| CourseNotes

Practice for AP US History Exam Flashcards

Dates, Terms, and Important People in US History

359488406	1607	Jamestown
359488407	1649	Toleration Act
359488408	1688	Glorious Revolution
359488409	1692	Witch Trials
359488410	1754-1763	French and Indian War
359488411	1763	Proclamation of 1763
359488412	1765	Stamp Act
359488413	1770	Boston Massacre
359488414	1773	Tea Party
359488415	1775	Lexington and Concord
359488416	1776	Decalaration of Independence
359488417	1777	Saratoga
359488418	1781	Yorktown
359488419	1783	Treaty of Paris
359488420	1787	Constitutinal Convention
359488421	1788	Washington's Election
359488422	1798	XYZ Affair
359488423	1798	Alien and Sedition Act
359488424	1800	Convention of 1800
359488425	1800	Jefferson's Election
359488426	1803	Lousiana Purchase
359488427	1812-1815	War of 1812
359488428	1814	Battle of New Orleans
359488429	1816-1824	Era of Good Feelings
359488430	1820	Missouri Compromise
359488431	1823	Monroe Doctrine
359488432	1820's	Sectionalism
359488433	1828	Jackson's Election
359488434	1828-1830	Tariff Crisis
359488435	1830	Indian Removal Act
359488436	1832	Nat Turner Rebellion
359488437	1830-1850	Manifest Destiny
359488438	1836	Battle of the Alamo
359488439	1844	Polk's Election
359488440	1845	Texas Annexation
359488441	1845-1848	Mexican War
359488442	1848	Seneca Falls Convention
359488443	1850	Compromise
359488444	1850	Fugitive Slave Act
359488445	1852	Uncle Tom's Cabin
359488446	1854	Bleeding Kansas
359488447	1857	Dred Scott Case
359488448	1858	Lincoln Douglas Debates
359488449	1860	Lincoln's Election
359488450	1861-1865	Civil War
359488451	1862	Homestead Act
359488452	1863	Gettysburg
359488453	1867	Reconstruction Acts
359488454	1867	Alaska
359488455	1876	Hayes Election
359488456	1876	Little Bighorn
359488457	1886	Haymarket Square Riot
359488458	1887	Dawes Act
359488459	1887	Interstate Commerce Act
359488460	1890	Wounded Knee
359488461	1890	Sherman Anti-Trust Act
359488462	1894	Pullman Strike
359488463	1896	Election--Mckinley--Bryan
359488464	1896	Plessy vs. Ferguson
359488465	1898	Hawaii
359488466	1898	Spanish American War
359488467	1901	Theodore Roosevelt as President
359488468	1903	Wright Brothers
359488469	1912	Wilson Elected
359488470	1915	Lusitania
359488471	1916	Wilson's Neutrality
359488472	1917	US enters WWI
359488473	1920	19th Amendment
359488474	1920	Harding Election
359488475	1920's	Red Scare
359488476	1920's	Prohibition
359488477	1928	Hoover's Election
359488478	1929	Stock Market Crash
359488479	1932	Bonus Army
359488480	1932	FDR Elected
359488481	1935	Social Security
359488482	1939	WWII Starts
359488483	1941	Pearl Harbor
359488484	1944	D-Day
359488485	1945	Atomic Bomb
359488486	1945-1989	Cold War
359488487	1947	Truman Doctrine
359488488	1950	Korean War
359488489	1952	Ike Elected
359488490	1950's	McCarthyism
359488491	1954	Brown vs. Board
359488492	1955	Montgomery Bus Boycott
359488493	1957	Sputnik
359488494	1957	Little Rock Crisis
359488495	1960	U2
359488496	1960	Sit-In Movement
359488497	1960	JFK Elected
359488498	1962	Cuban Missile Crisis
359488499	1963	March on Washington
359488500	1963	JFK assassinated
359488501	1964	Civil RIghts Act
359488502	1964	Freedom Summer
359488503	1965	Voting Rights Axct
359488504	1965	Malcolm X killed
359488505	1968	Martin Luther King killed
359488506	1968	Tet Offensive
359488507	1968	Nixon Elected
359488508	1972	Watergate Break-In
359488509	1979	Iranian Hostage Crisis
359488510	1980	Reagan Elected
359488511	1989	Cold War Ends
359488512	1991	Desert Storm
359488513	1992	Clinton Elected
359488514	2000	George Bush Elected
359488515	2001	9-11 Attacks
359488516	Proprietary colonies	land granted by king to a proprietor to control the land
359488517	charter colonies	financed by companies as an investment and populate a region
359488518	royal colonies	charter granted and controlled by king
359488519	joint-stock company	a business owned by investors through control of stocks. supported colonies
359488520	Jamestown	1st successful colony founded in 1607 in virginia
359488521	indentured servants	obliged to work for a set period of years to pay off their passage to the new world
359488522	headright system	granting 50 acres of land to anyone who brought over a certain number of colonists
359488523	house of burgesses	an assembly of elected representatives developed in virginia-becomes model for congress
359488524	bacons rebellion	colonial rebellion against the governor of Virginia
359488525	pilgrims	seperatists who left the church of england
359488526	mayflower compact	agreement made by pilgrims before landing at plymouth in mass.
359488527	william bradford	govenor who was important in the organization and success of the colony-wrote its history
359488528	puritans	came seeking to purify their religion
359488529	conversation relation	puritan practice where members must bare their soul
359488530	dissenters	those who objected to the established church doctrines
359488531	anne hutchinson	was banished and moved to rhode island
359488532	roger williams	founded the colony of rhode island and practiced religious tolerance
359488533	new england	started as highly religious then becomes commercial society/ highest populated,poor soil/ turn to merchant and fishing
359488534	southern colonies	carolinas and georgia/ agriculture-rice, indigo/use of slaves
359488535	georgia	founded by james oglethrope as a debtor's colony
359488536	maryland	founded by lord baltimore as refuge for english catholics
359488537	middle colonies	penn, NY, NJ/ harbors, iron grain, wood
359488538	pennsylvania	founded by william penn. as refuge for quakers
359488539	salutary neglect	britians absence in colonial america due to pressing issues in england/ left colonies to govern themselves
359488540	mercantilism	colonies exsist for benifit of the mother country
359488541	triangular trade	west indies (sugar cane/ slaves) to N.E(rum) to Africa (slaves)
359488542	Navigation acts	colonial merchants could only export good to england
359488543	admiralty courts	created to stop smuggling
359488544	french and indian war	(1754-1763) between france and G.B
359488545	Albany plan of union	1753 ben franklin calls for a colonial confederation
359488546	treaty of paris	ends the french and indian war/ england gets all of french teritory in N.A.
359488547	Proclamation of 1763	no settlement would be allowed west of the App. mts.
359488548	john locke's ideals	criticized divine right of monarchs, people have right to overthrow tryannical government
359488549	zenger trial	he was arressted for criticizing royal govenor/ found not guilty cus it was true
359488550	stamp act	tax on documents, stamps, ect
359488551	writs of assistance	search warrant which allowed british to search homes for smuggled goods
359488552	townshend acts	taxes on tea, paint
359488553	boston massacre	british troops fired crowd in order to discourage opposition to townshend acts
359488554	boston tea party	colonists dump tea into boston habor
359488555	intolerable acts	passed in response to boston tea party
359488556	first continental congress	1774 met and issued a list of grievances to king george III
359488557	second continental congress	1775 met in philly, later becomes revolutionary government
359488558	lexington and concord	first fighting of the revolution
359488559	thomas paine	wrote the book commone sense
359488560	treaty of paris 1783	ended the american rev.
359488561	articles of confederation	1st government of u.s / had no power to tax
359488562	shays rebellion	rebellion in mass. protesting taxes on farmers/ not handled well by government
359488563	new jersey plan	called for equal representation in congress
359488564	virginia plan	representation based on population
359488565	three fifth's compromise	every five slaves would be counted as 3 when it comes to determining rep. in house of reps.
359488566	federalists	supporters of the constitution
359488567	antifederalists	opposed constitution
359488568	whiskey rebellion	farmers protest of a federal tax placed on whiskey
359488569	XYZ affair	negotiators sent to france to discuss problems
359488570	alien and sedition acts	allowed to deport allowed to deport people who were thought to be a threat to national security
359488571	virginia and kentucky resolutions	written by jefferson and madison criticizing the alien and sedition acts
359488572	marbury v. madison	s. court can declare on constitutionality of laws
359488573	mccullough v. maryland	federal gov't had the implied power to create a national bank
359488574	gibbions v. ogden	established the federal govt control over interstate commerce
359488575	embargo act of 1807	prohibited u.s. ships from trading with European nations
359488576	cause of war of 1812	impressment of u.s sailors
359488577	war hawks in congress	young congressmen who pushed madison to go to war
359488578	treaty of ghent	ending the fighting in war of 1812
359488579	robert fulton	created steamships
359488580	cyrus mccormick	invents a harvester/ reaper
359488581	monroe doctrine	warned european to stay out of western hemisphere/ u.s would not interfere in european affairs
359488582	clays "american system"	henry clay proposes a protective tariff, internal improvements
359488583	spoils system/ rotation in office	jobs in government went to those who helped one get elected
359488584	indian removal act 1830	jacksons decision to move all idians west of mississippi river
359488585	transcendentalists	emphasis on personal feel over learned analysis
359488586	horace mann	brought changes to public education
359488587	dorothea dix	led thr fight for changes in treatment of insane
359488588	seneca falls convention 1848	adopted resolutions for women's rights
359488589	mexican war 1846-48	treaty of guadeloupe hidalgo ended the war
359488590	missouri compromise	1820/ maine free state/missouri slave state
359488591	compromise of 1850	cali admitted as a free state
359488592	nat turner	leads slave revolt against master in S.C
359488593	kansas nebraska act	repealed the missouri compromise
359488594	dred scott case	slaves are property
359488595	fort sumter	southern forces fire on ft. sumter in S.C., civil war begins
359488596	suspension of habeas corpus	lincoln had people arrested without knowing charges
359488597	shermans march	through georgia-burned atlanta- to destroy will of the south
359488598	appomattox	lee surrendurs to grant in 1865 to end war
