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Microsoft Excel Shortcuts Flashcards

Microsoft Excel Shortcuts.

57770047	CTRL A	Highlights all.
57770048	CTRL B	Bold.
57770049	CTRL I	Italicize.
57770050	CTRL Directional Arrow	Moves 1 word space.
57770051	CTRL S	Save.
57770052	F12	Save as.
57770053	CTRL N	New document.
57770054	CTRL O	Open a document.
57770055	CTRL F2	Print preview.
57770056	ALT F4	Close document.
57770057	CTRL Backspace	Deletes the last word.
57770058	CTRL Left or Right Arrow	Moves the cursor in the left or right direction one word.
57770059	Shift F3	Changes the test casing.
57770060	Columns	Up and Down
57770061	Rows	Left to Right
57770062	Starts a formula...	An equal sign.
57770063	ALT Enter	Start a new line in the same cell.
57770064	F5	Go to a certain cell.
57770065	AutoSum...	Used to find the max, min, sum or average of a list of numbers. (backwards 3 or looks like a fancy E.)
57770066	CTRL	Inserts the current date.
57770067	CTRL 1	Appears the format box.
57770068	ESC	When working in a cell, pressing ___ will remove you from any work that was attempted in that cell.
57770069	Merge & Center	(looks like two plus signs). Used to ____________ multiple cells in a worksheet.
57770070	Column Width	Width of the cell.
57770071	Column Height	Height of the cell.

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Chapter 21 Key Terms: America and the Great War Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

654287137	A. Mitchell Palmer	Attorney General during the height of the Red Scare (1919-1920) who led raids against suspected radicals; reacted to terrorist bombings; Palmer arrested 6,000 people and deported over 500.
654287138	Allied Powers	WWI alliance of Britain, France, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, and the United States.
654287139	American Expeditionary Force (AEF)	commanded by John J. Pershing-first group of American soldiers sent to plug the weaknesses in the British and French lines
654287140	American Protective League	An American World War I-era private organization that worked with federal law enforcement agencies in support of the anti German Empire movement, as well as against radical anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations.
654287141	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.
654287142	Armistice	a temporary peace agreement to end fighting while a formal peace treaty is created
654287143	Article 231	war guilt clause; forced the central powers (Germany) to assume responsibility for starting the war; gave reason for providing harsh repercussions against Germany
654287144	Belgium	Small European nation whose neutrality was violated by Germany in the early days of World War I, part of the Schiefflen Plan
654287145	Bernard Baruch	established the War Industries Board in 1917; a Wall Street broker; set production priorities and centralized control over raw materials and prices
654287146	Big Four	The Big Four were the four most important at the Paris Peace Conference post-WWI. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.
654287147	Billy Sunday	radio revivalist that used the basics of fundamentalism to attack drinking, gambling, and dancing
654287148	Bolshevik Revolution	The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.
654287149	Central Powers	WWI alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
654287150	Charles Evans Hughes	Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote.
654287151	Committee on Public Information	"Creel Commission"; agency that was responsible for rallying Americans around the war effort through propaganda
654287152	Convoy System	the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships
654287153	David Lloyd George	British Prime Minister that represented Great Britain at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering Wilson's Fourteen Points
654287154	"dollar-a-year" men	volunteers who staffed numerous US agencies ie. War Industries Board and the National War Labor Board. Often led by wealthy businessmen who only received $1 dollar a year from the government
654287155	Espionage Act of 1917	provided fines and imprisonment for persons who aided the enemy, obstructed with the draft, caused disloyaly or refusal of duty in the army services; printed materials advocating treason could be excluded from the US mail
654287156	Fourteen Points	the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations
654287157	Gallipoli	A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula during World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with heavy losses
654287158	Georges Clemenceau	He was the French representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the Fourteen Points.
654287159	George Creel / Creel Committee	progressive who was in charge of the Committee on Public Information(propaganda agency)
654287160	"great migration"	movement of over 300,000 African Americans and Mexicans from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
654287161	"he kept us out of war"	Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916 reminding the public that they weren't entangled in WWI
654287162	Henry Cabot Lodge	Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations.
654287163	internationalism	a nation should involve themselves in the affairs of other countries in order to the shape the future of the world
654287164	International Workers of the World	1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies. Followed socialist ideals. this group was persecuted during WWI due to their socialist tendencies and activism against the government
654287165	Jane Addams	the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes
654287166	John J. Pershing	Commander of American Expeditionary Force who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace
654287167	Kaiser Wilhelm	King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war.
654287168	League of Nations	an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; US never joined it. It was too weak to make any substantial progress.
654287169	Liberty bonds/ Liberty Loan drives	used to finance the US war effort; government encouraged Americans to buy Liberty bonds
654287170	Ludlow "massacre"	The violent deaths, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, even after the War Labor Board's negotiations
654287171	Lusitania crisis	British passenger ship that was torpedoed by a German submarine and sank on May 7th, 1915, killing 128 Americans. US would hold Germany responsible for unlawful acts.
654287172	mandate system	Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision.
654287173	Marcus Garvey	African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
654287174	National War Labor Board	a board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war... (8 hour day, higher wages)
654287175	National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)	organization that coordinated the ultimately successful campaign to achieve women's right to vote. Led by Carrie Chapman Catt
654287176	National Defense Act	(June 1916) Increased the number of US soldiers in the Army to 175,000
654287178	Ottoman Empire	Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.
654287179	Red Scare	period in US history when there was a suspicion of communism and fear of widespread infiltration of communists in the US governmentt
654287180	"red summer"	A series of 1919 race riots in 25 cities, with several Americans, both black and white, killed and numerous others injured.
654287181	reservationists vs. irreconcilables	reservationist--wanted to amend the treaty and thus weaken it. irreconcilables--wanted to reject the treaty completely
654287182	"return to normalcy"	U.S. Presidential candidate Warren Harding's campaign promise in the election of 1920.
654287183	Sabotage and Sedition Act of 1918	These bills expanded the the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war; in practice, they allowed officials to prosecute anyone who critized the president or the government.
654287184	self-determination	right of people to choose their own form of government
654287185	Selective Service Act of 1917	devised by Sec of War Newton D. Baker. Provided for the registration of men between ages 21 and 31 for the draft; 2.8 million called by lottery system
654287186	Schenk v U.S.	court case, upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right to limit free speech if it represented a 'clear and present danger' to the public safety
654287187	Schlieffen Plan	Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.
654287188	"solemn referendum" of 1920	Wilson proposed to settle the treaty issue in Presidential Campaign of 1920. Wilson went on an arduous speaking tour.
654287189	Spanish influenza	the pandemic respiratory infection that spread throughout the world during 1917-18 after soldiers returned home from WWI.
654287190	submarine warfare	first truly implemented in WWI after a brief appearance in the American Civil War. They first became significant weapons as the German U-boat campaign in 1915-1916 emerged.
654287191	Sussex	Passenger-liner sunk in March 1916 by Germany. This led Wilson to break diplomatic relations with Germany if they did not comply with his commands.
654287192	Treaty of Brest Litovsk	Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war. 1918
654287193	Treaty of Versailles	the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans and taking all blame for the war.
654287194	Triple Alliance	An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.
654287195	Triple Entente	An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.
654287196	Victory Gardens	Gardens that citizens planted to raise their own vegetables, so that food could be sent to the troops during WWI
654287197	Vladimir Lenin	Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)
654287198	War Industries Board	This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce.(Bernard Baruch)
654287199	Warren G. Harding	beat Wilson in the election of 1920; president after World War I who promised a "return to normalcy"
654287200	William Jennings Bryan	Sec of State under President Wilson; resigned after Wilson responded with a war-like message to Germany's sinking of the Lusitania.
654287201	Woodrow Wilson	United States President during World War I; used "he kept us out of the war as 1916 campaign slogan; creator of the Fourteen Points
654287202	Zimmerman Telegram	Telegram sent by German foreign minister Zimmerman to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States in return for territories the US had taken from them ie. Arizona, Texas, California. Intercepted by the US in 1917.
654287203	1916	German forces repulsed in efforts to take Verdun (France)
654287204	1917	United States declares war against Germany on April 2, 1917.
654287205	November 11, 1918	Germany signs Armistice ending WWI to halt fghting until a formal peace treaty is signed
654287206	1914-1918	Years of WWI

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Chapter 22: The Battle for National Reform Flashcards

American History by Alan Brinkley: Pages 593-610
Main Ideas:
1. How Theodore Roosevelt's leadership helped fashion a new, expanded role for the national government.
2. That politics during the administration of William Howard Taft showed that most of the nation desired a more progressive approach.
3. How the administration of Woodrow Wilson embodied both conservative and progressive features.
4. That the United States assumed a much more assertive and interventionist foreign policy, especially toward the Caribbean region.

