 1047461217 | Hypotonic | Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution | |
| 1047461218 | Isotonic | Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell | |
| 1047461219 | Nuclear envelope | A double membrane that surrounds/protects the nucleus. | |
| 1047461220 | Organelle | A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell | |
| 1047461221 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | |
| 1047461222 | Passive transport | Movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. |
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