359488599	homestead act	provided free land (106 acres) in the west to those who settled it and developed it
359488600	pacfific railroad act	set up funding for the building of transcontinential railroad
359488601	lincolns 10% plan	when 10% of voters in southern states pledged allegiance to U.S. it would become part of union
359488602	radical republican	those in congress who felt johnsons plan was too easy on the south
359488603	13th amendment	abloished slavery in u.s
359488604	14th amendment	blacks given citizenship
359488605	15th amendment	blacks given right to vote
359488606	compromise of 1877	hayes given election of 1876 if u.s. troops would pull out of south
359488607	sharecropping	land and seed given to blacks and poor whites
359488608	plessy vs. ferguson	seperate but equal facilities
359488609	robber barrons	used cutthroat tactics to make millions
359488610	andrew carnegie	steel
359488611	john d. rockefeller	oil
359488612	laissez-faire	government hands off
359488613	gospel of wealth	justifies riches of the wealthy
359488614	sherman antitrust act	designed to break up trusts/ no teeth
359488615	munn v. illinois	regulated railroad rates
359488616	american federation of labor	union formed to work for better wages
359488617	collective barganing	unions and employers negotiate or bargain terms of employment
359488618	homestead strike	carnegie plant goes on strike
359488619	pullman strike	railroad car strike
359488620	gilded age politic	time of corruption
359488621	thomas nast	famous political cartoonist
359488622	pendleton act	government jobs would be based on ability
359488623	old immigration	west & northern europe
359488624	new immigration	italians, greeks, jews
359488625	chinese exclusion act	limit number of chinese into the country
359488626	chivington massacre	group of cheyenne indiansa massacred in colorado by American troops
359488627	battle of little bighorn	U.S troops wiped out by crazy horse and sitting bull
359488628	battle of wounded knee	200 indians dead in south dakota/ indians give up
359488629	dawes severalty act 1887	attempt to turn plains indians into farmers
359488630	John Adams	said, "The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people...This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the peoplej was the real American Revolution."
359488631	John Quincy Adams	secretary of state under Monroe; deftly negotiated a number of treaties that fixed U.S. borders, opened new territories, and acquired Florida from the Spanish
359488632	Jane Addams	founded Hull House
359488633	American Antislavery Society	n abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings
359488634	American Federation of Labor	only skilled workers, led by Gompers, focused on "bread and butter" issues
359488635	American Protective Association	an American anti-Catholic society (similar to the Know Nothings) that was founded on March 13, 1887 by Attorney Henry F. Bowers in Clinton, Iowa
359488636	Susan B. Anthony	led the fight for women's suffrage, convincing Congress to introduce a suffrage amendment to the Consitution
359488637	Antimasonic Party	a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party
359488638	Chester Arthur	president during Gilded Age
359488639	Elizabeth Blackwell	an abolitionist, women's rights activist, and the first female doctor in the United States
359488640	John Brown	led a raid on a proslavery camp, murdering five; raided Harper's Ferry
359488641	William Jennings Bryan	backed by Populists in 1896 presidential election
359488642	Jame Buchanan	had been out of the country for 4 years when elected president in 1856
359488643	Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce	the chief of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce Indians during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to forcibly remove his band and the other "non-treaty" Indians to a reservation in Idaho. For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker
359488644	Civil Service Commission	created by Pendleton Act to oversee examinations for potential government employees
359488645	Committees of Correspondence	groups throughout the colonies that traded ideas and apprised each other of the political mood
359488646	Coxey's Army	a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time
359488647	Eugene V. Debs	led Socialists
359488648	Thomas A. Edison	inventor
359488649	Emerson and Thoreau	transcendentalists
359488650	Millard Fillmore	the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office
359488651	First Continental Congress	all colonies except Georgia attended in 1774
359488652	Free-Soil Party	a regional, single-issue party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso
359488653	Robert Fulton	inventor of steamboat
359488654	James Garfield	president during Gilded Age
359488655	Citizen Edmond Genet	visited America to seek its assistance in the French Revolution
359488656	George III	new kin, felt that the colonists should help pay the debt from the Seven Years' War
359488657	Samuel Gompers	led the AFL, concentrated on "bread and butter" issues
359488658	The Grange movement	cooperatives, with the purpose of allowing farmers to buy machinery and sell crops as a group and, therefore, reap the benefits of economies of scale
359488659	Ulysses S. Grant	corrupt administration
359488660	Greenback Party	The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a specie-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war
359488661	Benjamin Harrison	president during Gilded Age
359488662	William Henry Harrison	the first Whig president
359488663	Rutherford B. Hayes	elected president in 1876
359488664	William Randolph Hearst	helped newspaper industry grow with yellow journalism
359488665	Andrew Jackson	popular president who believed in universal manhood suffrage
359488666	Thomas Jefferson	wrote the Declaration of Independence; Secretary of State under Washington
359488667	Andrew Johnson	Lincoln's vice-president; opposed secession and strongly supported Lincoln during his first term
359488668	Knights of Labor	one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories
359488669	Know-Nothing (American) Party	met privately and remained secretive about their political agenda, rallied around a single issue: hatred of foreigners
359488670	Ku Klux Klan	targeted those who supported Reconstruction; it attacked and often murdered scalawags, black and white Republican leaders, community activists, and teachers
359488671	Liberty Party	The party was an early advocate of the abolitionist cause. It broke away from the American Anti-Slavery Society due to grievances with William Lloyd Garrison's leadership
359488672	Abraham Lincoln	40% of popular vote; over 50% of electoral vote
359488673	Alfred Thayer Mahan (author, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History)	His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I
359488674	Horace Mann	instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general
359488675	William McKinley	pro-business, his assassination made Theodore Roosevelt president
359488676	James Monroe	president who wanted Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere
359488677	Mormon Church	founded by Joseph Smith, moved to Salt Lake City
359488678	National Labor Union	first national labor federation in the United States
359488679	Thomas Paine	English printer who advocated colonial independence and argued for the merits of republicanism over monarchy
359488680	Franklin Pierce	moderate, elected president after publishing of "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
359488681	James Polk	a Democrat expansionist who ran against Henry Clay in 1844: "54 40 or fight", Mexican-American War
359488682	Populist Party/Platform	farmers' movement: government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, and shorter workdays
359488683	Joseph Pulitzer	helped newspaper industry grow with yellow journalism
359488684	Queen Liluokalani/Hawaii	the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii; her government was overthrown by the U.S.
359488685	Republican Party	dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs
359488686	Rough Riders	the name bestowed by the American press on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment during the Spanish-American War
359488687	Second Continental Congress	convened just weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord. It prepared for war by establishing a Continental Army, printing money, and creating government offices to supervise policy.
359488688	Seventh Day Adventist Church	a Protestant Christian denomination which is distinguished mainly by its observance of Saturday, the "seventh day" of the week, as the Sabbath; established in 1863 with Ellen G. White as one of its founders
359488689	Shakers	utopian group that splintered from the Quakers, believed that they and all other churches had grown too interested in this world and neglectful of their afterlives; no sex
359488690	Sons of Liberty	group who protested the Stamp Act
359488691	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	one of the leader's of the women's rights movement
359488692	Zachary Taylor	Whig military hero, elected president
359488693	Frederick Jackson Turner (author of The Significance of the Frontier in American History)	announced that the frontier was gone, and with it the first period of American history
359488694	Nat Turner	led violent slave uprising, caused passage of black codes
359488695	"Boss" Tweed	an American politician who was convicted for stealing over 100 million dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption; head on Tammany Hall
359488696	Martin Van Buren	became president as the country was entering the Panic of 1837; made the situation worse by continuing Jackson's policy of favoring hard currency
359488697	Booker T. Washington	promoted economic independence as the means by which blacks could improve their lot
359488698	George Washington	led a colonial contingent that attacked a French outpost and lost badly, but welcomed as a hero in Virginia; first president
359488699	Whig Party	a loose coalition that shared one thing in common: opposition to one or more of the Democrats' policies
359488700	Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)	spearheaded the crusade for prohibition
359488701	Workingmen's Party	the first Marxist-influenced political party in the United States