Terms : Hide Images

633744394	The Accidental Presidency	on September 14, 1901, former president William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist Leon Czolgosz. This thrust Theodore Roosevelt into the shoes of the president
633744395	Roosevelt's Background	Theodore Roosevelt had established his reputation through once being a member of New York legislature, police department, assistant secretary of the navy, and commander of the Rough Riders. He never openly rebelled against party leaders, and became a supporter of cautious, moderate change. Reform was tool to protect the American society against future radical challenges
633744396	Roosevelt's Mediation	Roosevelt believed that the federal government should be the mediator between private enterprises and public goods. He wasn't opposed to monopolies or holding companies, but he demanded that they must be regulated because they produce dangerous abuses of power; Allied with the Progressives, who also believed in regulation of monopolies
633744397	Roosevelt's Federal Government Desire	Roosevelt policy included his desire to allow the government the power to investigate corporations and publicize the results; he believed the pressure of the public opinion alone would eliminate most corporate abuses. Under Roosevelt, the federal government would create the Department of Commerce & Labor in 1903 and the Bureau of Corporations to assist in the task of investigation
633744398	Roosevelt vs Northern Securities Company	In 1902, Roosevelt ordered the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Anti-Trust Act on the Northern Securities Company, a $400M monopoly under JP Morgan. The Supreme Court ruled that the company must be dissolved. It proved his aggressive policy toward monopolies/trusts
633744399	Roosevelt vs United Mine Workers	Roosevelt also was willing to mediate between labor forces and company heads. in 1902, a bitter strike held by the United Mine Workers led Roosevelt to persuade the operators and miners to accept impartial federal arbitration. Eventually, Roosevelt had awarded the strikers with a 10% wage increase and a nine-hour day; its less than what they wanted, but more than what they would have gotten without Roosevelt's intervention
633744400	Election of 1904	Roosevelt was easily re-elected into office, winning 57% of the popular vote. His easy re-election, he believed, was a sign for mandated reform. Roosevelt finessed big business by appointing conservatives and progressives
633744401	Square Deal	In 1904, Roosevelt used the term "Square Deal" as a reference to his mediation of the anthracite coal strike; providing everyone with a "square deal". In his 2nd term, he pursued farther reforms to regulate monopolies through better enforcement of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and also the creation of the Hepburn Act in 1906.
633744402	Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act	The Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906) sought to give the government more authority in order to regulate railroad rates. However the act was too soft, and satisfied few progressives. Robert La Follette thought the bill was too compromising and was enraged at Roosevelt.
633744403	Pure Food and Drug Act	Roosevelt also persuaded Congress to enact an act that would prohibit the manufacture, sale, or shipment of ineffective medicines and falsely labeled food and drugs
633744404	Meat Inspection Act	An act pushed by Roosevelt after Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, which created an outcry about unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry. It ultimately helped eliminate many diseases once transmitted in impure meat.
635191430	Roosevelt's Progressive Beliefs	Roosevelt expanded reform proposals included an 8-hour work day, workers compensation for individual accidents, inheritance, income tax, and short market regulation. He also pushed his aggressive policies of conservation. His actions and progressive beliefs led the republican party to split into two wings: Progressives led by Roosevelt that opposed big business, and the Laissez-Faire conservatives that opposed Roosevelt's plan for a 2nd term.
635191431	Gifford Pinchot	Roosevelt's chief forester, and head of the newly established National U.S. Forest Service; promoted policies to protect land for carefully managed development. He believed that it was their duty to manage the natural resources.
635191432	The Wilderness	Roosevelt had pushed for the creation of the National US Forest Service, which was led by Gifford Pinchot. It expressed the beliefs of "conservation", a management of natural resources. In 1907, he signed the National Reclamation Act, but he was discouraged by the naturalists' growing idea of "preservation", a protection of wilderness without human exploitation. but alas, he deferred to Pinchot's ideology of "conservatism"
635191433	National Reclamation Act (1907)	also known as the Newlands Act; backed by Roosevelt in 1902, it provided federal funds for the construction of damns, reservoirs, and canals in the West—projects that would open new lands for cultivation and provide cheap electric power later on; it exemplified the government's support for a growing infrastructure.
635191434	Conservation	the careful management of the environment and of natural resources; supported by Gifford Pinchot and Roosevelt.
635191435	Preservation	maintenance of the wilderness in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible to protect from any human exploitation. Supported by John Muir and Sierra Club.
635191436	The Creation of National Parks	The National Forest System was ultimately significant in increasing the authority of the National Park System, whose purpose was to protect public land from any exploitation or development at all. This led to the creation of parks such as: Yellowstone in Wyoming, Yosemite and Sequoia in California, and Mt. Rainier in Washington
635191437	Hetch-Hetchy Controversy	Hetch-Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population and to help through the 1906 SF earthquake.The residents saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. Gifford Pinchot had approved the decision to build the dam and it was backed by the San Francisco population through referendum; (Raker Act). The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed by engineer Michael O' Shaughnessy (O'Shaughnessy Dam). It helped build a coalition of people committed to preservation; further protestors claimed that SF sold water from the dam to Pacific Gas & Electric which marked up the cost for sale to its utility customers.
635191438	Raker Act	This act of Congress granted the city of SF the right to dam the Hetch-Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and the unfulfilled right of electricity for the city. The Hetch-Hetchy proposal was revived by the referendum Board of Supervisors and Mayor William Robeson Taylor after the Great Earthquake and Fire.
635191439	Panic of 1907	a serious recession, proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts. It soon subsided with Roosevelt being forced to accept and tolerate JP Morgan's plan to pool assets of various New York banks and it allowed JP Morgan to purchase Tennessee of Coal an Iron company to add to his monopoly
635191440	Election of 1908	Roosevelt did not seek a second term. He gave his presidential blessing to William Howard Taft. Taft unified the Republican Party, and was aligned with conservatives. Taft polled over 50% popular vote and won easily over William Jennings Bryant and Eugene Debs. Eventually however, at the end of his presidency both parties would complain about Taft.
635191441	Children's Bureau	federal agency similar Roosevelt's Bureau of Corporations, investigated and publicized problems with child labor; created by Taft
635191442	Roosevelt vs Taft	Taft lacked Roosevelt's commitment to progressive reform. He accepted the "old guard" Republican position. Progressives were especially alarmed when Taft selected Richard Ballinger as secretary of interior.
635191443	Richard Ballinger	selected and backed by Taft as secretary of interior. Ballinger didn't respect any land or conservatist beliefs, Pinchot accused Ballinger of selling lands in Alaska, however Taft fired Pinchot for making such accusations. Progressives eventually become disappointed in Taft.
635191444	Roosevelt's Safari	Roosevelt returned from his safari to promote public activity. The safari had many animal deaths, that he claimed was justified because of the requests from museums.
635191445	The Progressive Party	A political party created by a split in the Republican Party. Formed by Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the Republican Nomination. Also known as the Bull Moose Party of the Election of 1912; it was known for it's New Nationalism and approaches for protection of children, women, and workers. New reforms for monopolies, and pensions for elderly and widows.
635191446	New Nationalism	Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.
635191447	Election of 1912	Before the election Robert LaFollette had challenged Taft's renomination, however he had to pull out at the last minute. When the Republican's votes were split between Taft(23%) and Roosevelt(27%), the Democrats stayed together and elected Wilson(41%) as President. The Republicans had no chance because they had two candidates running.
635191448	Wilson's Presidency	Wilson distrusted the idea of regulating monopolies. "New Freedom" insisted trusts were both unfair and inefficient. He believed that monopolies could not be regulated and must be destroyed.
635191449	New Freedom	Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
635191450	Wilson's Leadership	Was a president of Princeton university; he applauded Birth of a Nation; he restructured a revenue system leading to the 16th amendment authorizing income tax. Progressives lowered tariffs (Underwood Tariff) in hopes that it would restore free competition and reduce power of trusts.
635191451	Underwood Tariff	Tariff of 1913 which, in addition to lowering and even eliminating some tariffs, included provisions for the first federal income tax, made legal the same year by the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment.
635191452	16th Amendment	Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
635191453	Federal Reserve Act of 1913	intended to create a flexible source of credit for banks, and to establish new currency that would be the nation's basic medium of trade. The Federal Reserve today provides a foundation of a banking system and controls "prime" lending rates.
635191454	Clayton Act of 1914	expanded the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to specify unfair methods of competition such as interlocking directories; exempted labor unions from being called trusts, and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor unions
635191455	Federal Trade and Commission Act of 1914	agency creation that would help businesses determine in advance whether their actions would be acceptable to the government; it also would allow the agency to issue a "cease and desist" to stop any corporation violating free competition; it ultimatley increased the government's regulatory authority for monopolies/trusts significantly.
635191456	Keating-Owen Act	Supported by Wilson in 1916, prohibited shipment across state lines of goods produced by underage children, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause assigning Congress the task of regulating Interstate Commerce. Unfortunately, Congress struck down the act, and a new law attempted to achieve the same goal by imposing a heavy tax on the products of Child Labor would also be struck down.
635191457	"Big Stick" Diplomacy	Diplomatic policy developed by Theodore Roosevelt where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. "speak softly, but carry a big stick"
635191458	Open Door Policy	a policy, proposed by the united States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China
635191459	Great White Fleet	1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power after Japan had destroyed a Russian fleet in Port Arthur. It came off of "big stick" diplomacy principle. It proved to the world that the USA had a power navy in the pacific that shouldn't be messed with.
635191460	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force if they could not maintain order or national sovereignty.
635191461	Platt Amendment	the amendment gave the US the right to prevent any foreign power from intruding into the new nation. In 1906, when domestic uprisings seemed to threaten internal stability, American troops landed and quelled the fighting.
635191462	Panama Canal	The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. The Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people in Panama allowed the United States to build the six mile wide canal.
635191463	Dollar Diplomacy	Foreign policy created under President Taft's Secretary of State Philander C. Knox; that had the U.S. exchanging financial support in dollars for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean. It increased Washington's financial leverage over foreign countries.

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Chapter 21- The Rise of Progressivism Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

695706105	Muckrakers	This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.
695706106	The "Social Gospel"	A movement regarding poverty using Christian principles (education, no child labor, proactive organizations)
695706107	The Salvation Army	began in England, was a Christian social welfare organization with a vaguely military structure, by 1900 it had recruited 3,000 officers and 20,000 privates, and was offering both material and spiritual aid to urban poor.
695706108	Hull House	Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.
695706109	Jane Addams	the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes
695706110	Thorstein Veblen	economist, wrote Theory of the Leisure Class, condemned conspicuous consumerism, where status is displayed and conveyed through consumption.
695706111	A Theory of the Leisure Class	a book, first published in 1899, by the Norwegian-American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen. considered one of the first detailed critiques of consumerism. Veblen argues that economic life is driven not by notions of utility, but by social vestiges from pre-historic times. Drawing examples from the contemporary period and anthropology, he held that much of today's society is a variation on early tribal life.
695706112	Taylorism	scientific management, encouraged the development of mass production techniques and the assembly line, led to a revolution in American education of social science.
695706113	American Medical Association	in 1901, when many doctors who considered themselves trained professionals the began forming local associations and societies such as this one, which was organized into a national professional society, including nearly 2/3 of all doctor, they called for strict scientific standards in practicing medicine.
695706114	National Association of Manufactures	Group along with the American Liberty League, the Chamber of Commerce, and the National Industrial Conference Board aggressively opposed New Deal Programs. Membership of this group increased from 1469 to 3008, it opposed 31 out of 37 major legislative proposals from 1933-41. Sought to influence policy through the Special Conference Committee which influenced the NRA's Advisory Board. Abreviated (NAM)
695706115	US Chamber of Commerce	This national organization formed in 1912 and dealt with standards and regulations for trade.
695706116	"Boston marriages"	Boston Marriages refers to the relationship between women who lived together, often in long-term, sometimes romantic, relationships.
695706117	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
695706118	Carrie Chapman Catt	Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.
695706119	National American Woman Suffrage Association	militant suffragist organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
695706120	Nineteenth Amendment	the constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.
695706121	Alice Paul	head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.
695706122	National Woman's Party	A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.
695706123	Initiative	the first of a series of actions
695706124	Referendum	The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern.
695706125	Direct primary	a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office
695706126	Recall	the act of removing an official by petition
695706127	Robert La Follette	Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary
695706128	Union Labor Party	formed by the workers in Building Trades Council, committed to a program of reform almost indistinguishable of the progressives in the city, helped pass a child labor law, workmen's compensation law, and a limitation on working hours for women, in California.
695706129	Tammany Hall	a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism
695706130	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.
695706131	Alfred Smith	He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate., Former governor of New York who ran for President against Herbert Hoover. He was against Prohibition.
695706132	W.E.B. Du Bois	fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP
695706133	National Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons	The Niagara movement joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form this association. It fought for equal rights.
695706134	Women's Christian Temperance Union	This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.
695706135	Eighteenth Amendment	an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920
695706136	Eugene Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

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Chapter 20-The Imperial Republic: The Emergence of America as a World Power Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

143425110	Imperialism	European powers now created colonies by creating military, political, and business structures that allowed them to dominate and profit from the existing populations. America became involved in this new imperialism as a result of the Spanish-American War.
143425111	New Manifest Destiny	Promoted primarily by industrial interests. Its goals were the acquisition of raw materials, markets for surplus goods, and access to coaling stations and bases for navy and merchant ships. Wanted America to expand outside of North America, usually influenced by patriotic and nationalistic concerns, and racial issues often encouraged expansion.
143425112	Pan-American Congress	In October 1889, Blaine helped organize the first one; the 19 delegates that came agreed to create the Pan-American Union, which was a weak international organization located in Washington that served as a clearinghouse for distributing information to the member nations. Blaine's proposals for an inter-American customs union and arbitration procedures for hemispheric disputes were rejected.
143425113	Hearst and Pulitzer	Competitors against each other in a circulation war; practitioners of yellow journalism.
143425115	Hawaii	A key provisioning spot for American whaling ships, fertile ground for American protestant missionaries, and a new source of sugar cane production, Hawaii's economy became increasingly integrated with the United States. When Queen Liliuokalani tried to establish a stronger monarchy, Americans under the leadership of Samuel Dole deposed her in 1893. The administration of Harrison encouraged the takeover. Dole sent a delegation to Washington in 1894 seeking annexation, but the new President, Cleveland, opposed annexation and tried to restore the Queen. Dole declared Hawaii an independent republic. Spurred by the nationalism aroused by the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 at the urging of President William McKinley.
143425116	Samoan Islands	Served as a way station for American ships on the Pacific trade. In 1899, the US and Germany divided the islands between them, compensating Britain with territories elsewhere in the Pacific.
143425117	Puerto Rico	America gained Puerto Rico in the Treaty of Paris, which concluded the Spanish-American War.
143425118	The Maine	American warship sent to patrol Cuban waters at the beginning of 1898. When the ship mysteriously exploded on February 15, 1898, it gave the US a final reason to go to war, even though the cause of the explosion is still debated today.
143425119	Cuban Revolt	A Nationalist-initiated conflict broke out in Cuba in 1895, the Spanish, remembering the lengthy Ten Years' War, sent 200,000 troops to Cuba. The Cuban insurrectos responded by wrecking Spanish property in hopes that the Spanish would leave, or at least hoping for US intervention (since the US had significant economic investment in Cuba). The insurrectos directed their destructive rampage at both sugar mills and sugar fields.
143425120	Theodore Roosevelt	26th President of the United States, elected in 1901 and re-elected in 1905. During the Spanish-American War, he first served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and then quit to join the Rough Riders. Born a weakling, the near-sighted Roosevelt built himself into robust shape by a lifelong program of exercise and vigorous activities. Always seeking to expand American power in international affairs, Roosevelt was a prominent hawk who gave Dewey the order to attack at the Battle of Manila.
143425121	Commodore George Dewey	Navy Commodore who commanded the US surprise attack on the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Manila.
143425122	Rough Riders	A group of cavalry volunteers in the US Army who fought in the Spanish-American War. Most of their horses did not arrive in Cuba, and they actually walked. The group was led by Colonel Leonard Wood, with Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Roosevelt also leading a contingent. They made a heroic charge up San Juan Hill that cost them heavy casualties.
143425123	Treaty of Paris 1898	Signed on December 10, 1898; officially ended the Spanish- American War. According to the Treaty, Cuba went free, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines were ceded to the US, and the US agreed to pay Spain an indemnity of $20 million.
143425124	Anti-Imperialist	A group including such luminaries as William James and Mark Twain that argued against to combat American imperialism. Disliked the American annexation of Spanish territories.
143425125	Platt Amendment	1901 amendment to the Cuban constitution by which the US was allowed certain concessions, including the right to indefinitely maintain Guantanamo naval base in Cuba.
143425126	Teller Amendment	A resolution by Congress in 1898 promising to grant Cuba independence after the war. It provided the US with justification for its actions while allaying fears that the war was simply an imperialist land grab.
143425127	Yellow Journalism	The type of sensationalist (sometimes fictitious) journalism practiced by newspapermen such as Hearst and Pulitzer in order to boost circulation.
143425128	Wilson-Gorman Tariff	This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain.
143425129	Philippine War	An armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States. The war was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded by the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish-American War.
143425130	Emilio Aguinaldo	Partially of Chinese descent, Aguinaldo was the Philippines' revolutionary leader, first against the Spanish and then, after the end of the Spanish- American War, against the Americans.
143425131	Boxer Rebellion	Occurred in China between 1898 and 1901; it opposed Western imperialism and Christianity. The uprising took place in response to European "spheres of influence" in China, with grievances ranging from opium traders, political invasion, economic manipulation, to missionary evangelism.
143425132	Military Reforms	Between 1900 and 1903, the Root reforms enlarged the army, established federal army standards for the National Guard, sparked the creation of a system of officer training schools, and the creation of a central planning agency modeled on the example of European general staffs.
143425133	Joint Chiefs of Staff	They were to supervise and coordinate the entire army establishment and establish an office that would plan for possible wars.