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C. 12 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200-1500 Flashcards

Vocabulary for chapter 12, Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, from The Earth and Its Peoples, fifth edition.

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1077482278	Mongols	A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
1077482279	Genghis Khan	The title of Temüjin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire
1077482280	nomadism	A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
1077482281	Yuan Empire	Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan.
1077482282	bubonic plague	A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crises in many parts of the world.
1077482283	Il-khan	A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq.
1077482284	Golden Horde	Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.
1077482285	Timur	Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India.
1077482286	Rashid al-Din	Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice.
1077482287	Nasir al-Din Tusi	Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.
1077482288	Alexander Nevskii	Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde.
1077482289	tsar	From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III
1077482290	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
1077482291	Khubilai Khan	Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founded the Yuan Empire
1077482292	lama	In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher
1077482293	Beijing	China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China.
1077482294	Ming Empire	Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline.
1077482295	Yongle	The third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403 - 1424). He sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel.
1077482296	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
1077482297	Yi dynasty	The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan.
1077482298	kamikaze	The "divine wind", which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.
1077482299	Ashikaga Shogunate	The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate.

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Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution Flashcards

Westward expansion and improvements in agriculture. - Bethany Feltner

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392774771	Native Americans	Native Americans stood in the way of the advancement of white men. Migration, conflict, and cultural change affected the Indians, as well as the spread of cholera, typhoid, and smallpox by the whites.
392774772	Bison	Whites caused the population of bison to decrease due to the hunting and grazing of their own livestock.
392774773	Fort Laramie (1851) & Fort Atkinson (1853)	Fort Laramie (1851) & Fort Atkinson (1853)- The federal government signed treaties with the "chiefs", marking the beginnings of the reservation system. Territories were also established for each tribe.
392774774	Sand Creek, Colorado (1864)	Colonel J. M. Chivington's militia massacred 400 Native Americans, including women and children.
392774775	Colonel J.M. Chivington	Commander of the militia responsible for the Sand Creek Massacre.
392774776	Captain William J. Fetterman	Officer in the U.S. Army during the Civil War, but better known for getting killed (along with his immediate command) during the Bozeman War (aka Red Cloud's War) at the Fetterman Massacre.
392774777	Nez Perce Indians	U.S. authorities attempted to herd them onto reservations.
392774778	Chief Joseph	Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations.
392774779	Apache Indians	From the Southwest, New Mexico, Arizona. Apache chief Geronomi died in 1909.
392774780	"A Century of Dishonor"	Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, it detailed the injustices made to Native Americans during US expansion
392774781	Ghost Dance	Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee
392774782	Battle of Wounded Knee	The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
392774783	Dawes Severalty Act	Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes.
392774784	Carlisle Indian School	Failed attempt to forcibly integrate children of Native American's into US culture by way of a boarding school.
392774785	Kill the Indian and save the man	the saying to take his culture, background, and everything about his Native American culture and get rid of it, replace it with what is American.
392774786	Indian Reorganization Act of 1934	the "Indian New Deal"; encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and tradition.
394866447	Homestead Act	Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years.
394866449	"Dust Bowl	Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
394866451	National Grange	Social and educational organization for farmers.
394866452	Greenback Labor party	Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers with program for improving labor.
394866453	Interstate Commerce Act	Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods between states.
394866454	Coxey's Army	Unemployed workers marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief.
394866455	Pullman Strike	Chicago railroad strike that paralyzed railway traffic nationwide
396039455	Cross of Gold Speech	An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.
396039456	William McKinley	1897-1901, Republican, supported gold standard, protective tariff, and Hawaiian Islands, against William Bryan (The Great Commoner), assassinated

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Chapter 20 - Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861-1865 Flashcards

The American Pageant 14th Edition

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601494101	Lincoln's View on Secession	he marked restoration of the union as his top goal, and offered doubts about it splitting; stated that geographically, the United States could not be split (which was true)
601494102	Lincoln's Cabinet	composed of his major rivals for the Republican nomination for President in 1860; William Seward as Sec. of State for the whole term
601494103	Fort Sumter	site of the opening engagement of the Civil War; on April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861; Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day
601494104	Border States	Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland were crucial for both sides, as they would have almost doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South and increased its supply of horses and mules by half
601494105	Lincoln's Initial Reason for War	in order to hold the remaining Border States, Lincoln repeatedly said that the war was to save the Union, not free the slaves, since a war for the slaves' freedom would have lost the Border States
601494106	"Johnny Reb"	nickname for a typical Confederate soldier
601494107	"Billy Yank"	nickname for average Northern/Union soldier
601494108	Advantages for the South	only had to fight to a draw to win, since all it had to do was keep them from invading and taking over all of its territory; had the most talented officers and most had been trained in a military-style upbringing; any top young men attended military schools like West Point, The Citadel, or VMI
601494109	Disadvantages for the South	handicapped by a shortage of factories and manufacturing plants; found itself with a shortage of shoes, uniforms, blankets, clothing, and food, which didn't reach soldiers due to supply problems
601494110	Advantages for the North	had a huge economy, many more men available to fight, and it controlled the sea
601494111	Disadvantages for the North	its officers weren't as well-trained as some on the opposing side
601494112	Robert E. Lee	a top graduate of West Point & was an exceptional soldier in the U.S. Army for thirty-two years; Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
601494113	Thomas Jackson	nicknamed "Stonewall" at the battle of first Bull Run for standing courageously against union fire; was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults; his own men accidently mortally wounded him
601494114	Ulysses S. Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States; achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War; defeated Lee
601494115	King Cotton	term used to describe the dominance of the South's cash crop on politics, agriculture, and society prior to the Civil War in the Ante-Bellum South
601494116	King Wheat & King Corn	these crops were significant to the North; during the Civil War, the North was blessed with great weather & produced bountiful crops when the British suffered a series of bad harvests & so they were forced to import huge quantities of grain from America - if the British had broken the blockade to get cotton, they would have would have cut off this precious granary
601494117	European Attitude toward South	they wanted the Union to be split (which would strengthen their nation, relatively speaking) but their people were pro-North and anti-slavery; Europe needed the North's crops & not the South's, so helping the South would cut off the North's supply that these countries needed
601494118	Trent Affair	Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition in 1861; Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisoners; British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release
601494119	CSS Alabama	British warship used to aid the Confederates by looting and sinking many Union vessels; never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South
601494120	Charles Francis Adams	American envoy whose shrewd diplomacy helped keep Britain neutral during the Civil War; persuaded Britain not to build any more ships for the Confederacy, since they might someday be used against England
601494121	Dominion of Canada	The loose confederation of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, created by the British North America Act in 1867 to help a group of British subjects defend themselves against the U.S
601494122	Archduke Maximilian	Napoleon III of France also installed a puppet government in Mexico City, putting this man as emperor of Mexico; after the war, the U.S. threatened violence, and Napoleon left this man at the hands of a Mexican firing squad
601494123	Southern Unity	the problem was that it gave states the ability to secede in the future, and getting these states to send troops to help other states was always difficult to do; national power was weak; Jefferson Davis was never really popular
601494124	Lincoln's Unconstitutional Acts	increased size of standing army without legislative authority, imprisoned 13,000 people, defied supreme court b/c suspended the write of habeus corpus; justified his actions by saying that such acts weren't permanent, and that he had to do those things in order to preserve the Union
601494125	"Three-Hundred Dollar Men"	men who paid a three hundred dollar fine or hired someone to fight in their place in the draft
601494126	Draft Riots	were a series of violent disturbances in New York City in 1863 that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War
601494127	"bounty brokers"	those who enticed people to enlist in the army by giving them a bonus sum of money
601494128	"bounty boys"	slippery Northern men who collected fees for enlisting in the Union Army and then deserted
601494129	"a rich man's war but a poor man's fight"	slogan to describe Civil War; rich men stood to lose everything they had if slavery were ended; a poor man though stood to gain very little if they won; but the law made it possible for a man to buy his way out of military service
601494130	North Finance during the War	passed the Morrill Tariff Act; Federal Treasury netted $2.6 billion in the sale of bonds; greenbacks issued for the first time (not very successful at first)
601494131	Morrill Tariff Act	passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war; raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war; raked in millions of dollars
601494132	Jay Cooke and Company	private banking house that the Treasury forced to market its bonds; it got 3/8 of 1%; later went bankrupt
601494133	National Banking Act	established a system of national charters for banks; along with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks," raised money for the federal government in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds and taxed state bonds out of existence
601494134	National Banking System	authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency; banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money; first significant step toward a national bank
601494135	Economic Impact of War on North	emerged from the Civil War more prosperous than before, since new factories had been formed and a millionaire class was born for the first time in history
601494136	Economic Impact of War on South	ruined by the war, as transportation collapsed and supplies of everything became scarce, and by the end of the war, they claimed only 12% of the national wealth as opposed to 30% before the war; per capita income was greatly decreased
601494137	"shoddy millionnaires"	scornful term for northern manufacturers who made quick fortunes out of selling cheaply made shoes and other inadequate goods to the us army
601494138	"fifty-niners"	nickname given to the men who rushed to Pennsylvania once oil was discovered there
601494139	"government girls"	women who worked in the Treasury and War Departments as well as the post office during the war to fill the positions left by men in the North
601494140	Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell	America's first female physician; helped organize the U.S. Sanitary commission to assist the Union armies in the field; commission work helped many women acquire the skills and self-confidence that would propel the women's rights movement after the war
601494141	Clara Barton	nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross
601494142	Dorthea Dix	tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill; appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces
601494143	Sally Thompkins	a Confederate women who founded small hospitals and clinics in the South; called the Clara Barton of the South

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Chapter 19 - Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861 Flashcards