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chapter 19 From Stalemate to Crisis Flashcards

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539834704	electorate	people who vote for president
539834705	partisanship	a member of a party strongly supporting their own party despite the fact that the party may not be right
539834706	spoils and patronage	a system in which the winning party gives government jobs to voters that supported that party
539834707	factions	groups within a party
539834708	civil service	all government jobs except the military
539834709	mugwumps	group of liberal republicans who decided to vote against their party and instead for an honest democrat
539834710	"rum, romanism, and rebellion"	attack against democrats in the 1884 election saying they were the party of the civil war, against Catholic, and anti immigrant party
539834711	protective tariffs	taxes on imported goods designed to protect domestic producers
539834712	grangers	an organization of farmers who mainly tried to change rates for railroads
539834713	"commerce clause"	article 1 section 8 clause 1 giving congress the power to control interstate commerce (business activities happening in multiple states)
539834714	half-breeds	a group within the republican party believing in reform
539834715	stalwarts	a group within the republican party believing in traditional, professional machine politics
539834716	Roscoe Conkling (NY)	leader of the Stalwarts
539834717	James G. Blaine (ME)	leader of the half-breed and nominated by the republicans for the election of 1884 known as the "plumed knights" to his supporters but to may Americans as a symbol of sketchy politics
539834718	Rutherford B. Hayes	republican president for 1877-1881 both stalwarts (believed in traditional) led by Roscoe Conklings and half-breed(believed in reform) led by James Blaine tried to control the republican party
539834719	James A. Garfield	president of the 1880 election, nominated by both stalwarts and half-breeds congressman from Ohio
539834720	Chester A. Arthur	succeeded Garfield after his death was a close ally to conkling however after becoming president supported reforms and kept most of Garfield's people in office
539834721	General Winfield Scott Hancock	nominated by democrats for the 1880 election, lost minor civil war general
539834722	Carl Schurz	A politician who was also a journalist was not a partisanship cabinet member of rutherford b hayes believed in reform in reform and supported the cause of free slaves and better indian treatment
539834723	George William Curtis &Thomas	created political cartoons Thomas was the drawer while George was the writer
539834724	Nast--Harper's Weekly	political New York magazine suffered financially but continued nevertheless
539834725	E.L. Godkin--The Nation	a mugwump whose criticism as an editor of the New York post and the book the nation played a part in the reform movement
539834726	Grover Cleveland	democratic president of the election of 1884 governor of new york and had a reputation to be against corruption became president again after the election of 1892 supporting the lowering of tariffs
539834727	Benjamin Harrison	senator of Indiana respectable but didn't try to influence congress while in office was only president for one term
539834728	Civil War Pension System	A temporary system with annual pensions for retired veterans and widows.
539834729	Election of 1880 (P)	Election between Garfield and Arthur republicans (Garfield) won by a big electoral margin but small popular vote margin both senate and representatives was heavily dominated by republicans mainly due to the end of recession in 1879
539834730	Garfield's Assassination 1881	shot four months after his inauguration by a deranged gun man who said I am a stalwart and Arthur is president now died three months later probably killed because of his support for reform
539834731	Pendleton Act 1883	required some federal jobs to be filled by competitive written examinations as opposed to patronage
539834732	Election of 1884 (P)	the election between Glover Cleveland and James Blaine Glover Cleveland won because of a heavy vote from the catholic vote in new york not very big margin in popular vote
539834733	Election of 1888 (P)	Cleveland was renominated however lost to Benjamin Harrison a fight between distinct economical standpoints, democrats supported reduction of tariffs while republican supported the raise of tariffs one of the most corrupt elections in history won by an electoral majority however lost the popular vote
539834734	Sherman Antitrust Act 1890	prohibited combinations that restrained competition however didn't really d anything as many corporations took advantage of the states giving them special privileges that allowed them to not follow this act
539834735	Dependent Pension Act 1890	passed by president Benjamin Harrison giving pensions to civil war veterans who were unable to work originally vetoed by Cleveland
539834736	United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)	government sued in company over monopolizing and violating sherman act however was disregarded as the court ruled the government only had the power to control commerce
539834737	McKinley Tariff 1890	created by representative William McKinley who proposed the highest tariff ever proposed to congress
539834738	Election of 1892 (P)	election between benamin harrison who supported raising tariffs, Glover Cleveland who supported lowering tariffs and james b weaver who want economic reform Glover Cleveland won with a huge margin in both popular vote and electoral votes democrats took both senate and house
539834739	Panic of 1893	created the worst depression experienced due to a couple railroads (Philadelphia) declaring bankruptcy with the inability to pay a loan led to collapse of the stock market
539834740	Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894	A tariff reduction supported by house but the senate weakened. president Glover Cleveland supported too and passed it as a law under this tariff included few very modest reductions
539834741	Wabash Case (1886)	declared acts by the rangers unconstitutional saying the state cannot control interstate commerce as it was a power delegated to congress
539834742	Interstate Commerce Act 1887	banned discrimination of rates between long and short hauls and required railroads to publish their rates and let the government know to make sure their prices were reasonable and just
539834743	Interstate Commerce Commission	five-person agency in charge of enforcing the interstate commerce act but had to rely on courts enforce the rulings
539834744	populism	a political ideal typically siding with the people instead of the elite such as the people's party
539834745	cooperatives	farms owned and operated by the government
539834746	temperance	a movement to encourage people to drink less and put pressure on government to do something about drinking
539834747	constituency	a group of voters who choose someone to represent their area
539834748	marginalize	to treat a person or group as insignificant
539834749	"free silver"	allowing silver to also be used to back up currency
539834750	"southern demagogue"	a political group that got support by playing on sympathy for poor southern farmers who couldn't do anything against the rich
539834751	Mary E. Lease	a very well known populist who was very outspoken and gave many speeches for the alliance best known for her phrase "raise less corn and more hell"
539834752	Leonidas L. Polk	member of the northwestern alliance from North Carolina and was elected into congress in 1890
539834753	James B. Weaver	nominated by the people's party in the election of 1892 trying to advocate for more substantial economic reform
539834754	"Greenbacks" and Legal Tender	greenbacks was the paper currency introduced during the civil war and the legal tender was the establishing of the constitutionality of paper money
539834755	Cases (1871)	legal tender case?
539834756	Panic of 1893	an economic depression that began in 1893 showing the failing of railroads due to overexpanding led to the failure of multiple banks
539834757	Munn v Illinois (1896)	court ruling allowing states to control prices as long as it was for the "public interest"
539834758	Bland-Allison Act 1878	forcing the US treasury to buy silver and using it to coin money didn't do much except for help the miners slightly
539834759	Farmers' Alliances and "Colored Alliances"	created in the 1880's after the grange lost most of its power started off as being concerned in local problems then tried to change the economy by finding alternatives formed different cooperatives in the hope to help farmers from the hated furnishing companies colored alliance was created in Texas with the same ideals as the farmers' alliance however since they were black or "colored" they weren't allowed into the farmers' alliance
539834760	Ocala Demands 1890	a party platform created by the northwestern alliance helping farmers candidates supported by the alliance often succeeded
539834761	Populist (People's) Party 1892	created in 1892 in Omaha, Nebraska a combination of nothern and southern alliances and the leaders of the knights of labor
539834762	Election of 1892	may populist candidates won election so seats in state legislatures three governors, five senators and ten congressmen were elected by appealing to the populist sentiment
539834763	Omaha Platform of 1892	proposed a system of subtreasuries which would replace and strengthen the cooperatives
539834764	contraction of credit	caused by the panic of 1893 which caused new aggresive and loan-dependent businesses to go bankrupt
539834765	bankruptcy	when a person or company is unable to pay their debts they declare this
539834766	bimetallism	the use of both silver and gold to back up the currency created because people believed that the gold currency was failing
539834767	Jacob Coxey	Ohio businessman and populist who advoacated for a public works program to create jobs led a march to the capital in an attempt to be heard
539834768	William H. Harvey	created a graphic illustration of Coins financial scoool
539834769	inflation	adding more money into the economy lowering the value of the dollar
539834770	specie	precious metal used to back up currency
539834771	Coin's Financial School 1894	a fictional professor (coin) ran a school in finance and persuaded with simple logic the free silver would do great benefits to society
539834773	Coxey's Army (1894)	500 people who marched from ohio to washington led by jacob coxey police prevented their entry to the capitol and arrested the leader
539834774	"Crime of 73" Coinage Act of 1873	act the prevented further use of silver to create coins prevented the further expansion of money into the silver industry
539834775	Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890	required the government to purchase silver and to pay for it in gold
539834776	Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1893	due to the dropping of the god reserve this act was repealed the panic of 1893 also intensified the demands of the gold reserves
539834777	"...you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold "	came from the famous cross of gold speech given by William Jennings Bryan
539834778	"whistlestop campaign"	a technique used by William Jennngs Bryan where he gave a series of short speeches to small towns in the hopes to win their vote
539834779	"'front-porch' campaign"	a technique used by William McKinley in which he brought many people to his house to give a speech in the hopes of winning their vote
539834780	"battle of the standards"	the battle between the use of gold and silver in the currency system the main conflict in the election of 1896
539834781	Marcus Hanna	republican party leader who settled on governor William McKinley to become the candidate for the party
539834782	William McKinley	governor of ohio created the highest tariff known to history
539834783	William Jennings Bryan	candidate for the democrats in the election of 1896 congressman from Nebraska best known for his speech in 1896 which gained him the nomination for the democrats
539834784	"Cross of Gold" speech 1896	given by William Jennings Bryan and was the speech that would allow him to become a candidate for president
539834785	Election of 1896 (P)	election between democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan supported by the populist and William McKinley candidate of the republican party
539834786	Dingley Tariff	the highest tariff ever known in us history and one of the longest too passed during McKinley's presidency
539834787	Gold Standard (Currency) Act 1900	act passed by Willliam McKinley ensuring the currency be held to a specific value in comparison to gold

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Chapter 6: The Duel For North America Flashcards

The Duel For North America
(1608-1763)
(The American Pageant)

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956789088	French Huguenots	French Protestants of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, who were frequently persecuted by the government and by the Roman Catholic Church. For a time, the Edict of Nantes allowed them to practice their religion in certain cities. When the edict was revoked by King Louis XIV in the late seventeenth century, many Huguenots left France.
956789089	Quebec	First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain
956789090	Samuel de Champlain	French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)
956789091	Huron Indians	This tribe asked Champlain to join them in battle against their foes, the Iroquois. They were friendly with the French settlers. Located in the northern region of North America, they sometimes helped out with the fur trade as well.
956789092	Iroquois tribes	Formed the Iroquois Confederacy; containing Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations. a decent force against the Americans and French, when they fought.
956789093	Robert de La Salle	Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
956789094	King William's War	Also known as the War of the league of Augsburg, it lasted from 1689-1697. It was the third time the major European powers crushed the expansionist plans of King Louis XIV of France.
956789095	Queen Anne's War	(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe.
956789096	Treaty of Utrecht (1713)	1713, ended Queen Ann's War, transferred large areas of French territory in North America to English including Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. GB also won limited trade rights that caused smuggling friction (cause Jenkin's ear war)
956789097	Acadia	A French-speaking but British-controlled region near Nova Scotia. The English expelled peaceful Acadian farmers from their homeland during the French and Indian war. Many resettled in Louisiana, becoming Cajuns.
956789098	War of Jenkin's Ear (1739)	between Britain and Spain in the South/ Florida area: the key issue was British trading in Florida. Georgia showed that it really was effective; Spanish couldn't penetrate through the buffer
956789099	George Washington	pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed (1754) by the French. He was the commander of Virginia's frontier troops as a colonel. Left the army in 1758. Also the first President of the United States. Took office (Apr.30, 1789) in New York City.
956789100	Fort Duquesne	French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.
956789101	Fort Necessity (1754)	British fort hastily created to defended by George Washington that was captured by the french in 1754
956789102	French and Indian/Seven Years War (1754-1763)	Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.
956789103	Albany Congress (1754)	Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.
956789104	Gen. Edward Braddock	general of the English army that was sent to America; plans campaign to take Ft. Duquesne; fights in European style; builds road in the wilderness for army to march through, giving French time to plan ambush; army forced into retreat; wounded and dies himself
956789105	William Pitt	William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him.
956789106	Louisbourg (1758)	A reputedly "impregnable" French fortress located on Cape Breton Island which held command of the St. Lawrence River. This fortress was captured by British recruits from New England, but was given back to France as part of the peace treaty in 1748.
956789107	Gen. James Wolfe	A British Army officer, known for his victory over the French in Canada. He led a successful attack on Louisbourg, and captured Quebec at the cost of his own life.
956789108	Quebec (1759)/Montreal (1760)	On the Atlantic coast, the French focused on the area that Jacques Cartier had explored in the 1530s. They tried to establish permanent bases along the Canadian coast but failed until 1605 when they founded Port Royal. In 1608 Samuel de Chaplain set up a trading post at an interior site that the Iroquois called Standacona, which he renamed. They were sought-after forts during war, vital to victory.
956789109	Peace of Paris (1763)	Ended the Seven Year's War, France had to abandon all claim to North America; Great Britain received Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba, but had to cede East and West Florida to England
956789110	Chief Pontiac's War (1763)	Chief Pontiac (Ottawa) led several tribes from The Great Lakes area in a war against the British, with whom the were dissatisfied for post French/Indian War Policies. Wanted to drive them out of Ohio country
956789111	Daniel Boone	famous early pioneer who cleared Wilderness Road, a new route to the west. Wilderness Road became the main route used to cross the Appalachian Mountains
956789112	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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Chapter 6: The American Revolution - everything Flashcards