The American Pageant 14th Edition

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601307049	Harriet Beecher Stowe	wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852; persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slaver.
601307050	Uncle Tom's Cabin	book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery; promoted abolition * intensified sectional conflict
601307051	Second Great Awakening	second religious fervor that swept the nation; had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery
601307052	Simon Legree	the cruel slave dealer in an anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe
601307053	Hinton Helper	Southern who argued against slavery not on moral grounds, but because he believed it was a system that impoverished poor southern whites and kept the South poorer than the North
601307054	The Impending Crisis of the South	trouble-brewing book written in 1857 by Hinton R. Helper, attempting to prove that slavery hurt non-slaveholding whites the most
601307055	Immigrant Aid Society	founded by New Englanders to encourage new immigrants to start antislavery settlements in Kansas; immigrants were given wagons full of supplies if they agreed to move to Kansas and vote slavery down
601307056	"Beechers" Bibles	rifles sent by the preacher husband of Harriet Beecher Stowe; they were hidden in a box of bibles and sent to abolitionists in Kansas
601307057	Henry Ward Beecher	preacher-abolitionist who funded weapons for antislavery pioneers in Kansas; brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe
601307058	John Greenleaf Wittier	was a Quaker poet who advocated abolitionism; influenced social action through anti-slavery poems
601307059	Shawnee Mission	place where the pro-slavery Kansas government is established
601307060	LeCompton Constitution	pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union; It was rejected
601307061	Topeka Constitution	version of the Kansas state constitution written by a convention of Free State supporters that prohibited slavery; Congress rejected this version; Kansas' admission to the United States was delayed until 1861
601307062	Contest for Kansas	on election day in 1855, hordes of Southerners "border ruffians" from Missouri flooded the polls and elected Kansas to be a slave state; free-soilers were unable to stomach this and set up their own government in Topeka
601307063	John Brown	violent abolitionist who murdered slaveholders in Kansas and Missouri (1856-1858) before his raid at Harpers Ferry (1859), hoping to incite a slave rebellion; he failed and was executed, but his martyrdom by northern abolitionists frightened the South
601307064	Lawrence, Kansas	where the pro-slavery /anti-slavery war in Kansas began in 1855 ("Bleeding Kansas")
601307065	"Bleeding Kansas"	a sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory; dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent
601307066	Pottawatomie Creek Massacre	In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers in Franklin County, Kansas
601307067	Preston Brooks	South Carolina representative who used a cane to beat Charles Sumner on the Senate floor for his criticisms of pro-slavery leaders
601307068	Charles Sumner	gave a speech in May 1856 called " the Crime Against Kansas"; beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech; he collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to Senate for 4 years; symbol throughout the north
601307069	Election of 1856 Candidates	Democrats nominated Buchanan; Republicans nominated Fremont; Know-Nothings chose Fillmore
601307070	Election of 1856	Democrat James Buchanan won the general election by denouncing the abolitionists, promising not to allow any interference with the Compromise of 1850, and supporting the principle of noninterference by Congress with slavery in the territories; Fremont lost b/c there were doubts about his honesty
601307071	"Know-Nothings"	political party made up of nativists who answered questions about the society by answering "I know nothing."; supported only white, native born, protestatnt candidates
601307072	anti-foreignism	fear that immigrants would steal jobs and votes from "real Americans"
601307073	Dred Scott vs. Stanford	an 1858 Supreme Court case in which a slave sued for his freedom but the court ruled that slaves weren't citizens; damdged their reputation by saying black people/slaves were not citizens/people
601307074	nativists	U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them
601307075	Roger B. Taney	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who wrote the lead opinion in the Dred Scott case & said slaves weren't citizens, they were property
601307076	Outcome of Dred Scott Case	inflamed millions of abolitionists against slavery and even those who didn't care much about it; Northerners complained; Southerners were ecstatic about the decision but inflamed by northern defiance, and more tension built
601307077	Panic of 1857	notable sudden collapse in the economy caused by over speculation in railroads and lands, false banking practices, and a break in the flow of European capital to American investments as a result of the Crimean War; since it did not effect the South as bad as the North, they gained a sense of superiority
601307078	"Freeport Doctrine"	Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so
601307079	Harper's Ferry	John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves that was backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; tried to seize the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged
601307080	Outcome of Harper's Ferry	Brown became a martyr for abolitionists; Northerners rallied around his memory; abolitionists were infuriated by his execution; South was happy and saw justice & felt his actions were typical of the radical North
601307081	Homestead Act	passed in 1862; gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years; settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25; provided an easy way for more free-soilers to fill the territories
601307082	Democratic Convention of 1860	Democratic Party split into northern and southern wings, each nominating a different presidential candidate
601307083	Election of 1860 Candidates	Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln; Northern Democrats nominated Stephan A. Douglas; Southern Democrats John C. Breckenridge; Constitutional Union (aka "Know-Nothings") nominated John Bell
601307084	Election of 1860 Issues	mainly about slavery in the territories
601307085	Election of 1860 Outcome	Lincoln won with only 40% of the popular vote & won the electoral votes; South decides to secede
601307086	Jefferson Davis	an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865
601307087	"Lame Duck"	a person still in office after he or she has lost a bid for reelection; Buchanan
601307088	Henry Crittenden	from Kentucky; proposed the Crittenden Amendment
601307089	Crittenden Amendment	constitutional amendment introduced by James Henry Crittenden, compromise attempting to reconcile the South with the union by allowing slavery under 36; Lincoln opposed; didn't stop states from seceding
601307090	Reasons for Secession	South feared that their rights as a slaveholding minority were being threatened, and were alarmed at the growing power of the Republicans, plus, they believed that they would be unopposed despite what the Northerners claimed; also hoped to develop its own banking and shipping

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Combo with APUSH Ch 12: Antebellum Culture and Reform and 3 others Flashcards