Chapter 6: The American Revolution

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1007569582	tea was sold in the colonies	The Parliament Passes the Tea Act and the Act reorganized how
1007569583	sell tea directly to the colonies	The Parliament Passes the Tea Act and it allowed the British East India Company to
1007569584	dropped	The Parliament Passes the Tea Act and the price of tea actually ________, but the colonists were still angry because the "middle man", the colonia tea merchants were cut out
1007569585	colonia tea merchants were cut out	The Parliament Passes the Tea Act and the price of tea actually dropped, but the colonists were still angry because the "middle man", the _____________________________.
1007569586	Parliament	The Parliament Passes the Tea Act and if __________ could ruin all of the tea merchants businesses, they feared that any business could be next
1007569587	business could be next	The Parliament Passes the Tea Act and if Parliament could ruin all of the tea merchants businesses, they feared that any _________________________
1007569588	protest of the Tea Act	The Boston Tea Party: late November 1773; The governor of Massachusetts orders ships of tea unloaded and sold. In _______________________________. Fifty to sixty men dressed as Mohawk Indians and climbed aboard the Ship and destroyed the chest of tea. No other cargo was touched.
1007569589	Fifty to sixty men dressed as Mohawk Indians and climbed aboard the Ship and destroyed the chest of tea. No other cargo was touched.	The Boston Tea Party: late November 1773; The governor of Massachusetts orders ships of tea unloaded and sold. In protest of the Tea Act. _______________________________.
1007569590	Coercive Acts	The Intolerable Acts: Also called the ________________. They were four laws aimed at punishing Boston.
1007569591	punishing	The Intolerable Acts: Also called the Coercive Acts. They were four laws aimed at ___________ Boston.
1007569592	Boston	The Intolerable Acts: The port of ________ was closed.
1007569593	town meeting	The Intolerable Acts: No _________________ allowed more than once a year.
1007569594	custom offers	The Intolerable Acts: All _________________ and other officials accused of major crimes would be tried in Great Britian.
1007569595	Great Britian	The Intolerable Acts: All custom offers and other officials accused of major crimes would be tried in __________________.
1007569596	Quarter Act	The Intolerable Acts: Parliament passed a new ___________________________.
1007569597	Blockade	shtting down a port or city so nothing can leave or come in.
1007569598	55	The First Continental Congress: September 1774: In response to the Intolerable Acts, ____ delegates from 12 colonies meet in Philadelphia to discuss the future of the colonies.
1007569599	Philadelphia	The First Continental Congress: September 1774: In response to the Intolerable Acts, 55 delegates from 12 colonies meet in ____________ to discuss the future of the colonies.
1007569600	boycott all British	The First Continental Congress: They agreed to:
1007569601	send no more export to Britian	The First Continental Congress: They agreed to:
1007569602	form colonial militias	The First Continental Congress: They agreed to:
1007569603	Thomas Gage	"The Shot Heart 'Round the World": The British led by _______________________ began a surprise march to Concord to seige a large supply of colonial arms and arrest some leaders.
1007569604	Concord	"The Shot Heart 'Round the World": The British led by Thomas Gage began a surprise march to __________ to seige a large supply of colonial arms and arrest some leaders.
1007569605	seige a large supply of colonial arms and arrest some colonist leaders.	"The Shot Heart 'Round the World": The British led by Thomas Gage began a surprise march to Concord to ___________________ ___________________________.
1007569606	no one knows who fired first. In brief struggle 8 colonist are killed	Lexington (a town near Concord) - British troops meet 70 minutemen _________________________________
1007569607	Concord	Shortly after Lexington, 300 minutemen clash with British troops. The British are forced to read to retreat and 75 of their men are killed.
1007569608	forced to read to retreat and 75 of their men are killed	Concord: Shortly after Lexington, 300 minutemen clash with British troops. The British are ____________________________
1007569609	minutemen	trained volunteers who were ready to fight in a minutes notice
1007569610	militia	army of citizens who serve as solders in case of emergency
1007569611	New England	Major Battles of the American Revolution: Most of the fighting had taken place in __________. In mid-1776, the heavy fighting now shifted to the Middle Colony.
1007569612	Middle Colony	Major Battles of the American Revolution: Most of the fighting had taken place in New England. In mid-1776, the heavy fighting now shifted to the ______________.
1007569613	Howe	The British Take New York: In mid-1776, General _____ led his British army to Long Island. Howe had 34,000 troops and 10,000 sailors. Washington had fewer than 20,000 poorly trained troops and no navy.
1007569614	Long Island	The British Take New York: In mid-1776, General Howe led his British army to _____. Howe had 34,000 troops and 10,000 sailors. Washington had fewer than 20,000 poorly trained troops and no navy.
1007569615	34,000	The British Take New York: In mid-1776, General Howe led his British army to Long Island. Howe had ________ troops and 10,000 sailors. Washington had fewer than 20,000 poorly trained troops and no navy.
1007569616	10,000	The British Take New York: In mid-1776, General Howe led his British army to Long Island. Howe had 34,000 troops and _______ sailors. Washington had fewer than 20,000 poorly trained troops and no navy.
1007569617	20,000	The British Take New York: In mid-1776, General Howe led his British army to Long Island. Howe had 34,000 troops and 10,000 sailors. Washington had fewer than ________ poorly trained troops and no navy.
1007569618	trained	The British Take New York: In mid-1776, General Howe led his British army to Long Island. Howe had 34,000 troops and 10,000 sailors. Washington had fewer than 20,000 poorly _______ troops and no navy.
1007569619	navy	The British Take New York: In mid-1776, General Howe led his British army to Long Island. Howe had 34,000 troops and 10,000 sailors. Washington had fewer than 20,000 poorly trained troops and no _____.
1007569620	Battle of Long Island	What major battle was fought in New York in 1776?
1007569621	British	Who won the Battle of Long Island?
1007569622	Delaware River	Eventually Washington's men, being chased by the British, are forced to retreat across the ____________ into Pennsylvania.
1007569623	Pennsylvania	Eventually Washington's men, being chased by the British, are forced to retreat across the Delaware River into _____________.
1007569624	go behind British lines	What did Nathan Hale volunteer to do?
1007569625	information about troop move minutes	When Nathan Hale was captured what did the British find in the soles of his shoe?
1007569626	no trial he was hung	What happened to Nathan Hale?
1007569627	I ownly regret that I have but one life to loose for my country	What was Nathan Hale's famous quote?
1007569628	sick and dirty	In December 1776, Washington described his troops as _______________. Every day soldiers deserted.
1007569629	deserted	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: In December 1776, Washington described his troops as sick and dirty. Every day soldiers _________.
1007569630	Thomas paine	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: December, 1776: ___________ is at it again!! This time he writes The crisis urging Americans to support the ary.
1007569631	crisis	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: December, 1776: Thomas Paine is at it again!! This time he writes The _______ urging Americans to support the ary.
1007569632	support the ary	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: December, 1776: Thomas Paine is at it again!! This time he writes The crisis urging Americans to ___________________.
1007569633	Delaware River	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: On Christmas night, 1776, Washington secrely crosses the ________________.
1007569634	Battle of Trenton	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: The next day his army surprises the Hessian troops and the Americans win a key victory at the ______________________.
1007569635	soldiers for heir / Germany	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: What are Hessians anyway?
1007569636	Charles Cornwallis	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: British General _________________ tried immediately to take back Trenton from the Americans.
1007569637	Campfire	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: When he saw the lights of Washington's _________ Cornwallis thought he had him cornered. NOT!! What did Washington do? He tricked Cornwallis while he went behind British lines.
1007569638	He tricked Cornwallis while he went behind British lines.	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: When he saw the lights of Washington's Campfire Cornwallis thought he had him cornered. NOT!! What did Washington do? _____________________
1007569639	Princton	Washington Turns Retreat into Victory in New Jersey: Because of this move the Americans won another key victory at ________________
1007569640	Bergown	A Turning Point in the War: General John _________ develops a plan to cut off New England from the other colonies. To do this three British armies would have to march on Albany, New York from three different directions.
1007569641	New England	A Turning Point in the War: General John Bergown develops a plan to cut off ________ from the other colonies. To do this three British armies would have to march on Albany, New York from three different directions.
1007569642	Albany, New York	A Turning Point in the War: General John Bergown develops a plan to cut off New England from the other colonies. To do this three British armies would have to march on ______________ from three different directions.
1007569643	Howe	A Turning Point in the War: General ______ was to march on Albany from New York City. First however, King George III wanted him to capture Philadelphia.
1007569644	Philadelphia	A Turning Point in the War: General Howe was to march on Albany from New York City. First however, King George III wanted him to capture ___________.
1007569645	Brandy Whim	A Turning Point in the War: Howe accomplished this by defeating the Americans at __________ and Germantown, but he NEVER made it to Albany.
1007569646	Germantown	A Turning Point in the War: Howe accomplished this by defeating the Americans at Brandy Whim and ______________, but he NEVER made it to Albany.
1007569647	Bergown	A Turning Point in the War: ___________ runs into trouble when the Green Mountain Boys rush to help the American forces in New York. Eventually he is surrounded at Saratoga and is forced to surrender his army.
1007569648	Green Mountain Boys	A Turning Point in the War: Bergown runs into trouble when the ______________ rush to help the American forces in New York. Eventually he is surrounded at Saratoga and is forced to surrender his army.
1007569649	Saratoga	A Turning Point in the War: Bergown runs into trouble when the Green Mountain Boys rush to help the American forces in New York. Eventually he is surrounded at _________ and is forced to surrender his army.
1007569650	Battle of Saratoga	A Turning Point in the War: The _________________ was a MAJOR turning point in the war!!! It ended the British threat to New England.
1007569651	New England	A Turning Point in the War: The Battle of Saratoga was a MAJOR turning point in the war!!! It ended the British threat to _____________.
1007569652	France	A Turning Point in the War: Most importantly the battle convinced ______ to become an ally with us.
1007569653	ally with us	A Turning Point in the War: Most importantly the battle convinced France to become an ______________.
1007569654	defeat	A Turning Point in the War: France was still angry about its ______ in the French and Indian War. They did not want to help until they were sure that the Americans could win.
1007569655	French and Indian War	A Turning Point in the War: France was still angry about its defeat in the _____________. They did not want to help until they were sure that the Americans could win.
1007569656	win	A Turning Point in the War: France was still angry about its defeat in the French and Indian War. They did not want to help until they were sure that the Americans could ______.
1007569657	Marce deLaffeyett	There were many individual volunteers from Europe that helped the American cause. ___________ from France brought trained troops to help fight the British.
1007569658	France	There were many individual volunteers from Europe that helped the American cause. Marce deLaffeyett from _______ brought trained troops to help fight the British.
1007569659	Friedrich von Steuben	There were many individual volunteers from Europe that helped the American cause. __________ of Prussia taught American soldiers how to march and drill.
1007569660	Casimil Pulaski	There were many individual volunteers from Europe that helped the American cause. _____________ of Poland trained cavalary or troops on horse back.
1007569661	horse back	There were many individual volunteers from Europe that helped the American cause. Casimil Pulaski of Poland trained cavalary or troops on ____________.
1007569662	cavalary	There were many individual volunteers from Europe that helped the American cause. Casimil Pulaski of Poland trained ________ or troops on horse back.
1007569663	Valley Forge	The Hardships at Valley Forge: During the winter of 1777-1778, the Continental Army suffered severe hardships during the winter at ____________. Many soldiers suffered from severa frostbite and desease.
1007569664	frostbite and desease	The Hardships at Valley Forge: During the winter of 1777-1778, the Continental Army suffered severe hardships during the winter at Valley Forge. Many soldiers suffered from severa _______________.
1007569665	front	Women Take Part in the War: Many women joined their husbands on the _______. They cared for the wounded, washed clothes, and cooked.
1007569666	wounded, washed clothes, and cooked	Many women joined their husbands on the front. They cared for the ___________.
1007569667	sowed flags for WG army	Women Take Part in the War: What did Betsy Ross do? __________________________. Legend claims she made the first American one with stars and stripes.
1007569668	stars and stripes	Women Take Part in the War: What did Betsy Ross do? Sowed flags for WG army. Legend claims she made the first American one with _______________.
1007569669	Louding Howes	Women Take Part in the War: Some women took part in battle. Mary ______________ carried water to her husband and soldiers so they began to call her Molly Pitcher. When her husband became wounded she began to load and fire the cannon.
1007569670	water	Women Take Part in the War: Some women took part in battle. Mary Louding Howes carried _____ to her husband and soldiers so they began to call her Molly Pitcher. When her husband became wounded she began to load and fire the cannon.Women Take Part in the War:
1007569671	Molly Pitcher	Women Take Part in the War: Some women took part in battle. Mary Louding Howes carried water to her husband and soldiers so they began to call her ___________. When her husband became wounded she began to load and fire the cannon.
1007569672	cannon	Women Take Part in the War: Some women took part in battle. Mary Louding Howes carried water to her husband and soldiers so they began to call her Molly Pitcher. When her husband became wounded she began to load and fire the __________.
1007569673	refused	African Americans Face Hard Choices: At first the Continental Congress _______ to let African Americans join the army. Eventually they changed their minds when Britain offered freedom to male slaves who would serve the king.
1007569674	join	African Americans Face Hard Choices: At first the Continental Congress refused to let African Americans _____ the army. Eventually they changed their minds when Britain offered freedom to male slaves who would serve the king.
1007569675	freedom	African Americans Face Hard Choices: At first the Continental Congress refused to let African Americans join the army. Eventually they changed their minds when Britain offered _____ to male slaves who would serve the king.
1007569676	7,000	African Americans Face Hard Choices: How many African Americans served in both the army and navy?
1007569677	courage	African Americans Face Hard Choices: Eventually whites began to recognize the ______ of their comrades.
1007569678	indian	Fighting on the Frontier: Fighting took place not just in the east, but also on or near _____ lands in the west.
1007569679	Indians, Americans, and colonists	Fighting on the Frontier: As the war spread, many Native Americans began to choose sides. Battles in the west then often involved _______________.
1007569680	Albany plan of union	Name of the plan to organize the colonies during the French and Indian Ware.
1007569681	George Washington	Who led brutal attacks against settlers in the Ohio River Valley towards the end of the French and Indian War?
1007569682	Stamp Act	Which act placed a tax on legal documents such as wills and diplomas?
1007569683	needing finances to rebuild the losses of the mother country	Why did the British tax the colonies anyway?
1007569684	george Washington	Who built For Necessity and guarded the western boundary of the colonies during the French and Indian War?
1007569685	Massachusetts Circular Letter	Sam Adams organized this which wrote letters about events in Massachusetts?
1007569686	Mohawk Indian	What group organized the Boston Tea Party?
1007569687	Townshend Act	Which act taxed glass, paper, paint etc.?
1007569688	Bunker Hill / Battle of Trenton	What were the first two battles of the Revolution?
1007569689	to arrest and took weapons	Why was Thomas Gage sent to Concord?
1007569690	were a series of commercial restrictions, boycotting British imports.	What were nonimportation agreements?
1007569691	Intolerable Acts or The Boston Port Act	What was passed to punish the town of Boston for the Boston Tea Party.
1007569692	Proclamation of 1763	What did Britain pass to forbid colonists from moving west past the Appalachian Mountains?
1007569693	French, Spain, England	Name three countries that claimed land in North America?
1007569694	New York	Who was the biggest treat to the 13 colonies?
1007569695	Stamp Act Congress	What was the name of the group of people who met in NY city to protest the Stamp Act?
1007569696	Bunker Hill; British	What was the first major battle of the Revolution? Who won?
1007569697	Thomas Paine	Who wrote Common Sense?
1007569698	why colonist should break away from British	What was Common Sense about?
1007569699	Battle of Saratoga	Which battle is considered the turning point in the war?
1007569700	France became ally's with us and made us win the war	Give another reason why the Battle of Saratoga was so important?
1007569701	Cornwallis	General who surrenders to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown _______
1007569702	General Burgoyne	General who develops plan to capture Albany _______________
1007569703	George Rogers Clark	He led colonists in the Ohio River Valley agains the British and Indians?
1007569704	George Washington	Who was the leader of the Continental Army?
1007569705	second continential congress 1775	Delegates try one more attempt at peace by sending this to King George?
1007569706	Patriot	Those who supported independence from Britain
1007569707	loyalist	Thos who remained loyal to Great Britain.
1007569708	Princton	Battle in which Washington tricked Cornwallis by leaving campfires lit?
1007569709	Traitor	A person who betrays his/her country
1007569710	ratify	to approve
1007569711	Boycott	TO abstain from trading with a country
1007569712	repeal	to cancel
1007569713	France, England, Spain	Rivalry in North America: Three Nations were rivals
1007569714	Spain	Rivalry in North America: _________ less of threat to 13 colonies
1007569715	conflict between France and England in the Ohio River Valley	French and Indian War: Early Problems
1007569716	France build series of forts to protect claims	French and Indian War: Early Problems
1007569717	Iroquois and Algonkins take sides	French and Indian War: Early Problems
1007569718	builds Fort Necessity against French	French and Indian War: George Washington
1007569719	fights in Battle of Duquesne, disaster for England	French and Indian War: George Washington
1007569720	defends western boundary of colonies during last part of war	French and Indian War: George Washington
1007569721	plan of Ben Franklin's to organize the colonies	French and Indian War: Albany Plan of Union
1007569722	grand council would be established to run colonies, ex: raises taxes	French and Indian War: Albany Plan of Union
1007569723	Treaty of Paris 1763 (remember this is the first one called this!!)	French and Indian War: Results of War
1007569724	France loses almost all claims in North America	French and Indian War: Results of War
1007569725	British settlers clash with Native Americans over land, Pontiac, Proclaimationof 1763	Problems with Native Americans
1007569726	Indian leader, led brutal attacks gainst British settlers	Problems with Native Americans: Pontiac
1007569727	attacked Fort Detroit in 1763	Problems with Native Americans: Pontiac
1007569728	Britain forbids settlers to move west across Appalachian Mountains	Problems with Native Americans: Proclamation of 1763
1007569729	Taxes Needed to Pay for French and Indian War & Stamp Act 1765	A Storm of Taxes
1007569730	tax placed on legal documents; wills, diplomas	A Storm of Taxes: Stamp Act 1765
1007569731	"No Taxation Without Representation"	A Storm of Taxes: Stamp Act 1765
1007569732	9 colonists meet in NY city to protest act- Stamp Act Congress	A Storm of Taxes: Stamp Act 1765
1007569733	Boycotts used to protest act	A Storm of Taxes: Stamp Act 1765
1007569734	taxed glass, paper, paint, etc.	A Storm of Taxes: Townshend Acts
1007569735	used writs of assistance- could inspect property without reason	A Storm of Taxes: Townshend Acts
1007569736	Colonists fight back with nonimportation agreements	A Storm of Taxes: Townshend Acts
1007569737	organized boycott of all good taxed by this act	A Storm of Taxes: Townshend Acts: Colonists fight back with nonimportation agreements
1007569738	Sons and Daughters of Liberty	A Storm of Taxes: Groups protests British policies
1007569739	Sam Adams organized a committee of correspondence	A Storm of Taxes: Groups protests British policies
1007569740	wrote letters reporting events in Massachusetts	A Storm of Taxes: Groups protests British policies: Sam Adams organized a committee of correspondence
1007569741	forced colonists to provide housing for British soldiers	A Storm of Taxes: Quartering Act
1007569742	5 colonists are killed when British troops panic and fire into an angry crowd protesting taxes	A Storm of Taxes: Boston Massacre
1007569743	tax on tea, changed the way it was sold in the colonies	To Arms! Tea Act 1773
1007569744	organized by the Sons of Liberty	To Arms! Boston Tea Party
1007569745	colonists protest Tea Act: dumped over 300 chests of tea into the water	To Arms! Boston Tea Party
1007569746	passed by parliament to punish colonists for Boston Tea party	To Arms! Intolerable Acts
1007569747	delegates from 12 colonies meet in 1774	To Arms! First Continental Congress
1007569748	agree to boycott all British goods as a protest to the Intolerable Acts	To Arms! First Continental Congress
1007569749	British general Thomas Gage sends troops to Concord to arrest colonial leaders and take weapons	To Arms! The Shot Heard Round the World
1007569750	Paul Revere warns colonists with midnight ride	To Arms! The Shot Heard Round the World
1007569751	Lexington- first battle	To Arms! The Shot Heard Round the World
1007569752	Concord- second battle: British forced to retreat	To Arms! The Shot Heard Round the World
1007569753	Fort Ticonderoga, Second Continental Congress 1775, Bunker Hill	Early Battles
1007569754	Ethan Allen leads Green Mountain Boys	Early Battles: Fort Ticonderoga
1007569755	early victory inspires colonists	Early Battles: Fort Ticonderoga
1007569756	delegates try to patch things up with Britain	Early Battles: Second Continental Congress 1775
1007569757	send Olive Branch Petition to King	Early Battles: Second Continental Congress 1775
1007569758	estalbish Continental Army- headed by George Washington	Early Battles: Second Continental Congress 1775
1007569759	1st major battle in Revolution	Early Battles: Bunker Hill
1007569760	Americans lose, but prove war will be long	Early Battles: Bunker Hill
1007569761	Common Sense; Declaration of Independence	Independence Declared:
1007569762	written by Thomas Paine	Independence Declared: Common Sense
1007569763	explained why colonists should break away from Britain	Independence Declared: Common Sense: Written by Thomas Paine
1007569764	written by Thomas Jefferson	Independence Declared: Declaration of Independence
1007569765	life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness	Independence Declared: Declaration of Independence; Written by Thomas Jefferson
1007569766	Patriots- people who supported independence	Independence Declared: Declaration of Independence
1007569767	Loyalists- people who supported Britain	Independence Declared: Declaration of Independence
1007569768	Battle of Long Island- 1776; The Crisis; Battle of Trenton-December, 1776; Battle of Princeton- January, 1777; New Strategy	Major Battles
1007569769	British general Howe runs Washington out o NY State	Major Battles: Battle of Long Island- 1776
1007569770	Paine writes this to gather support for Continental Army	Major Battles: The Crisis
1007569771	Washington lights campfires to trick British general Corwallis	Major Battles: Battle of Princeton
1007569772	Trenton and Princeton give Americans hope	Major Battles: Battle of Princeton
1007569773	General Burgoyne develops plan to capture Albany, NY	Major Battles: New Strategy
1007569774	plan fails	Major Battles: New Strategy
1007569775	Howe wins at Brandwine and Germantown, also captures Philadelphia, but never makes it to Albany	Major Battles: New Strategy: plan fails
1007569776	Burgoyne also doesn't make it- loses at Saratoga	Major Battles: New Strategy
1007569777	turning point of war	Major Battles: Battle of Saratoga- 1777
1007569778	French becomes allies of colonists after this battle	Major Battles: Battle of Saratoga- 1777
1007569779	Fighting Out West; War at Sea	More Battles
1007569780	Most Indians try to stay neutral, eventually many join in fighting	More Battles: Fighting Out West
1007569781	George Rogers Clark leads colonists in Ohio River Valley against Indians and British	More Battles: Fighting Out West
1007569782	John Paul Jones- famous sea captain- "I have not yet begun to fight"	More Battles: War at Sea
1007569783	most of fighting takes place in the south	End of the War
1007569784	American general Benedict Arnold turns traitor	End of the War
1007569785	Americans rally- colonists use hit-and-run tactics	End of the War
1007569786	Battle of Yorktown- 1781	End of the War
1007569787	last battle of Revolutionary War	End of the War: Battle of Yorktown- 1781
1007569788	Cornwallis gets trapped by Washington- BRITAIN SURRENDERS	End of the War: Battle of Yorktown- 1781
1007569789	Treaty of Paris- 1783	End of the War:
1007569790	ends the Revolutionary War	End of the War: Treaty of paris- 1783