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997619769	Romanticism	idea that individuals should strive to give full expression to the inner spirit, should work to unleash their innate capacity to experience joy and do good *contrasted original idea to traditional Protestant assumptions of original sin
997619771	James Fenimore Cooper	American novelist, wrote thirty novels in three decades, master of adventure and suspense, wrote the "Leatherstocking Tales" *first great American novelist
997619779	Walt Whitman	self-proclaimed poet of the American democracy, his poems were an "unrestrained celebration of democracy, of the liberation of the individual, and of the pleasures of the flesh as well as of the spirit," published Leaves of Grass in 1855 * liberated verse from traditional, restrictive conventions and helped express the soaring spirit of individualism
997619780	Herman Melville	Writer during a time when the literary concern was unleashing the human emotions *the greatest American novelist of his era, wrote Moby Dick reflecting his idea that the human spirit was a troubled, often self-destructive force
997619781	Edgar Allen Poe	southern writer of the time to embrace the search for the essence of the human spirit, wrote mostly sad short stories and poems * evoked images of individuals rising above the narrow confines of intellect and exploring the deeper world of emotions, had an effect on European poets such as Baudelaire
997619782	Transcendentalists	group of New England writers and philosophers, embraced the theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between reason and understanding * believed every persons goal should be liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reason
997619783	Ralph Waldo Emerson	leader of one of the first groups of transcendentalists, nationalist * philosopher with many well known essays and lectures about the quest for self-fulfillment and self-reliance
997619784	Henry David Thoreau	went even further than Emerson in repudiating the repressive forces of society which produced "lives of quiet desperation," wrote Walden* said individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society's expectations and responding instead to their own instincts
997619785	Utopian societies	a social organization in which every member would have a full opportunity for self-realization, all residents share the labor and leisure of the community equally * people became disenchanted when individualism became a form of socialism including Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote a series of notable novels about his discontent with the Brook Farm
997619786	Nathaniel Hawthorne	one of the original residents of the Brook Farm * expressed his discontent with the experiment and transcendentalism in a series of notable novels, also wrote other novels such as The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables
997619787	Margaret Fuller	leading transcendentalist, close associate of Emerson, suggested the most important relationship between the discovery of the "self" was the question of gender roles * one of the most responsible for drawing the issue of gender into the larger discussion of the individual liberation
997619788	Shakers	a utopian colony that redefined traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society, committed to celibacy * embraced sexual equality, were trying to create a society separated and protected from the chaos and disorder they believed had come to characterize American life as a whole, less interested in personal freedom than in social discipline
997619789	Mormons	members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, reflect a belief of human perfectibility, did not embrace the doctrine of individual liberty, created a highly organized, centrally directed social structure and refuge against disorder *established Salt Lake City
997619790	Protestant Revivalism	Changes in protestant esp. Presbyterian beliefs, began with the Second Great Awakening, became a powerful force for social reform *more people began to believe that every individual was capable of salvation, a revival of faith need not depend on a miracle from God; it could be created by individual effort
997619791	Charles Grandison Finney	an evangelistic Presbyterian minister *the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s, said predestination and individual human helplessness were obsolete and destructive, each person had the ability in and of themselves to experience spiritual rebirth and achieve salvation
997619792	Temperance Crusade	the movement against drunkenness *abstinence reformers were attempting to promote the moral and self-improvement of individuals and impose discipline on society
997619793	Phrenology	widespread type of "science" arguing that she shape of an individual's skull was an important indicator of his or her character and intelligence *for a time, seemed an important vehicle for improving society , provided a way of measuring an individual's fitness for various positions in life
997619794	Contagion Theory	the idea that a disease can be transmitted from one person to another, met with a storm of criticism *infections virtually disappeared
997619795	Horace Mann	the greatest of the educational reformers, saw education as the only way to protect democracy *reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year, and doubled teachers' salaries, enriched the curriculum, introduced new methods of professional training for teachers
997619796	Public Education	tax supported schools *helped many people get an education, but also excluded many groups
997619797	Benevolent Empire	Movements of social reform that focused on the development of public schools, teachers, treatment of the mentally ill, limits on the sale of alcohol, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's Convention in Seneca Falls to address women's rights.
997619798	asylum movement	Efforts to propose government legislation to improve treatment of the insane with larger institutions and proper environmental and educational conditions.
997619799	Indian reservations	Indians were sent to reservations to "protect their culture". In reality, these reservations just pulled Indians off of lands the whites wanted and kept them separate from American society.
997619800	feminism	Sarah and Angelna Grimke, sisters born in South Carolina who had become active and outspoken abolitionists, ignored attacks by men who claimed that their activities were CREATED EQUAL.
997619801	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	She was angered at the rejection and she was the one of delegates and became convinced that their first duty as reformers should now be to elevate the status of women.
997619802	Lucretia Mott	Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.
997619803	Susan B. Anthony	An early leader of the women's right to vote movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869.
997619804	Seneca Falls Convention	Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, asserted women should have the right to vote.
997619805	Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions	Document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men, delegates to the first women's rights convention, in Seneca Falls, New York, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The Declaration followed the form of the United States Declaration of Independence. According to many who attended the convention and support of the Declaration helped pass the resolutions put forward, the document was the grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women.
997619806	Quakers	They had embraced the ideal of sexual equality. Not all of them advocated full sexual equality in American society, but enough women did to cause a separation during the annual meeting of the Society of Friends in 1848 in Genesee, New York. they had been among the leaders of antislavery movements, and Quaker women played a leading role within those efforts.
997619807	abolitionism	The drive to end slavery in the United States during the antebellum years was known by this term. The movement included dedicated people like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass. Some paid a price for their outspokenness. In 1837, for example, Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor of antislavery journal, was killed by a proslavery mob in Alton, Illinois.
997619808	American Colonization Society	Abolitionist organization founded in 1817 with the purpose of transporting blacks back to Africa, forming the Republic of Liberia in 1822.
997619809	William Lloyd Garrison	1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
997619810	American Antislavery Society	Founded by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.
997619811	Frederick Douglass	the greatest African-American abolitionist, and an incredibly good orator. A freed slave, he escaped to Mass. in 1838, and spent two years lecturing in England. Writes an autobiography, and with the proceeds, purchases his freedom from his Maryland owner, and starts a abolitionist newspaper, North Star, in Rochester NY.
997619812	Wolrdwide antislavery movement	Frederick Douglass became a major figure in the international antislavery movement and was a popular speaker in England and Europe in the 1840s and 50s.
997619813	Anti-abolitionist violence	Due to the spread of the abolitionist movement, violence arose from those in favor of slavery in the 1830s. (ex, a mob in Philly attacked the abolitionist headquarters, the "Temple of Liberty," in 1834, burned it to the ground, and began a bloody race riot.
997619814	Amistad case	Spanish slave ship taken over by rebellion off Cuba. Ship intercepted by U.S. Navy off New York. Status of slaves becomes Supreme Court case.
997619815	"Free Soil" movement	Supported by Northern Democrats and Whigs who opposed slavery in the west because it created competition for white workers. Did not want to end slavery outright and met with opposition in the South
997619816	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict
997619817	Alexander Graham Bell	(1847-1922) American inventor and educator; his interest in electrical and mechanical devices to aid the hearing-impaired led to the development and patent of the telephone.
997619818	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
997619819	Bessemer Process	A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
997619820	Henry Ford	1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. Began using assembly lines
997619821	Wilbur & Orville Wright	U.S. bicycle mechanics that completed the first successful man-made flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1903
997619822	Fredrick Taylor	In his 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, he explained his ideas for increasing efficiency by standardizing job routines and rewarding factory workers.
997619823	Cornelius Vanderbilt	a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.
997619824	J.P. Morgan	Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
997619825	Standardized Time	The railroads even changed time to end scheduling nightmares/ The American Railway Associate divided the country into four time zones and adopted the modern system of standard time
997619826	The Gospel of Wealth	This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
997619827	Socialism	A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
997619828	Molly Maguires	a society of Irish miners who engaged in a violent confrontation with Pennsylvania mining companies in the 19th century
997619829	Samuel Gompers	United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)
997619830	Eugene Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
997619831	Montgomery Ward	United States businessman who in 1872 established the first successful mail-order business (1843-1913)
997619832	Blacklist	a list of workers that supported the union which was passed around by employers to keep these workers from getting jobs
997619833	Injunctions	Court orders that prohibit a certain activity
997619834	Terence Powderly	led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor
997619835	Homestead Steel Strike	In 1892- one of the most violent strikes in America at the Carnegie Steel Company. 7 people died. 300 Pinkerton detectives were hired and there was a battle where they ultimately surrendered.
997619836	In re Debs	Supreme Court approved use of court injunctions against strikes which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions; Debs later turned to the American Socialist Party in 1900
997619837	Stock Watering	Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.
997619838	Rebates	Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone.
997619839	Pools	agreements between companies to maintain prices at a certain level
997619840	Vertical Integration	the combining of companies that supply equipment and services needed for a particular industry
997619841	Horizontal Integration	absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
997619842	Andrew Carnegie	Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"
997619843	John Rockefeller	Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history
997619844	U.S. v. E.C. Knight	1895 - limited the governments power to control monopolies. First case by the supreme court concerning the Sherman Anti-Trust Act; shot down the E.C. Knight Co. sugar manufacturer
997619845	Laissez Faire	idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs
997619846	Adam Smith	Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand"
997619847	Social Darwinism	The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
997619848	Samuel Morse	United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)
997619849	George Westinghouse	experimented with AC electrical currents and used transformers to make electrical use more practical and cheaper, investors used his ideas to form Westinghouse Electric
997619850	Sears & Roebuck	Chicago based catalogue company still in existence; at one time allowed people in rural areas to get manufactured goods
997619851	White Collar	those in the professional, technical, clerical, sales, and managerial categories
997619852	Blue Collar	member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage
997619853	Yellow Dog Contract	An agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.
997619854	Scabs	Negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers
997619855	Haymarket Square	In Chicago, home to about 80,000 Knights and a few hundred anarchists that advocated a violent overthrow of the American government, tensions had been building, and on May 4, 1886, Chicago police were advancing on a meeting that had been called to protest brutalities by authorities when a dynamite bomb was thrown, killing or injuring several dozen people. This was called the Haymarket Square Bombing.
997619856	Pullman Strike	in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing
997619857	The Era of Good Feelings	A period of history referring to the Presidency of James Monroe, where the bitter rivalry between the Federalists and Republicans ended. 1816-1824
997619858	Missouri Compromise	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
997619859	Denmark Vesey	United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)
997619860	Monroe Doctrine	1823; a statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
997619861	Eli Whitney	United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)
997619862	Richard Allen	an African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist episcopal church
997619863	Separate Spheres	Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
997619864	Spoils System	The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.
997619865	2nd Bank of the United States	Chartered in 1816, was created when James Madison and Albert Gallatin found the government unable to finance the country in the aftermath of the War of 1812; The War of 1812 had put the United States in significant debt and as a result this institution was created
997619866	Whig Party	An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
997619867	Jedidiah Smith	hunter, trapper, fur trader, and explorer of the Rocky Mountains, the American West Coast, and the Southwest, crossed Nevada, found the gap that a wagon could pass to the west
997619868	Indian Removal Act	Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
997619869	Nullification Crisis	South was mad about the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun supported States' Rights and said they had a right to nullify a law.
997619870	Nat Turner	Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.
997619871	The Bank War	the name given to Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the United States during the early years of his presidency. Andrew Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a monopoly. The Bank of the United States was a private institution managed by a board of directors. Its president, Nicholas Biddle, exercised vast influence in the nation's financial affairs.
997619872	Panic of 1837	As a result of Jackson's economic policies, the United States went through another depression It resulted in the closure of many banks and record unemployment levels.
997619873	WIlliam Lloyd Garrison	1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
997619874	Seneca Falls Convention	Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
997619875	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S.
997619876	Charles G. Finney	Known as the "father of modern revivalism," he was a pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations. He believed that conversions were human creations instead of the divine works of God, and that people's destinies were in their own hands. His "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all
997619877	Joseph Smith	Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.
997619878	Mother Ann Lee	The founder of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or Shakers. During the 1770s she emigrated from England to the town of Watervliet, New York to avoid persecution. The method of worship she and others followed was one of ecstatic dancing or "shaking", which dubbed them as the Shaking Quakers.
997619879	Horace Mann	United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
997619880	American Temperance Society	Was established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages
997619881	The American Renaissance	Period in which american writers discovered an American theme in their works, published in novels, newspapers, and magazines. Writers included Thoreau, Hawthorne, Whitman, Herman Melville, Dickinson, and Frederick Douglass. Helped encourage the development of a national identity.
997619882	Transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.
997619883	American System of Manufacturing	System of manufacturing that used interchangeable parts
997619884	Penny Press	inexpensive, advertiser-supported newspapers that appeared in the 1830s
997619885	Hudson River School	Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River
997619886	Margaret Fuller	She started the women's rights movement in the 19th century. She wrote 'Women in the 19th Century,' a book that foreshadowed the women's rights movement. She was also the first female reporter in American and the first American correspondent. She wrote for "The Dial," the transcendentalist paper.
997619887	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
997619888	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.
997619889	Civil Disobedience	Henry David Thoreau advocated this process of defying codes of conduct within a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or nation when the civil laws are unjust.
997619890	climate and geography	long growing season, adequate rainfall, navigable rivers, fertile land
997619891	cotton gin	device invented by Eli Whitey in 1793 that led to the increase of cotton production in the Lower South
997619892	Eli Whitney	Massachusetts inventor of the cotton gin
997619893	long staple cotton	long, silky fibers, grown on islands off of South Carolina, required money for machinery and labor
997619894	short staple cotton	upland cotton, could be planted inland, didn't require machinery or drainage
997619895	King Cotton	cotton was the base of the economy in the Lower South
997619896	Plantation	large productive units specializing in a cash crop and employing at least 20 slaves
997619897	Planters	most prestigious social group in lower South, plantation owners
997619898	Gang system	the organization and supervision of slave field hands ino working teams on southern plantations
997619899	urban slavery	slaves in cities were artisans and laborers that had more freedom than field hands, but this declined because planters feared that an urban environment wasn't good for slavery
997619900	climate and geography	the Lower South was better for growing cotton than the Upper South
997619901	border South	slaveholding states that bordered free states - Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
997619902	middle zone	slaveholding Upper South states that weren't on the border - Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas
997619903	agricultural reform	making the fields of the Upper South fertile again with marl and different farming techniques, had modest success
997619904	industrialization	the Upper South had more urban residents and manufacturing, and its economy was not tied to plantation agriculture and slavery
997619905	1808 ban on African slave trade	the British-led effort to suppress the foreign slave tread was successful in preventing new slaves being taken from Africa after 1807
997619906	slave codes	a series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them
997619907	diet	slaves ate the bare necessities: cornmeal and pork
997619908	housing	slaves lived in one-room cabins that they furnished themselves
997619909	working conditions	most slaves worked at physical labor from sunup to sundown, motivated by whippings
997619910	legal status	slaves could not own property, make contracts, possess guns or alcohol, legally marry, leave plantations without written permission, or testify in a court of law
997619911	field slaves	most slaves worked growing cash crops in gang labor
997619912	house slaves	some slaves had lighter and less regimented workloads in the home
997619913	family life	2/3 of slave families had both parents present, slave fathers defended their families, and parents concentrated on teaching children survival skills
997619914	African religious influences	slave religion fused the natural and spiritual worlds, accepted the power of ghosts over the living, and relied on an expressive form of worship
997619915	"ring shout"	slaves engaged in a physical call-and-response style of religion
997619916	Baptists	their religious message of universal spiritual equality confirmed slaves' sense of personal worth
997619917	Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion - 1800	slave revolt that failed when Gabreil Prosser, a slave preacher and blacksmith, organized a thousand slaves for an attack on Richmond, Virginia
997619918	1811 Louisiana slave revolt	several hundred slaves marched on New Orleans, but were defeated by the US Army and militiamen
997619919	Denmark Vesey's Conspiracy - 1822	the most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of Charleston and escape to freedom in Haiti, but they were betrayed by other slaves, and seventy-five conspirators were executed
997619920	Nat Turner's Rebellion - 1831	uprising of slaves led by Nat Turner in Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 that resulted in the death of 53 white people
997619921	Underground Railroad	support system set up by antislavery groups in the Upper South and the North to assist fugitive slaves in escaping the South
997619922	runaways	...
997619923	planter class	families owning 20 or more slaves, 3 percent of Southern families
997619924	plantation mistress	ran the household staff, responsible for arrangements for visitors, and sometimes found the management of slaves a burden
997619925	small slaveholders	owned less than 20 slaves, economic insecurity, mostly farmers but also merchants, businessmen, and urban professionals, less power than planters
997619926	white majority (75%) nonslaveholders	yeoman farmers and urban workers, tended to be Democrats, but usually agreed with planters
997619927	black codes	laws passed by states and municiplaties denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the Civil War
997619928	free blacks	denied of civil rights by black codes, most lived in the Upper South and worked on farms or as city artisans; in the Lower South most worked in cities and a mulatto elite developed
997619929	religious justifications	evangelicals in the South supported slavery because it was in the Bible and part of God's plan to Christianize an inferior race
997619930	evangelicals	...
997619931	paternalism	the unquestioned power of the father over the family, including slaves
997619932	racial defense	the argument that black people were unfit for freedom and natural inferior
997619933	emancipation	setting the slaves free
997619934	Impending Crisis of the South, Hinton Helper	1857

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AP Bio Midterm Flashcards

ap bio midterm

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289942828	atoms	subatomic particles form these
289942829	molecules	atoms form these
289942830	organelles	molecules form these
289942831	cells	organelles make up these
289942832	tissues	similar cells are grouped to form these
289942833	organs	tusses coordinate to form these
289942834	organ systems	several organs form these
289942835	heat	energy is lost in all energy transformations as this
289942836	membrane	every cell is enclosed by one of these
289942837	selective permeability	the membrane lets only certain molecules through it
289942838	eukaryotic	this type of cell is one which has membrane enclosed organelles
289942839	prokaryotic	this type of cell is simpler and doesn't have membrane bound organelles
289942840	nucleus	the organelle which contains the cell's DNA
289942841	chromosomes	the DNA is stored in the nucleus as this
289942842	DNA	the heritable material that directs the cell's activities
289942843	enzymes	proteins that catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions
289942844	RNA	used as the intermediary between DNA and ribosomes
289942845	matter	the chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
289942846	proton	the positive subatomic particle in an atom
289942847	neutron	the neutral subatomic particle in an atom
289942848	electron	the negative subatomic particle in an atom
289942849	energy	the ability to do work
289942850	potential energy	the energy that matter stores because of its position or location
289942851	electron shells	the different states of potential energy that an electon has within the atom
289942852	valence electrons	electrons in the valence shell
289942853	covalent bond	a bond where two atoms share a pair of valence electrons
289942854	polar	when two atoms differ in electronegativity
289942855	cations	atoms with positive charges
289942856	anions	atoms with negative charges
289942857	hydrogen bond	the bond that forms when a hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom
289942858	function	a molecule's shape is related to its what
289942859	chemical reaction	a type of reaction where chemical bonds are broken and reformed
289942860	water	the molecule that supports all life
289942861	polar	when a molecule has its opposite ends with opposite charges
289942862	cohesion	the act of hydrogen bonds holding water together
289942863	kinetic energy	the energy of motion
289942864	specific heat	the amount of energy needed to make a substance's temperature rise by 1 degree celsius
289942865	temperature	the average kinetic energy of molecules
289942866	heat of vaporization	the amount of energy neneded to evaporate one molecule of a substance
289942867	freezes	what happens to water when the molecules aren't moving fast enough to break their hydrogen bonds
289942868	aqueous solution	a solutin where water is the solvent
289942869	hydration shell	where a dissolved ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules
289942870	hydrophilic	a substance that has affinity for water
289942871	hydrophobic	a substance that has no affinity for water
289942872	mole	the unit used to measure the number of molecules
289942873	hydroxide ion	a water molecule that has lost a proton
289942874	hydronium ion	a water molecule that has gained a proton
289942875	tetrahedral	the shape made when carbon bonds to four other atoms
289942876	hydrocarbons	organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
289942877	hydroxyl group	functional group, hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent vond with an oxygen atom, which forms a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton (C-OH)
289942878	carbonyl group	functional group, an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond (C=O)
289942879	carboxyl group	a funtional group, a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to the oxygen of a hydrogyl group (-COOH)
289942880	amino group	functional group, constists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton (-NH2)
289942881	sulfhydryl group	functional group, consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the carbon skeleton (-SH)
289942882	disulfide bridges	what two sulfydryl groups can form
289942883	phosphate group	functional group, pholphorous atom bound to four oxygen atoms (-OPO32-). This group transfers energy between organic molecules
289942884	ATP	the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells
289942885	monomers	the repeated units which make up polymers
289942886	dehydration reaction	covalent bonds form due to the loss of water
289942887	hydrolysis	the breaking of covalent bonds by the addition of water molecules
289942888	pentoses	five-carbon sugars
289942889	cellulose	a major component of the cell walls of plant cells
289942890	energy storage	the major function of fats
289942891	phospholipids	the fats made from a phosphate group and a fatty acid. They make up much of the cell membrane
289942892	cholesterol	an important steroid, a key component in animal cell membranes
289942893	amino acids	the monomers from which proteins are constructed
289942894	polypeptides	polymers of proteins
289942895	R group	the part that is different about each amino acid
289942896	peptide bond	the covalent bond between the amino acids of a polypeptide
289942897	primary level	the level of protein conformation where there is a chain of amino acids
289942898	secondary level	the level of protein conformation where every fourth R groups reacts with itself, alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
289942899	tertiary level	the level of protein conformation where all R groups react, forming a glovular or fibrous structure
289942900	quaternary structure	the level of protein conformation where two or more polypeptides join to form a protein
289942901	denaturation	when an environmental factor affects the shape of the protein, it is called this
289942902	chaperone proteins	specific proteins that assist with the folding of other proteins
289942903	DNA and RNA	Two types of nucleic acids
289942904	electron microscope	the type of microscope used to study the internal structure of cells
289942905	nucleoid	where the DNA is kept in prokaryotic cells
289942906	cytoplasm	the interior of a prokaryotic cell and the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell
289942907	membrane bound organelles	what is absent in prokaryotes
289942908	46	the amount of chromosomes a typical human cell has
289942909	ribosomes	the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
289942910	endoplasmic reticulum	the organelle which accounts for over half the membranes in the eukaryotic cell
289942911	transport vesicles	these carry protiens from one part of the cell to another
289942912	golgi apparatus	the shipping and recieving center for cell products
289942913	lysosome	a membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
289942914	chloroplasts	organelle that converts solar energy to chemical energy
289942915	mitochondria	organelle that converts energy into forms the cell can use in an animal cell
289942916	cytoskeleton	this provides mechanical support to the cell and maintains the cell's shape
289942917	microtubules	these shape and support the cell and serve as tracks to guide motor proteins carrying organelles to their destination
289942918	cleavage furrow	this divides the cytoplasm of animal cells during cell division
289942919	cell wall	this is found in plant cells, maintains its shape, prevents excessive uptake of water, and supports the plant against gravity
289942920	extracellular matrix	animal cells have these instead of a cell wall, an elaborate set of fibroconectins spanning the membrane
289942921	plasmodesmata	plant cells have these channels allowing cytosol to pass between cells
289942922	fluid mosaic model	how the arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes can be shown
289942923	integral proteins	proteins which penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, often completely spanning the membrane
289942924	peripheral proteins	proteins loosely bound to the surface of the membrane
289942925	passive transport	the movement of a substance with the concentration gradient
289942926	active transport	the movement of a substance against the concentration gradient
289942927	aquaporins	transport proteins which only transport water molecules
289942928	osmosis	the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
289942929	isotonic	an environment where there is no net movement into or out of the cell
289942930	hypertonic	an environment where there is a net movement of water out of the cell
289942931	hypotonic	an environment where there is a net movement of water into a cell
289942932	contractile vacuole	the organelle that pumps excess water out of the cell
289942933	turgid	a cell state where it is very firm
289942934	channel proteins	proteins which provide hydrophilic corridors for the passage of specific molecules or ions
289942935	sodium potassium pump	a type of protein which pumps potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell
289942936	endocytosis	the process where cells take in macromollecules by forming new vesicles
289942937	exocytosis	the process where cells excrete large molecules from the cell
289942938	catabolic pathway	reaction where a cell releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones
289942939	anabolic pathways	reaction where the cell consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
289942940	free energy	the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
289942941	delta g	the free energy of the system
289942942	endergonic	reactions which store energy in molecules
289942943	chemical potential energy	the type of energy stored in ATP which drives most cellular work
289942944	energy of activation	the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction
289942945	substrate	the molecule which binds to the enzyme
289942946	denaturation	the changing of the shape of a protein
289942947	allosteric regulation	a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site