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Chapter 11: The Americas on the eve of Invasion Flashcards

World Civilizations: The Global Experience 6th Edition

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529562905	Indian	Misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous American peoples; implies social and ethnic commonalty that did not exist among Native Americans; still used to describe Native Americans.	0
529562906	Toltecs	-Chief civilizations that followed the fall of Teotihuacan and the abandonment of the classic Maya cities in the 8th century C.E - These new civilizations built on the accomplishments of their predecessors but rarely surpassed them except in political and military organization. -Culture: Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E.	1
529562907	Aztecs	-Chief civilizations that followed the fall of Teotihuacan and the abandonment of the classic Maya cities in the 8th century C.E - These new civilizations built on the accomplishments of their predecessors but rarely surpassed them except in political and military organization.	2
529562908	Tenochtitlan	-Founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica -Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)	3
529562909	Pipiltin	Nobility in Aztec society; formed by intermarriage of Aztecs with peoples tracing lineage back to the Toltecs.	4
529562910	Tlacaelel	-Advisor to Aztec rulers from 1427 to 1480; had histories of Mexico rewritten; expanded cult of human sacrifice as effective means of political terror -Principle architect of Aztec Triple Alliance. Burned other societies texts to eliminate pre-aztec life; helped expand Aztec empire	5
529562911	Huitzilopochtli	Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god	6
529562912	Calpulli	Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors	7
529562913	Chinampas	Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs	8
529562914	Pochteca	Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items	9
529562915	Inca Socialism	-A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole. -An interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.	10
529562916	Twantinsuyu	Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina	11
529562917	Inca	Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.	12
529562918	Pachacuti	Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca	13
529562919	Topac Yupanqui	Pachacuti's son and successor from 1471 to 1493; conquered northern coastal kingdom of Chimor by seizing it's irrigation system; extended Inca control into the southern area of what is now Ecuador. -, Inca ruler (1471-1493); extended his father's conquests; seized the northern coastal kingdom of Chimor and pushed into Equador.	14
529562920	Huayna Capac	the Incan ruler under whom the Incan empire reached its widest extent (died in 1525)	15
529562921	Split Inheritance	Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy.	16
529562922	Temple of the Sun	Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas	17
529562923	Curacas	local rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty	18
529562924	Tambos	Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages	19
529562925	Mita	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	20
529562926	Quipu	system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records	21
529562927	Hernan Cortes	Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.	22
529562928	Anasazi	a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings	23
529562929	Hopewell	Native American culture which centered in the Ohio valley from 200 to 500 C.E.; known for earthen burial and defensive mounds.	24
529562930	Pochteca	Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items	25
529562931	"Flowery Death"	Death while taking prisoners for the sacrificial knife. It was a fitting end to a noble life and ensured eternity in the highest heaven. (A reward also promised to women who died in childbirth)	26
529562932	Tihuanaco and Huari	large centers for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 C.E. located in southern Peru; had large ceremonial centers supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; center for the spread of religious and artistic symbols all over Andean zone.	27
529562933	Metates	Stone boards used for grinding corn by hand. Most of this very labor intensive process was done by women, often for many hours a day.	28
529562934	Viracucha	Supreme creation god of the Incas.	29
529562935	Huacas	Sacred spirits and powers that resided or appeared in caves, mountains, rocks, rivers, and other natural phenomena; typical of Andean societies. Local gods of the Andes	30
529562936	Yanas	A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility.	31

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Chapter 22 - The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Flashcards

The American Pageant 14th Edition

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601714431	Post War South	crops and farms were destroyed, the slaves had been freed, the cities were burnt down, and the economy was ruined
601714432	Freedman's Bureau	provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, schools for former slaves and the poor whites; headed by Union General Oliver O. Howard; wasn't as effective as it could have been
601714433	"exodusters"	African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas
601714434	Oliver O. Howard	Head of the Freedmen's Bureau; Union General; founded and served as President of Howard University in Washington D.C.
601714435	Andrew Johnson	came from very poor and humble beginnings; served in Congress for many years; only Confederate congressman not to leave Congress when the rest of the South seceded; had a short temper; dogmatic champion of states' rights and the Constitution; never earned the trust of the North and never regained the confidence of the South
601714436	Lincoln's 10% Plan	southern states could be reintegrated into the Union if and when they had only 10% of its voters pledge and taken an oath to the Union, and also acknowledge the emancipation of the slaves; very forgiving plan for the South
601714437	Wade-Davis Bill	an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath; Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh (pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned)
601714438	Radical Republicans	political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war
601714439	Moderate Republicans	group that viewed Reconstruction as a practical matter of restoring states into the Union and keeping the former Confederates out of government; shared same views as Lincoln
601714440	Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction	majority of white men must swear oath of loyalty; new government must ban slavery and ratify 13th Amendment; Confederate officials may vote and hold office; very similar to Lincoln's plan
601714441	Black Codes	laws passed in the south just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers; made many abolitionists wonder if the price of the Civil War was worth it
601714442	Sharecropping	a system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which slaves/farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops
601714443	"whitewashed rebels"	officials in office and those who were part of the Confederate government; at this point they had been thrown out of government
601714444	Southern Voting Strength	Blacks counted for a whole person instead of just 3/5 of one; South was stronger politically than ever before
601714445	Civil Rights Bill of 1868	conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes; Jackson vetoed
601714446	Fourteenth Amendment	adopted after the Civil War; all Blacks were American citizens, if a state denied citizenship to Blacks, then its representatives in the Electoral College were lowered, former Confederates could not hold federal or state office, the federal debt was guaranteed while the Confederate one was erased
601722924	Congressional Elections of 1866	former Confederates were elected to Congress but Congress wouldn't allow them back in because of the Civil War; Republicans ruled Congress but fought with Johnson
601722925	"swing around the circle"	speaking campaign of US President Andrew Johnson in which he tried to gain support of his mild Reconstruction policies
601722926	Thaddeus Stevens	man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery; he and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other; known as a Radical Republican
601722927	Charles Sumner	gave a speech in may 1856 called " the Crime Against Kansas" militant opponent of slavery; beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech; leader of the radicals
601722928	Reconstruction Act of 1867	divided the South into five military zones, temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates, and laid down new guidelines for the readmission of states: all states had to approve the 14th Amendment, making all Blacks citizens, all states had to guarantee full suffrage of all male former slaves
601722929	Fifteenth Amendment	passed by Congress in 1869; gave Blacks their right to vote
601722930	Ex parte Milligan	was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled suspension of Habeas Corpus by President Abraham Lincoln as constitutional
601722931	"redeemers"	former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South; staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments; foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy; redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans
601722932	Womens Reaction of 14th Amendment	disappointed by it since they didn't give women suffrage; women advocates campaigned against it
601767724	Hiram Revels	African American minister who was elected to serve in the Senate; one of the first blacks to serve in the Senate
601767725	Blanche K. Bruce	an American politician; represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate
601767726	Ku Klux Klan	founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; tried to scare blacks out of voting, jobs, etc; also known as the "Invisible Empire of the South"
601767727	Force Acts of 1870 and 1871	federal laws that outlawed the KKK and anyone impeding the rights of anyone trying to exercise their constitutional right to vote; aimed at protecting African American's right to vote in the southern states
601767728	"scalawags"	Southerners who were accused of plundering Southern treasuries and selling out the Southerners
601767729	"carpetbaggers'	Northerners accused of parasitically milking power and profit in a now-desolate South
601767730	"Bluff Ben" Wade	leader of radicals in the Senate; expected to become president after Johnson's impeachment
601767731	Army Appropriations Act	required the president to issue military orders through a commanding general, a figure who could be removed only by Senate action; Radical Republicans believed that increasing their influence within the U.S. Army was a further means of controlling the course of Reconstruction
601767732	Tenure of Office Act	1866; enacted by Radical Congress; forbade president from removing civil officers without Senatorial consent; was to prevent Johnson from removing a Radical Republican from his cabinet
601767733	Edwin Stanton	served as the Secretary of War under Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War; refused to leave after Johnson fired him, thus starting the impeachment process; was a spy for the Republicans
601767734	Edmund G. Ross	Senator from the Radical Republican State of Kansas who cast the deciding not guilty vote of Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial
601767735	Johnson's Impeachment	he intentionally violates Tenure Act because it was set upt to get him impeached by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton; at the trial his lawyer says his only crime is opposing Congress; voted "not guilty", so he escaped impeachment by one vote
601767736	"Seward's Folly"	Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867; at the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase once oil & god was discovered

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