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APUSH Flashcards

apush 2nd semester exam

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799913693	The Indians battled whites for all the following reasons except to	Rescue their families who had been exiled to Oklahoma.
799913694	As a result of the complete defeat of Captain William Fetterman's command in 1866	The government abandoned the Bozeman Trail and guaranteed the Sioux their lands.
799913695	The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender	By the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.
799913696	A Century of Dishonor, which chronicles the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authorized by	Helen Hunt Jackson.
799913697	To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following except	outlaw the sacred Sun Dance
799913698	the United States Government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the	Battle of Wounded Knee
799913699	One major problem with the Homestead Act was that	160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains
799913700	A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870's was	the scarcity of water
799913701	in 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed because	the idea of an endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning
799913702	The root cause of the American farmers' problems after 1880 was	low prices and a deflated currency
799913703	Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they	were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic
799913704	The first major farmers' organization was the	National Grange
799913705	The populist party arose as the direct successor to the	Farmers' Alliance
799913706	during the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because	the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks
799913707	Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington, D.C., to	demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program
799913708	President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that	the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail
799913709	Match each individual with his role in the Pullman strike	A-1 B-3 C-4 D-2
799913710	Mark Hanna, the Ohio republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of the federal government was to	provide aid to big business
799913711	William Jennings Bryan gained the presidential nomination of the Democratic party primarily because he	eloquently supported the farmers' demand for the unlimited coinage of silver
799913712	the 1896 presidential election marked the last time that	a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes
799913713	the monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century eventually came as a result of	an increase in the international gold supply
799913714	the development of electric trolleys in the late nineteenth century transformed the American city by	creating distinct districts devoted to residential neighborhoods, commerce, and industry
799913715	The new immigrants who came to the US after 1880	were culturally different from previous immigrants
799913716	most Italian immigrants to the US between 1880 and 1920 came to escape	the poverty and backwardness of southern Italy
799913717	by the nineteenth century, most of the Old immigrant groups from northern and western Europe	were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods
799913718	while big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized...	they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments
799913719	prominent Protestant pastors like Walter Rauschenbusch...	the Christian gospel required that churches address poverty and other burning social issues of the day
799913720	the Darwinian theory of organic evolution...	creating a split between religious conservatives...
799913721	besides serving immigrants and the poor...	actively lobbied for social reforms
799913722	in the 1890's, white collar positions for women...	native-born Americans
799913723	labor unions favored immigrant restrictions...	opposed to factory labor
799913724	the new, research-oriented modern...	de-emphasize religious and moral instruction...
799913725	the pragmatists were a school...	the provisional and fallible nature...
799913726	Americans offered growing support...	because they accepted the idea that a free gov't..
799913727	as a leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington	promoted black self-help but didn't challenge segregation
799913728	the morrill act of 1862	granted public lands to states to support higher education
799913729	in criticizing Booker T. Washington's educational emphasis...	an intellectually gifted talented tenth
799913730	the public library movement across America...	Andrew Carnegie
799913731	the two late-nineteenth-century newspaper...	William Randolph hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
799913732	Match each of these late nineteenth century writers with the theme of his work	A-2 B-1 C-4 D-3
799913733	by 1900, advocates of woman's suffrage	argued that the vote would enable women...
799913734	one of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate...	stresses of urban life
799913735	edward bellamy's novel, Looking Backward...	portraying a utopian America in the year 2000...
799913736	during industrialization, Americans increasingly	shared a common and standardized popular culture
799913737	in his book, Our Country: Its possible future and its present crisis...	spread American religion and values to backward nations
799913738	alfred thayer mahan argued that	control of the sea was the key to world domination
799913739	the numerous near-wars and diplomatic crisis of the US...	the aggressive new national mood
799913740	to justify American intervention...	Monroe doctrine
799913741	a primary reason that the British submitted...	that growing tensions with Germany made Britain reluctant...
799913742	one reason that the white American sugar lords...	feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii..
799913743	Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani...	she opposed annexation the US...
799913744	President Grover Cleveland rejected the effort to annex Hawaii because	he believed that the native Hawaiians...
799913745	the Cuban insurrectos who wanted to overthrow...	adopted a scorched-earth policy of burning...
799913746	Americans favored providing aid to Cuban...	a belief that Spain's control of Cuba...
799913747	The Battleship Maine was sunk by	an accidental internal explosion on the ship
799913748	President William McKinley asked Congress...	the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it
799913749	The US declared war on Spain even though...	end the re concentration camps and sign...
799913750	the Tellar Amendment	guaranteed that the US would support...
799913751	The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American war...	effective use of the new steel navy
799913752	a major weakness of Spain in the Spanish- American war was	the poor and outdated condition of its navy
799913753	the Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection...	Emilio Aguinaldo
799913754	when the US captured the Philippines from Spain	Hawaii was annexed by the US as a key...
799913755	the rough riders, organized...	were turned into an effective fighting force...
799913756	the greatest loss of life for American fighting...	sickness in both Cuba and the US
799913757	President McKinley justified American acquisition of the Philippines...	there was no acceptable alternative to their acquisition
799913758	American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines...	their economic advantage for American naval operations
799913759	Anti-imperialists presented all of the following arguments...	the islands were still rightfully Spain's, since they were taken..
799913760	starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans...	employment
799913761	on the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory...	the American Constitution and laws did not apply to US colonies
799913762	the US asserted that it had a virtual...	Platt Amendment
799913763	by acquiring the philippine islands at the end of the Spanish-American war, the US	all of these
799913764	arrange the following events in chronological order: A) American declaration of war on Spain...	B,A,C,D
799913765	in 1899, guerrilla warfare broke out in the Philippines because	the US refused to give the Filipino people their independence
799913766	the Philippine insurrection was finally broken in 1901 when	Emilion Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader, was captured
799913767	the American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence	resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides
799913768	Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they	feared that American missions would be jeopardized...
799913769	China's Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to	Throw out or kill all foreigners
799913770	in the aftermath of the boxer uprising, the US...	educate Chinese students in the US
799913771	the extended open door policy advocated...	uphold the territorial integrity of china
799913772	at the time he was named the vice presidential candidate...	governor of New York
799913773	the republicans won the 1900 election mainly because of...	the prosperity achieved during McKinley's first term
799913774	Theodore Roosevelt can best be described as	highly energetic and egotistical
799913775	regarding the presidency, teddy Roosevelt believed that	the president could take any action not specifically prohibited by the laws...
799913776	construction of an isthmian canal across Central America..	a desire to improve defense by allowing...
799913777	the British gave up their opposition to an American-controlled...	confronted an unfriendly Europe...
799913778	the US signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty...	Britain; Panama; Japan
799913779	the US gained a perpetual lease on the Panama Canal Zone in the..	Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
799913780	Theodore Roosevelt strongly encouraged the...	the Colombian senate had rejected...
799913781	Teddy Roosevelt's aggressive involvement in the...	increasing anti-American sentiment...
799913782	the Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the...	justify U.S. intervention in the affairs...
799913783	Japan's victories in the early stages of the Russo-Japanese War...	it was the first time in many centuries...
799913784	president Roosevelt organized a conference...	mediate a conclusion to the Russo-Japanese war
799913785	the secret gentleman's' agreement that President Roosevelt worked...	caused Japan to halt the flow of laborers to America...
799913786	the relatively small Japanese immigration...	growing racial discrimination and fear of a yellow peril
799913787	in the root-takahira agreement of 1908	the US and Japan agreed to respect each others...
799913788	the"real heart" of the progressive...	use the gov't as an agency of human welfare
799913789	match each late-nineteenth-century social critic...	A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
799913790	Female progressives often justified..	their being essentially an extension...
799913791	the muckrakers signified much about the nature..	sought not to overthrow capitalism but to...
799913792	the leading progressive organization...	the Woman's christian temperance union
799913793	progressive reformers were mainly...	middle class
799913794	the progressive movement was instrumental...	direct election of senators
799913795	in Muller v. Oregon, the supreme court...	female workers required special rules...
799913796	the case of lochner v new york...	declared a law limiting work to ten hours a day unconstitutional..
799913797	teddy Roosevelt helped to end the 1902...	threatening to seize the mines...
799913798	passage of the federal meat inspection act..	Upton Sinclair the Jungle
799913799	the real purpose of teddy Roosevelt's assault...	prove that the gov't, not private business, ruled the country
799913800	match each early-twentieth-century muckraker below...	A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
799913801	According to the text, Roosevelt's most enduring...	his efforts supporting the environment
799913802	Teddy Roosevelt decided to run...	William Howard Taft had seemed to...
799913803	President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed	dollar diplomacy
799913804	the major weakness of the league of nations...	did not include the US
799913805	Woodrow Wilson's call for a...	his belief that the presidential election should determine...
799913806	senate opponents of the league of nations...	robbed congress of its war-declaring powers
799913807	the senate likely would have accepted American...	been willing to compromise with League...
799913808	the US main contributions to the allied victory...	battlefield victories
799913809	the chief difference between Woodrow Wilson and...	did not command a legislative majority at home
799913810	the two major battles of WWI...	St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive
799913811	Russia's withdrawal from WWI...	the release of thousands of German troops...
799913812	the supreme military commander...	John J. Pershing
799913813	the Second Battle of the Marne...	marked the beginning of a German withdrawal
799913814	the movement of tens of thousands southern blacks north...	racial violence in the north
799913815	most wartime mobilization agencies relied on...	voluntary compliance
799913816	most of the money raised to finance WWI came from	loans from the American public
799913817	the WWI military draft	generally worked fairly and effectively to provide military manpower
799913818	match each individual administrator below...	A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
799913819	two constitutional amendments adopted in part because...	prohibition; woman suffrage
799913820	the 1919 steel strike resulted in	a grievous setback crippling the union...
799913821	the Zimmerman note involved a proposed...	Germany and Mexico
799913822	when the US entered WWI, it was	poorly prepared to leap into global war
799913823	the US declared war on Germany	after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels
799913824	President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American...	pledging to make the war "a war to end all wars"...
799913825	because of the benefits that it conferred on labor...	Clayton Anti-Trust Act
799913826	Woodrow Wilson showed the limits...	accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy
799913827	which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson...	moralistic
799913828	as WWI began in Europe...	Central Powers; Allies
799913829	from 1914 to 1916, trade between the US and Britain...	pulled the American economy out of a recession
799913830	Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy...	scorn for the ideal of self...
799913831	the 16th amendment provided for..	a personal income tax
799913832	the federal reserve act of 1913...	presidentially appointed federal reserve board
799913833	in 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency...	dollar diplomacy
799913834	Teddy Roosevelt's new nationalism	supported a broad program of social...
799913835	Woodrow Wilson's new freedom	favored small enterprise and entrepreneurship
799913836	the 1912 presidential election was notable because	it gave the voters a clear choice of...
799913837	German submarines began sinking unarmed...	in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany
799913838	in the Sussex pledge, Germany promised	not to sink passenger ships without warning
799913839	disillusioned by war and peace...	struggle to achieve economic prosperity
799913840	the most tenacious pursuer of racial elements...	A. Mitchell Palmer
799913841	the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920's...	the forces of diversity and modernity...
799913842	immigration restrictions of the 1920's...	the nativist belief that northern Europeans...
799913843	enforcement of the Volstead act..	immigrants and big-city residents
799913844	the religion of almost all polish..	Roman Catholicism
799913845	the most spectacular example of lawlessness...	Chicago
799913846	John Dewey can rightly be called the father of...	progressive education
799913847	after the scopes "monkey trial"	fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force...
799913848	all of the following helped to make the prosperity of the 1920s possible except	gov't stimulation of the economy
799913849	the main problem faced by American manufacturers...	developing expanded markets of people...
799913850	Bruce Barton, author of The Man Nobody Knows..	believed that Christ was the best advertising man of all time
799913851	the prosperity that developed in the 1920s	was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt
799913852	Henry Ford's most distinctive contribution to the automobile industry was	production of a standardized, relatively inexpensive automobile
799913853	Frederick w. Taylor, a prominent inventor...	promotion of industrial efficiency...
799913854	Charles Lindbergh solo flight across the Atlantic...	his wholesome youthfulness contrasted...
799913855	the first talkie motion picture was	the Jazz singer
799913856	automobiles, radios, and motion pictures	contributed to the standardization of American life
799913857	Margaret Sanger was most noted for her advocacy of	birth control
799913858	to justify their new sexual frankness, many Americans pointed to	the theories of Sigmund Freud
799913859	jazz music was developed by	American blacks
799913860	all of the following are true of Marcus Garvey...	advocated the idea of developing an elite "talented tenth"...
799913861	match each literary figure below with the correct work	A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
799913862	buying stock on margin meant purchasing	it on credit with only a small down payment
799913863	as secretary of treasury, Andrew Mellon...	middle-income groups
799913864	match each member of president Harding's cabinet...	A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2, E-5
799913865	republican economic policies under warren g. Harding	hoped to encourage the gov't actively to assist business
799913866	during the 1920's, the supreme court	often ruled against progressive legislation
799913867	in the Adkins case, the supreme court ruled that	women were no longer entitled to special protection..
799913868	the non business group that realized the most...	veterans
799913869	one exception to president warren g. hardings policy of isolationism...	secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies
799913870	the 1928 Kellogg-briand pact	officially outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry and conflict
799913871	the teapot dome scandal was centered around...	naval oil reserves
799913872	which of the following descriptive attributes...	wordiness
799913873	after the initial shock of the Harding scandals...	excusing some of the wrongdoers...
799913874	one of the major problems facing farmers...	overproduction
799913875	senator Robert la follette's progressive party..	increased power for the supreme court
799913876	the progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because	too many people shared in the general prosperity...
799913877	in the early 1920s, one glaring exception...	armed intervention in the Caribbean and central America
799913878	Americas European allies argued that they should not have to repay...	they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives...
799913879	America's major foreign policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes plan, which	provided a solution to the tangle of war...
799913880	one of Herbert Hoovers chief strengths...	talent for administration
799913881	the federal farm board, created by the agricultural marketing act...	organize producers' cooperatives
799913882	as a result of the hawley-smoot tariff of 1930	the worldwide depression deepened
799913883	president Hoover's approach to the great depression was to	offer federal assistance to businesses and banks but not individuals
799913884	the reconstruction finance corporation was established to	make loans to businesses, banks, and state and local gov'ts
799913885	the bonus expeditionary force...	immediate full payment of bonus payments...
799913886	president hoovers public image...	use of harsh military force to disperse...
799913887	in response to the league of nations investigation...	japan left the league
799913888	the 1932 Stimson doctrine	declared that the US would not recognize...

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Mendel Flashcards

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132899508	law of independent assortment	states that, factors for individual characteristics are distributed to gametes independent of one another
132899509	genetics	study of hereditary
136284862	hereditary	the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
136284863	trait	a genetically determined variant of a characteristic
136284864	pollination	pollen from anthers are transferred to the stigma of another flower
136284865	self-pollination	pollination on the same flower or flower on the plant
136284866	cross-pollination	pollination of two plants
136284867	true-breeding	pure for a trait and will always produce it
136284868	p generation	true-breeding parents
136284869	f1 generation	offspring of p generation, cross pollinated
136284870	f2 generation	offspring of f1 generation, self pollinated
136284871	Dominant	dominating factor
136284872	Recessive	hidde factor
136284873	law of segregation	a pair of factors are segregated during the formation of gametes
136284874	molecular genetics	the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes
136284875	allele	an alternate form of a gene
136284876	probability	number of times an event is expected to happen/ number of times an event could happen
136284877	genotypic ratio	the ratio of genotypes that appear in offspring
136284878	phenotypic ratio	ratio of offsprings phenotype
136284879	testcross	an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual
136284880	complete dominance	one allele is completely dominant over another
136284881	incomplete dominance	a phenotype in between the parents traits
136284882	codominance	both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring

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AP Economics Chapter 1 Flashcards

For Ms. Robinson's AP Economics class (MHS)

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911554460	Economics	Social science concerned with the efficient use of scarce resources to achieve the maximum satisfaction of economic wants
911554461	Economic Perspective	economic way of thinking
911554462	Utility	pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction
911554463	Marginal Analysis	comparison of marginal benefits and marginal costs
911554464	Scientific Method	procedure for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the observation of facts and the formulation and testing of hypotheses to obtain theories, principles, and laws
911554465	Theoretical Economics	process of deriving and applying economic theories and principles
911554466	Principles	statements about economic behavior or the economy that enable prediction of the probable effects of certain actions
911554467	Generalizations	statement of the nature of the relationship between two or more sets of facts
911554468	Other-Things-Equal Assumption	assumption that factors other than those being considered are held constant
911554469	Policy Economics	formulation of courses of action to bring about desired economic outcomes or to prevent undesired ocurrences
911554470	Tradeoffs	sacrifice of some or all of one economic goal, good or service to achieve some other goal, good or service
911554471	Macroeconomics	part of economics concerned with the economy as a whole; with such major aggregates as the household, business, and government sectors; and with measures of the total economy
911554472	Aggregate	collection of specific economic units treated as if they were one unit
911554473	Microeconomics	part of economics concerned with such individual units as industries, firms, and households and with individual markets, specific goods and services, and product and resource prices
911554474	Positive Economics	analysis of factors or data to establish scientific generalizations about economic behavior
911554475	Normative Economics	part of economics involving value judgments about what the economy should be like; focused on which economic goals and policies should be implemented; policy economics
911554476	Fallacy of Composition	false notion that what is true for the individual (or part) is necessarily true for the group (or whole)
911554477	"After this, therefore because of this," Fallcy	believing that because one event (A) preceded another (B), that the second event (B) was caused by the first (A)

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